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scenery, on the northwestern part of the island of Mount Desert (q. v.). Pop. 4,500.

Eden, river, England, rises in Westmorland, and flows northwest for about 65 miles through Cumberland to Solway Firth below Carlisle.

Eden, GEORGE. See AUCKLAND, GEORGE EDEN.

Eden, SIR ROBERT (1741-84), American colonial governor, was born in Durham, England. He entered the army at the age of sixteen; served in Germany during the Seven Years' War; and was promoted to the rank of captain in 1762. He married the sister of Lord Baltimore, and in 1768 was appointed proprietary governor of Maryland. His administration of the affairs of the colony during a period of widespread dissatisfaction was generally successful. He smoothed over discontent, prevented violent demonstrations, and encouraged hopes of conciliation from the British government. During his governorship occurred the controversy in regard to the executive's prerogative in regulating the fees of public officers, which he maintained by proclamation in 1770. In 1776 some of his correspondence with British officials was intercepted, and he was obliged to leave for England, where he was created a baronet by George III in acknowledgment of his services. He returned to Maryland in 1784, where he died. Eden, WILLIAM. See AUCK

LAND.

E'den Hall, the ancient seat of the Musgraves in Cumberland, England. Here is still preserved the famous 'Luck of Eden Hall,' an old painted glass goblet said to have been snatched from the fairies, on the safety of which the welfare of the house is reputed to depend.

Edenta'ta, or BRUTA, a primitive order of mammals established and named by Cuvier. The typical edentata are the Sloths, Ant-Eaters, and Armadillos (qq. v.), found in South America; but it is customary to include in the order the Pangolins (Manis), or Scaly Ant-Eaters, of India and Africa, and the Cape Ant-Eaters or Aardvarks (Orycteropus) of Africa, forms whose relations are uncertain.

The Edentata are characterized either by entire absence of teeth (ant-eaters and pangolins), or by the absence of teeth from the front of the mouth. The cheek teeth, when present, are devoid of enamel and of distinct roots; they are all alike, and are rarely preceded by milk teeth. Other characteristics are the inferior development of the brain, the huge claws, and the general lack of agility. All the living forms are either arboreal or bur

rowing animals, or are possessed of a dermal armor (carapace) of some kind.

Fossil edentata have been found in large numbers in South America; remains of the aardvarks, pangolins, and related species have been discovered in Europe and Africa; and similar forms occur in the Eocene and Miocene deposits of North America.

Fossil ant-eaters and sloths are unknown, but the related ground sloths, or Megatheriida, are extensively fossilized in the Miocene and Pleistocene deposits of North and South America. Fossil armadillos have been discovered in the tertiary formations of Patagonia, the Pleistocene deposits of Texas, and the lower tertiary beds of Wyoming. The fossil glyptodon (q. v.) is found in the Pleistocene deposits of Argentina.

E'denton, town, North Carolina, county seat of Chowan County, on Albemarle Sound, and the Norfolk and Southern Railroad; 115 miles northeast of Raleigh. A United States fish hatchery is located here. Its chief industries are lumber and cotton mills, peanut factories, and shad and herring fisheries. Pop. (1920) 2,777; (1930) 3,563.

Edersheim, a'ders-him, ALFRED (1825-89), English Biblical scholar, was born in Vienna of Jewish parents, and was educated at the University there. He embraced Christianity, studied theology at Edinburgh and Berlin, and in 1846 entered the Presbyterian ministry. He was Warburton lecturer at Lincoln's Inn (1880-4); select preacher to Oxford University (1884-5); and Grinfield lecturer on the Septuagint (1886-8, 1888-90). His more important publications are The Exodus and the Wanderings in the Wilderness (1876); Sketches of Jewish Social Life in the Days of Christ (1876); Bible History (7 vols., 1876-87); The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah (1883).

Edeson, ROBERT (1868-1931), American actor, was born in New Orleans, La., and made his first stage appearance at the Park Theatre, New York City, in Fascination (1887). After appearing in numerous rôles at the Boston Museum and with Charles Frohman's Empire Stock Company, New York, he was leading man with Maude Adams in The Little Minister (1897-8) and in The Climbers (1901), and starred in Soldiers of Fortune (190204), Ransom's Folly, Strongheart (1905-6), Under the Red Robe (1906), Classmates (1907), The Call of the North (1908), The Noble Spaniard (1909), Where the Trail Divides (1910), The Arab (1911), The Indiscretion of Truth (1912), and Fine

Feathers (1913-14). From 1914 he devoted most of his time to playing leading parts in motion pictures, and was especially popular in the talking moving pictures.died Oct. 18, 1931.

Edes'sa, ancient city in northwestern Mesopotamia; 78 miles southwest of Diarbekr. The city is regarded by Arabic tradition as the home of Abraham, but it first became prominent historically at the time of the Greek conquest of Persia. From 137 B.C. to 216 A.D. it was the capital of the independent kingdom of Osroene (q. v.). It came into the hands of the Romans in 217, of the Persians in 609, and of the Mohammedans in 641. In 1097 it was captured by the Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon, but was retaken by the Mohammedans in 1144. After a period during which it was successively under the control of Egypt, Byzantium, the Mongols, Turkomans, and Persians, it finally passed to the Turks in 1637.

Christianity was established in Edessa at an early date, and it was there that the alleged correspondence between King Abgar and Christ (see ABGAR) was discovered by Eusebius. From the fourth century until the rise of Mohammedanism, Edessa was the centre of Syrian Christian learning, and sheltered many monasteries and famous schools.

The modern town of Urfa, on the site of the ancient city, has manufactures of cotton goods, leather, and goldsmiths' wares. In 1895 it was the scene of a terrible Armenian massacre by the Turks. Pop. about 30,000, mostly Mohammedans.

Edfu, ed'foo, town, Upper Egypt, on the River Nile, 50 miles southeast of Thebes. Here are the remains of the Temple of Horus, considered the most perfect example of an ancient Egyptian temple in existence. It was begun in 237 B.C. by Ptolemy III (Euergetes 1), on the site of an earlier sanctuary; his successor, Philopator, completed the masonry in 212 B.C.; and later monarchs added the great vestibule, colonnaded court, girdle wall, pylon, and reliefs and inscriptions. It is built of sandstone, is 450 feet long and 145 feet wide, and is enclosed within a lofty wall of brick. Through the great pylon entrance is gained to the spacious colonnaded court (161 by 140 feet), which opens into the columned vestibule. Beyond this are the hypostyle hall, sanctuary, and chambers of the Temple. Το the west of the entrance is the so-called Birth House, erected by Euergetes II.

Edfu is the ancient Apollinopolis Magna and the Coptic Atbo.

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Edgar, SIR JAMES DAVID (1841-99), Canadian legislator and author, was born in Hatley, Quebec. He was admitted to the bar in 1864 and between 1872 and 1897 served many terms in the Lower House of the Dominion Parliament (speaker in 1896). In 1897 he was appointed to the Queen's Privy Council. He was an ardent supporter of the Canadian Copyright Act and of international arbitration. His publications include The White Stone Canoe (1885); This Canada of Ours, and Other Poems (1893); Canada and Its Capital (1898).

He

Edgar Ath'eling (c. 1050 c. 1120) grandson of Edmund Ironside and grand-nephew of Edward the Confessor, although the nearest heir to the throne, submitted to William, who had defeated Harold at Senlac. joined in two unsuccessful attempts to overthrow William, and later took refuge with Malcolm Canmore of Scotland, to whom he gave in marriage his sister Margaret. In 1097 with the aid of William he set his nephew Edgar on the Scottish throne and later became a crusader, but returned to England and died in obscurity.

Edge, WALTER EVANS (1874

), American public official, was born in Philadelphia. He first worked as an apprentice on the Atlantic Review, Atlantic City, and later became proprietor of newspapers in Atlantic City and was identified with several banking interests. He was a member of the New Jersey Assembly (1910), of the Senate (1911-16), was governor of New Jersey (1917-20), and became a U. S. Senator in 1919. In 1929 he became U. S. ambassador to France, serving until 1933.

Edge'hill, a ridge on the border of Warwick and Oxford shires, England; 14 miles southeast of Warwick. A tower, erected in 1760, marks the scene of the first great battle (Oct. 23, 1642) of the English Civil War.

Edg'erton, city, Wisconsin, in Rock County, on the Rock River, and the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroad; 25 miles southeast of Madison. It has cigar factories, and a large trailer

plant, and is the shipping point for a large tobacco-growing district. Pop. (1920) 2,688; (1930) 2,906.

Edge'ware, a northwest suburb of London (q. v.), England.

Edgewater, borough, New Jersey, in Bergen County, on the Hudson River, and the New York, Susquehanna, and Western Railroad; 7 miles north of Jersey City. Its industries include chemical factories, tar and oil refining, corn products, coal yards, and sugar refineries. Prior to 1900 the name of the town was Undercliff. Pop. (1920) 3,530; (1930) 4,089.

Edge'wood,

ог EDGEWOOD PARK, borough, Pennsylvania, in Allegheny County, on the Pennsylvania Railroad; 6 miles east of Pittsburgh. It is largely a residential town. The Western Pennsylvania Institute for the Deaf and Dumb is located here. Pop. (1920) 3,181; (1930) 4,821.

Edgeworth, HENRY ESSEX (1745-1807), Irish priest, known as the 'Abbé Edgeworth,' was trained for the Roman Catholic priesthood and at his ordination he assumed the surname DE FIRMONT. Having declined an Irish bishopric that he might continue to minister to his needy countrymen in Paris, in 1791 he became confessor to the Princess Elizabeth, and in 1793 to her brother, Louis XVI, just sentenced to death, whom he bravely attended to the scaffold. He reached England safely (1796), and later became chaplain to Louis XVIII at Mittau.

Edge'worth, MARIA (17671849), Irish novelist, daughter of Richard Lovell Edgeworth

'Maria Edgeworth

(q. v.), was born in Black Bourton, Oxfordshire, and was educated in Derby and London. At an early age she entered into lit

erary partnership with her father, and until the latter's death they were always companions. Most of her works, though they do not bear the joint names, were inspired by him, and received his revision; and she spent almost the whole of her adult life on his estate at Edgeworthstown, County Longford, Ireland. Her first published work, a plea for female education, appeared in 1795, under the title Letters to Literary Ladies. The Parent's Assistant, children's stories, followed in 1796, and Practical Education, written with her father, in 1798.

Maria Edgeworth's first novel, Castle Rackrent, the story of an Irish estate as told by the steward, was written without her father's collaboration and was published anonymously in 1800. It met with immediate success, and was the first of her series of novels, dealing with Irish and English provincial manners and customs. Her delineation of Irish peasant life has rarely been surpassed. Though a slightly didactic tendency runs through all her stories, it is lightened by humor and appreciation of character, and is not allowed to overweigh the claims of the story teller. The interest of her novels, apart from their intentionally moral aim, lies rather in vivid characterization, and in singularly apt dialogue, than in incident.

Miss Edgeworth wrote a number of books for children and young people, chief among them being Moral Tales for Young People, in four volumes, and Early Lessons (1801). She collaborated with her father in an Essay on Irish Bulls (1802); completed the latter's Memoirs after his death, in 1817; and produced a volume of Comic Dramas (1817). Other works include Belinda, a novel of society life (1801); Popular Tales (1804); Modern Griselda (1804); Leonora (1806); Tales of Fashionable Life, in two series (1809, 1812) of three volumes 'each, including Ennui and The Absentee, two excellent studies of absentee landlordism; Patronage (4 vols., 1814); Harrington (1817); Ormond (1817); and Helen (1834). Consult Hill's Maria Edgeworth and Her Circle in the Days of Bonaparte and Bourbon; Chosen Letters, intro. by F. V. Barry (1931).

Edgeworth, RICHARD LOVELL (1744-1817), English author, father of Maria Edgeworth (q. v.), with whom he collaborated.

Ed'gren, ANNA CARLOTTA, DUCHESS OF CAJANELLO (184992), Swedish novelist and dramatist, was born in Stockholm. In 1872 she married G. Edgren, and in 1890 the Italian Duke of Cajanello. Her works, the earliest of which were published under the

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pseudonym 'Carlot,' include: fiction-By Chance (1869), From Life (1882-3), A Summer Story (1886), and Woman and Love (1890); dramas-The Actress (1873), The Curate (1876), The Fairy (1880), True Woman (1883), A Rescuing Angel (1883), How Men Do Good (1885), The Struggle for Happiness (with Sonya Kovalevsky, 1887), and Domestic Happiness (1891). She also wrote a biography of Sonya Kovalevsky (1892). Consult Life by Ellen Key.

Edhem Pasha, ed'hem på-shä' (c. 1813-93), Turkish soldier and public official, was born in the island of Chios, of Greek parents, and was educated in Paris. He entered the Turkish army as captain (1839); became an aid to Sultan Abdul-Medjid (1849); and was eventually made general of division and head of the military household of the sultan. diplomatic representative to Servia (1854); Minister of Foreign Affairs and member of the Council of the Tanzimat (1856); Ambassador to Berlin (1876); Grand Vizier (1877); and Ambassador to Vienna (1879-83).

He was

Edhem Pasha (1851-1909), Turkish soldier, served as a brigade commander of the Ottoman troops during the siege of Plevna (1877). He was subsequently governor-general of Kossovo; adjutant-general and field marshal; and commander-in-chief of the Turkish forces during the GræcoTurkish War of 1897, inflicting a series of disastrous defeats upon the Greeks.

Edible Birds' Nests are chiefly composed of the salivary secretion of several species of swift

Edible Birds' Nests.

(q. v.) belonging to the genus Collocalia. The birds are found in India, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia, where they nest in vast companies in remote, seafronting caves. At the breeding season the sub-lingual salivary glands become enlarged and very active, pouring forth a viscid secretion, which soon hardens in

the air. The first nests produced in a season are composed almost wholly of this secretion, and are small, shallow, and bluntly conical in shape, white in color, and of a fibrous texture. They are gathered as soon as possible after having been made, and when clean and of the best quality are of high commercial value. The second nests frequently contain foreign materials, such as moss and lichen, and traces of blood. The third nests are composed almost wholly of extraneous materials, and are usually left for the birds to breed in; but they are destroyed at the end of the season, to compel rebuilding. Edible birds' nests are exported especially to China, where they form the basis of a highly prized

soup.

Edible Fungl. See MUSHROOMS. E'diet, a law or public ordinance issued in the name of the state or sovereign; hence, any proclamation of command or prohibition.

The edict was an important part of the law of ancient Rome. The power of issuing edicts was chiefly exercised by the prætors, who on entering office published edicts laying down the principles on which they would administer justice during their terms of office. Each new prætor usually adopted, with or without amendments, the edict of his predecessor, and thus these edicts became the foundation of Roman equitable jurisprudence. The edicts of the Roman emperors had superior validity by virtue of being issued by the supreme magistrate, and immediately had the force of statutes. See ROMAN LAW.

Edict of Nantes, nänt, was issued by Henry IV. of France on April 13, 1598, with the object of giving royal recognition and legal status to the Protestant Calvinistic community (Huguenots) in France. This edict gave the Huguenots definite rights of worship, and the right of holding political and judicial office; established a Protestant chamber in the Parliament of Paris, and joint chambers in local parliaments; and otherwise fully recognized the reformed religion. Its revocation by Louis XIV. on Oct. 18, 1685, had the effect of driving hundreds of thousands of loyal French into exile. See FRANCE, History.

Ediles. See ÆDILES.

Ed'inburg, town, Johnson county, Indiana, on the White River, and the Pennsylvania Company Railroad; 30 miles south of Indianapolis. Its industries include the manufacture of flour, furniture, and lumber. Pop. (1930) 2,209.

Edinburgh, ed'in-bur-uh, city, capital of Scotland, and a county in itself, is situated on the south side of the Firth of Forth: 390

miles north of London, and 47 miles east of Glasgow. The city is built on a series of ridges; and the disposal on conspicuous sites of its many handsome buildings of classical form, together with its literary fame, has won for it the name of the 'Modern Athens.' The title of 'Auld Reekie' has been bestowed on the older portion of the town, suggested by the appearance of the smoke-grimed and smoke-crowned masses of tall houses that are crowded on the ridge between the Castle and Holyrood Palace, the centre of Old Edinburgh.

Three hundred feet above the valley, on the summit of a rock, stands the famous Castle, the ancient seat of the Scottish kings. The present edifice was erected in the fourteenth century.

The outstanding feature of the Old Town is the steep ridge descending from the Castle Rock to Holyrood, on which the High Street is built. This ancient thoroughfare, with its continuations west in the Lawnmarket and the Castlehill, and east in the Canongate, extends for fully a mile, and forms the spine of Old Edinburgh. On the highest summit of the Castle (300 feet) stands the tiny chapel of St. Margaret, with the mutilated old cannon, 'Mons Meg.' On a lower level of the Rock, above the portcullis gate, is the restored Argyll Tower, the state prison of former days. On the south side is the old Parliament Hall, also restored, and adjoining it is the portion of the buildings, erected in 1555, in which Mary Queen of Scots lived and gave birth to James VI. The Esplanade, the exercise ground of the garrison, was at one time a place of execution. Beyond it, the Castlehill and the Lawnmarket widen into the High Street. They are full of sites of historic fame and local note-among others the West Bow, Ramsay Lodge, Riddell's Close, and Burns' lodgings, and the meeting places of the Established and Free Church Assemblies.

The High Street has long been cleared of the obstructions formed by the Tolbooth and the Luckenbooths. Its chief feature and ornament is still the Cathedral or Collegiate Church of St. Giles, at the southeast corner of which stands the beautiful new chapel (1911) of the Knights of the Thistle. Close by and opposite to the Council Chambers is the 'Mercat Croce,' re-erected near its old site by W. E. Gladstone. Behind St. Giles is the Parliament Close or Square, formerly part of the churchyard, where, besides a statue of Charles II., is pointed out the grave of John Knox. The Parliament House (erected 163140: re-erected 1808) affords ac

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commodation for the Courts of Session and Justiciary, the supreme courts of law. In or attached to it also are housed the libraries of the Faculty of Advocates, of the Writers to the Signet, and of the Solicitors before the Supreme Courts. The Parliament Lobby, the former Great Hall to the Scottish Parliament, is a magnificent chamber filled with portraits and memorials of judges and other great luminaries of Scottish law and of Edinburgh society.

Some distance below the Tron Church and the crossing of the Bridges, the High Street contracts to half its former width at John Knox's House, a quaint

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Close, a fine example of an old Edinburgh courtyard, one reaches the bounds of the 'sanctuary of Holyrood,' the liberties of which were abolished in 1880.

Holyrood Abbey closes the long thoroughfare to the east, as the Castle does to the west. The King's Park is behind it, and the precipices of the Salisbury Crags and the steep sides of Arthur Seat appear almost to overhang the grey old palace of the Stewarts. Of the Abbey, almost all that remains is the roofless fragment of the nave. The Palace also was built at different periods, the oldest part being the northwest wing, in which are the apartments where Mary and Darnley feasted

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given to the city by Andrew Carregie, and the Sheriff Court Buildings. Of the South Bridge, opened in 1788, the chief ornament is the University (see EDINBURGH, UNIVERSITY OF).

The opening of the North Bridge across the great hollow that bounded Old Edinburgh to the north was the birth of the New Town, a new and stately city, on a regular plan, on the northern hills. Princes Street is a terrace facing the Castle and the Old Town, from which the Mound slopes down to it, bearing the classical edifices of the National Portrait Gallery and the Royal Institution. The beautiful Gothic structure of the Scott Monu

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specimen of the street architecture of the Reformer's time. Close by is the site of the Netherbow, marking the principal gate of the city, the line of the old walls, and the limit of its jurisdiction down to 1856. Beyond, the long street is known as the Canongate, at one time the court quarter and residence of the Scottish nobility, some of whose dwellings, such as the Moray House and the Huntly House, still line the degraded thoroughfare. The old Canongate Tolbooth (a picturesque fabric dating from 1591) and the Canongate Church are also features of the street, whose former gardens are now occupied by breweries, gas works, and railway lines. At the Watergate, beside which is preserved, in the White Horse

and quarrelled, where Knox thundered his reproofs at the Queen of Scots, and Rizzio was done to death. (See HOLYROOD.)

To the south of and parallel with the High Street, at the bottom of a deep ravine, runs the ancient thoroughfare of the Cowgate. It opens at the west end into the Grassmarket, a spacious quadrangle under the Castle Rock. Adjoining are the West Port and Vennel, with fragments of the Flodden Wall; George Heriot's Hospital, a noble Jacobean building; and Greyfriars' churchyard, a spot of many memories and monuments. The Cowgate is crossed at right angles, two or three stories above its pavement, by George IV. Bridge and South Bridge. On the former stand the New Free Library,

ment is one of its ornaments; at the west end are the Caledonian Railway Station and Hotel, the West or St. Cuthbert's Church, and St. John's Episcopal Church; at the east end the Waverley Station, the Register House, and the General Post Office. The Calton Hill, with its monuments, including the Nelson Column and the unfinished National Monument, closes the vista eastward; and on the slopes of the hill, on commanding sites, are the Royal High School, Burns Monument, and the county prison. George Street, running parallel to Princes Street, is rich in statues and literary memories; St. Andrew Square, with its Melville Column and group of handsome banking establishments, and Charlotte Square, with its Albert Monu

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1. John Knox's House. 2. Canongate Tolbooth. 3. Edinburgh from the Calton Hill. 4. Castle and National Gallery. 5. Scott Monument. 6. St. Giles' Church. 7. Calton Hill.

VOL. IV. Mar. '16

Vol. IV. at Page 232

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