Wayland of Brown, President Barnard of Columbia, and President Eliot of Harvard, the elective system was introduced, and with it a further expansion of the curriculum.

The industrial and technical progress of the country imposed new obligations on the colleges, which were met by the addition of science subjects, by the establishment of science departments or schools, and after 1862 by the foundation of agricultural and mechanical arts colleges. A similar influence was exercised by the growing interest in the political and social sciences. The first graduate department was added at Yale in 1847, and the first PH.D. degrees were granted there in 1861. Graduate instruction was announced at Princeton in 1877, at Harvard in 1880, at Columbia in 1881; while Cornell and Johns Hopkins, whose example made a deep impression, offered graduate work from their foundation. (See CURRICULUM.)

For professional studies, see LEGAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL EDUCATION; TECHNICAL EDU

CATION.

Organization.-A multiplicity of organizations for higher education are found in the United States, but efforts at standardization are being made successfully through numerous associations, the Office of Education, and private enterprises like the Carnegie Foundation. The system includes privately endowed colleges and universities, State-supported institutions, technical institutes, denominational colleges, a few municipal colleges, and, in recent years, junior colleges (including only the first two years of regular college).

As commonly accepted, a college is an institution with a definite annual income, employing a number of full-time professors, possessing adequate equipment, and admitting only students who have had four years of high school education. The course leading to a degree is four years in length, and may be either prescribed, partly prescribed and partly elective, or partly prescribed with a grouping of subjects into majors and minors. The increasing requirements for professional education have led, in recent years, to the combined college and professional course of six years.

The colleges and universities are gradually becoming the servants of the public; and while retaining the cultural subjects, they are constantly adding new ones to meet the increasing demands of modern complex conditions. In addition, many institutions are seeking out the people, and

Underlying Principles.Among the principles which underlie education in the United States are the following: (1) The Political Security of a Democratic Commonwealth. Education is the corner-stone of government by the people; and in a democracy education is more important than in any other form of government. The power of the people, mobile and strong, is so great that the continuance of the government depends upon their unity. The more free the government, the more important is education. The American commonwealth is a union of many nationalities of diverse origin and condition; the unifying of these diverse elements is essential to the permanence of the government; and education is the most potent and comprehensive force in unifying diverse populations.

(2) The Safety of Unorganized Society. The church in America, of about one hundred and fifty different branches, has not relatively gained in strength in the last generation. Education has become the chief force. It is free and universal. Those engaged in it are potent forces for holding up and realizing intellectual and moral ideals.

(3) The Highest Development of the Individual. The United States recognizes that the individual is the centre of the social group. His training is to be individualistic; it is to be adjusted to his intellectual power; and it is also to be fitted, as far as possible, into his future vocation, in order to promote efficiency.

(4) The Duty of the People to Serve the Unable. Love for one's neighbor is recognized as the corner-stone of both society and the state. Education promotes the understanding of this duty, and quickens to its realization.

Among the helps for carrying out these four principles are:

(1) The Idealism of the American Character. Judged superficially, America is materialistic; judged fundamentally, it is idealistic. In his superficial relations no man is more devoted than the American to what can be seen, weighed, touched, and measured; but the fundamental element of

imagination is in him of primary significance.

(2) Tolerance. The American people are distinguished for their acceptance and working with diverse and apparently contradictory atmospheres and relationships.

(3) The American teacher is devoted to his duty, above most professional workers, and in certain ways he has taken the place formerly occupied by the minister and the home. While it may be doubted whether the best teachers of to-day are abler or more efficient than were the best teachers of a generation ago, the rank and file of the staff has improved through fuller knowledge and more constant use of improved methods of teaching.

(4) Additional aid in carrying out these principles is found in the text-book, which has become an important part of American education. The best text-book of the present generation represents the union of two elements-of a proper knowledge of the subject, and of a proper knowledge of the mind of the child.

Bibliography.-Consult R. G. Boone's Education in the United States; E. E. Brown's The Making of Our Middle Schools; N. M. Butler's Education in the United States; Kandel's Twentyfive Years of American Education (1924); E. W. Knight's Education in the United States (1929); C. H. Judd's Unique Character of American Secondary Education (1928) and Problems of Education in the United States (1933); Annual Reports of the U. S. Commissioner of Education, and Bulletins of the U. S. Office of Education.

Education, U. S. Office of, a division of the Department of the Interior (q. v) whose function is 'to collect statistics and facts showing the condition and progress of education in the several States and Territories, and to diffuse such information respecting the organization and management of school systems and methods of teaching as shall aid the people of the United States in the establishment and maintenance of efficient school systems, and otherwise promote the cause of education throughout the country. The Office, formerly called the Bureau, was established as an independent department in 1867, but was incorporated in the Department of the Interior in 1869, with the Commissioner of Education at its head.

Edward THE CONFESSOR (d. 1066), king of England, was born at Islip, Oxfordshire, the elder son of Ethelred the Unready, by his marriage in 1002 with Emma, daughter of Richard the Fearless,

duke of the Normans. On the death of Ethelred, in 1016, Canute obtained possession of the throne, and next year married the widowed Queen Emma, by whom he had two sons, Harold and Hardicanute. Until the death of Canute in 1035, Edward lived in Normandy, but was invited to his court by Hardicanute in 1041, and next year succeeded him as king. This was brought about mainly by the great Earl Godwin, whose only daughter Edith was married to Edward in 1045. He was a rather spiritless king, who for his monk-like virtues was canonized by Pope Alexander III. in 1161.

Edward THE ELDER (d. 924) was crowned king of England on Whitsunday, 902. His reign was mainly spent in warring against the Danes, and from them he regained most of central England. In 924 his overlordship of Britain was recognized by the king of the Scots, by the English of Bernicia, and by the Britons of Strathclyde. Consult Green's Conquest of England.

Edward THE MARTYR (963– 978), king of England, succeeded his father Edgar (975). During his reign strife between the seculars or married clergy and the regulars or monks brought England to the verge of civil war. In Deira troubles broke out, and Oslac, 'the great earl,' was driven from England. On March 18, 978, Edward was cruelly murdered.

Ed'ward I. (1239-1307), king of England, was born in Westminster, the eldest son of Henry III. and Eleanor of Provence. In the struggle between his father and the barons, Edward at first allied himself with Simon de Montfort (q. v.), but eventually joined the loyalists, and defeated the baronial forces at Evesham in 1265 (see HENRY III.). In 1270 he joined the last of the Crusades (q. v.), undertaken by Louis IX. of France; and he was returning to England when his father's death occurred. He ascended the throne in 1272.

The early part of Edward's reign was devoted to legal and administrative reforms. By the First Statute of Westminster (1275) he secured the rights of the church and the people; by the Statute of Rageman (1276) he improved the law of trespass; by the Statute of Gloucester (1278) he attempted to establish a uniform system of justice; and in 1279 the Statute of Mortmain checked the acquisition of land by the church. The Statutes of Merchants (1283) and of Rhuddlan or Wales (1284) facilitated the recovery of debts, and simplified the work of the judges; and in 1285 the famous Statutes of

Westminster (the Second) and of Winchester were passed. In 1290 the Third Statute of Westminster (Quia Emplores), dealt with alienation of land in general, and checked the growth of new manors. In 1290 the Jews were expelled from England for extortionate usury.

Edward 1.'s first military expedition was directed against Wales. He forced the Welsh leaders to terms of peace (1277); crushed a fresh outbreak (1282–3); and issued the statute incorporating Wales with England (1284).

During the second half of his reign, from 1290 to 1307, Edward was largely engaged in Scottish affairs. On the death of Margaret of Scotland (1292) he reasserted the feudal supremacy of England over Scotland, and awarded the crown to John Baliol (q. v.). Edward's interference in local affairs, however, was resented by the Scots, who in 1295 allied themselves with Philip IV. of France. Edward thereupon invaded Scotland, and forced the surrender of John (1296).

The King then turned his attention to France; but the clergy, headed by Archbishop Winchelsea, refused fresh subsidies, and were supported by the bull Clericis Laicos of Pope Boniface VIII. The King retaliated by placing the clergy of the kingdom in outlawry. At the Salisbury parliament (1297) the great barons also refused to take part in foreign war, while the hostility of the merchants was aroused because their wool had been seized. A compromise was effected with the clergy, and a temporary illegal grant was procured from the nobles and commons. Edward then sailed for Flanders, and while at Ghent confirmed Magna Charta (q. v.) with such supplementary clauses as were demanded by his refractory nobles, thus finally establishing the right of the people themselves to determine taxation. Edward was recalled to Scotland by a fresh uprising led by William Wallace (q. v.), and there won the Battle of Falkirk in 1298. Having made peace with Philip of France (1299), he again invaded Scotland (1301). Wallace was captured and executed in 1305; but the next year Robert Bruce (q. v.) headed a revolt; and Edward died at Burgh-on-Sands, near Carlisle, while leading an army against him.

Consult E. Jenks' Edward Plantagenet, the English Justinian; J. E. Morris' The Welsh Wars of Edward I.; T. F. Tout's Edward I.; W. Stubbs' Constitutional History of England (vol. ii.).

Edward II. (1284-1327), king of England, was born at Carnarvon Castle in Wales, the son of Edward I, and Eleanor of Castile.

He succeeded his father on the throne in 1307. During the early part of his reign Edward was under the influence of Piers Gaveston (q. v.), an avaricious Gascon knight, whom he left in charge of the kingdom when he went to France to wed Isabella, daughter of Philip IV.

The barons, headed by Thomas of Lancaster, the King's uncle, twice drove Gaveston from the country, and in 1312 forced his surrender at Scarsborough Castle, and executed him. In 1311 the barons drew up the Ordinances for the administration of the country by a governing body of barons. Edward's unsuccessful invasion of Scotland in 1314, and his defeat at Bannockburn (q. v.), further weakened his power; and from that time till 1322 the influence of Lancaster as the king's minister was supreme.

In 1822, with the aid of his new favorites, Hugh le Despenser the Elder and Younger, Edward attacked and defeated the barons at Boroughbridge (1322), and executed Lancaster. The Parliament of York revoked the Ordinances, and re-established the authority of the king, lords, and commons. Isabella made common cause with the exiled nobles against her husband and the Despensers; and having obtained possession of the young Prince Edward, she embarked from Dort, with a body of malcontents, and landed on the coast of Suffolk (Sept. 24, 1326). Edward fled, but was taken prisoner in Glamorganshire. He was compelled to resign the crown in 1327, and was murdered in Berkeley Castle. Consult K. A. Patmore's The Seven Edwards of England (1911); T. F. Tout's The Reign of Edward II. in English History (1914).

Edward III. (1312-77), king of England, was born in Windsor, the son of Edward II. and Isabella of France; and succeeded his father on the throne in 1327. During his minority the country was governed nominally by a council of regency, but actually by Mortimer, one of the barons exiled by Edward II., and Isabella. Early

in 1328 the King married Philippa of Hainault, and two years later executed Mortimer and banished his mother.

Edward III. next invaded Scotland to assist Edward Baliol, son of John Baliol, and in the battle of Halidon Hill, near Berwick (July 19, 1333), the Scots were defeated. Baliol assumed the authority of king, and did homage for his possessions, but a few months later had to flee the kingdom. During the next three years Edward thrice invaded Scotland unsuccessfully.

The scene of Edward's principal exploits was France. Не

claimed the crown of that kingdom through his mother Isabella, and in 1337 declared war against Philip vi. In spite of the brilliant sea victory at Sluys (1340), Edward was at first singularly unsuccessful, and he soon found himself at issue with his nobles. At length, in 1346, accompanied by his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince (q. v.), he conquered a great part of Normandy, marched to the gates of Paris, and on Aug. 26 inflicted a crushing defeat on the French at Crécy (q. v.). After the fall of Calais (1347) a truce was concluded.

Meanwhile, the Scots had sustained in 1346 a severe defeat at Neville's Cross, near Durham, their king, David II., being taken prisoner. In 1349 the terrible Black Death carried off a third of the total population of England, and permanently changed the relations between laborer and master. In 1351 the Statute of Laborers, to fix the rate of wages, and the Statute of Provisors were passed; followed in 1352 by the Statute of Treasons, and in 1353 by the Statutes of Præmunire and of the Staple.

In 1355 war was renewed with France. On Sept. 19, 1356, the Black Prince won a brilliant victory at Poitiers; and in 1360 the Peace of Bretigny gave England Calais, Ponthieu, Poitou, Gascony, and most of Aquitaine. In 1369 the French war was renewed, however, and proved disastrous to England, for Edward lost most of his French possessions. The King's last years were full of trouble. After the death of his queen (1369) he came under the evil influence of Alice Perrers. The Good Parliament (1376) demanded reforms, and impeached Lords Latimer and Neville; the Prince of Wales died; Wycliffe, aided by John of Gaunt, made a fierce attack on the clergy; and the king himself expired, almost alone, in 1377, after a reign of fifty-one years. Consult J. Mackinnon's The History of Edward III.; W. P. Warburton's Edward III.; K. A. Patmore's The Seven Edwards of England (1911).

Edward IV. (1442–83), king of England, son of Richard, duke of York, and Cicely Nevill, daughter of the first earl of Westmoreland, was born in Rouen, France. During his father's lifetime he was known as the Earl of March. After his father's death at Wakefield (1460), he became the head of the Yorkist party, of which the great Earl of Warwick (q. v.) was the leader. He defeated the Lancastrians, under the Earls of Pembroke and Wiltshire, at Mortimer's Cross (1461); pushed on to London, and laid claim to the crown; and in the Battle of Towton (March 29, 1461) completely

overthrew the Lancastrians. (See ROSES, WARS OF THE.)

As king, Edward quickly became popular; but his ill-advised marriage (1164) with Elizabeth Woodville, a Lancastrian, displeased many of his nobility, who had hoped to buttress the King's throne by a French or Burgundian alliance. Warwick succeeded in detaching the King's brother, the Duke of Clarence, and married him to his daughter Isabel. Driven from England in 1470, Warwick returned the same year, and took up the cause of Henry VI., and Edward fled to Flanders. In March, 1471, the latter landed at Ravenspur, occupied London, and defeated and killed Warwick at Barnet (April 14). He then overthrew Margaret at Tewkesbury, and killed her 'son (May 4). The night of his arrival in London the old king, Henry VI., died in the Tower-of a broken heart, as was given out.

In 1475 Edward IV. was able to land an army in France for the assistance of Charles the Bold. But Louis XI. made the treaty of Picquigny with Edward, who, satisfied with a large sum of money, returned to England. In 1478 Edward put to death his brother Clarence-drowned, according to an old tradition, in a butt of Malmsey wine. Five years later he died suddenly, worn out by debaucheries. His reign was a constitutional disappointment, for he lessened the importance of Parliament, collected benevolences, employed torture, and deprived men of their right to trial by jury. Consult J. R. Green's History of the English People; Oman's Political History of England (vol. iv., 1906); K. A. Patmore's The Seven Edwards of England (1911); Vickers' History of England, 1272-1485 (1912).

In

Edward V. (1470-83), king of England, son of Edward IV., was born at Westminster, and succeeded to the throne at the age of thirteen. The story of his life is brief and tragic. While on his way to London, his father's brother Richard, duke of Gloucester, obtained possession of his person at Northampton, and brought him to the capital (May, 1483). Toward the end of the same month Richard was appointed protector of the kingdom. June the young Duke of York, Edward v.'s brother, also fell into his hands. The two hapless boys were then removed to the Tower, and were never more heard of. In 1674 some bones were discovered below the stairs which led to the White Tower chapel, and were reinterred as the remains of the two Princes in Westminster Abbey. There is little doubt that they were murdered by their uncle, who began his short reign as

Richard III. (q. v.) on July 6, 1483. Consult K. A. Patmore's The Seven Edwards of England (1911).

Edward VI. (1537-53), king of England, the son of Henry VIII. by Jane Seymour, was born at Hampton Court. Being only nine years old at his accession, a council of regency was formed under his uncle, the Earl of Hertford, later duke of Somerset. Edward was much interested in religious and educational matters. He sympathized with the principles of the Reformation, and dur. ing his reign Protestantism in England made rapid strides. The Protector Somerset, though content with moderate measures, indirectly inaugurated the destruction of images and painted glass windows in churches, as well as acts of plunder. The Bloody Statute of Henry VIII. was repealed; and a new prayer book, known as the First Prayer Book of Edward VI., was issued in 1549.

In 1547, when the Scottish government repudiated its contract for the marriage of Princess Mary of Scotland with Edward, Somerset invaded that country, and defeated the Scottish troops at the Battle of Pinkie (Sept. 10). In 1549 the Protector put down an insurrection of the populace in Norfolk, headed by the brothers Kett. In October of the same year, however, Somerset was deposed, and John Dudley, earl of Warwick, became supreme. The latter was made duke of Northumberland in 1551, and he had Somerset executed in January,

1552.

Northumberland's religious policy was a continuance of that of Somerset, and was marked by destruction and pillage. In 1552 the Second Prayer Book, of a more reformed type than the First, was issued, as well as the fortytwo articles embodying the doctrines of the Church of England. Edward died of consumption in his sixteenth year. By the advice of Northumberland he left the crown to Lady Jane Grey (q. v.), granddaughter of Henry VIII.'s sister Mary, thereby excluding his own sisters Mary and Elizabeth. See ENGLAND, History. Consult A. D. Innes' England Under the Tudors (1905); Č. R. Markham's Edward VI. (1907); A. F. Pollard's History of England 1547 to 1603 (1910); K. A. Patmore's The Seven Edwards of England (1911).

Edward VII. (1841-1910), king of Great Britain and Ireland, the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, was born at Buckingham Palace, London. He was christened in 1842 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, his baptismal names being Albert

EDWARD VII., KING OF ENGLAND, 1901-10

Edward. His early education was most carefully conducted, and he subsequently studied at the universities of Edinburgh, Oxford (Christ Church), and Cambridge (Trinity College). In 1858 he was made colonel in the army, and in the following year toured in Italy and Spain. In 1860, as 'Lord Renfrew,' he visited Canada and the United States. His characteristic urbanity and tactfulness ensured him a hearty welcome in the United States, and his visit to the tomb of Washington served to intensify the good impression which he everywhere made. In 1862, in accordance with the expressed desire of his father, he visited the Holy Land, in company with Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, afterwards dean of Westminster. In 1863 the Prince was sworn to the privy Council, and took his seat in the House of Lords. On March 10 of the same year he married Princess Alexandra, eldest daughter of King Christian IX. of Denmark (q. v.), in St. George's Chapel, Windsor.

The Prince now entered upon that career of public activity and usefulness which has distinguished him above all previous holders of his high office. His mother sought seclusion during her long widowhood, and the Prince and Princess thus became more and more the representatives of the crown in the ceremonial and other public duties demanded of the reigning sovereign. His example created a new tradition for the heir to the British throne.

In 1869 he visited Egypt and Ireland. In November, 1871, he was attacked by typhoid fever, and for many days his life hung in the balance. His recovery was hailed with unfeigned rejoicing, and a public thanksgiving service was held in St. Paul's Cathedral on Feb. 27, 1872. In 1875 he became Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of Freemasons of England, an office he held until 1901, and the same year made his memorable tour in India.

He visited Ireland in 1885. In 1895 he served on the Royal Commission on the Housing of the Poor, and showed an unfailing interest in the work.

In April, 1900, as he left the Nord Station at Brussels, a lunatic named Sipido made an attempt on his life.

Queen Victoria died on Jan. 22, 1901, and the Prince became King as Edward VII. He was proclaimed with all the usual ceremonies, and the coronation was arranged for June 26, 1902. Two days before that date the nation was startled to learn that the King was suffering from perityphlitis, and that a serious

operation was necessary, which was, however, perfectly successful. The King made a rapid recovery, and the postponed ceremony took place on August 9 in Westminster Abbey.

In 1903 the King began a series of noteworthy diplomatic journeys, that extended over the eight years of his reign. In that year he went first to Portugal, and, after a tour of British posts in the Mediterranean, visited the King of Italy, thence going to Paris to meet President Loubet. Later in the year the King and Queen visited Ireland, where they were received enthusiastically, and Scotland, where for the first time in over eighty years court was held at the ancient palace of Holyrood. In September, 1903, Edward also visited Vienna.

King Edward visited Denmark in 1904 and from there went to Kiel, where he met Emperor William; thence he travelled to Marienbad, to meet Francis Joseph. In the same year he held court in Ireland, and received King Charles of Portugal in London. The following year he again visited Paris in connection with the Morocco settlement, and made a tour of the Mediterranean, calling at Algiers and Corsica. In August of that year he participated in the proccedings at Portsmouth, upon the visit of the French fleet.

In April, 1906, Edward visited Athens, and with Queen Alexandra attended the Olympic games and in August of that year he crossed the Channel in the royal yacht, and met Kaiser William at Friedrichshof.

In May, 1908, he extended a formal and cordial welcome to President Fallières upon the latter's visit to England, and in June he sailed on the royal yacht for Russian waters, where he met the Czar at Reval. In February, 1909, King Edward and Queen Alexandra visited Berlin.

While none of these journeys and meetings had distinct political significance, they are generally acknowledged to have been of weighty importance in the preservation of amicable relations among the powers of Europe, and his diplomacy earned for King Edward the popular title of 'Edward the Peacemaker.'

On May 6, 1910, after an illness of scarcely three days' duration, King Edward died at Buckingham Palace.

The body lay in state until May 20, when the funeral took place. Among the distinguished mourners, besides the English royal family, were the rulers of Germany, Greece, Norway, Spain, Denmark, Bulgaria, Portugal, and Belgium; former Presi

dent Roosevelt, as Special Ambassador of the United States; princes of Austria-Hungary, Russia, China, Japan, Turkey, Roumania, Prussia, Holland, Greece, Sweden, Egypt, Siam, Montenegro, and Servia; the Foreign Minister of France, the Sultaneh of Persia, and delegations from all the British colonies. The procession marched to St. George's Chapel, Windsor, where the final ceremonies were held, and the dead King lowered into the vault under the chapel. See ENGLAND. Consult Private Life of King Edward (1910 ed.); Escote's King Edward VII. and His Court (1908); Hall Caine's King Edward (1910); Cosby's King Edward VII. (1910); Vincent's Edward VII. (1910); Watson's King Edward as a Sportsman (1910); Lee's King Edward VII. (1925-27).

Edward Albert, Prince of Wales (1894- ), eldest son of George v. and Queen Mary of England, was born in White Lodge, Sheen. He passed the qualifying examination for the Navy, and entered Osborne College in 1907, where he received the training of a naval cadet, and was later assigned to the training ship Britannia, at Dartmouth. On his father's accession to the throne he became Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Garrick, Baron Renfrew and Lord of the Isles. The titles of Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester were bestowed upon him by his father on his birthday (June 23, 1910), the ancient ceremony of investiture as Prince of Wales being revived in Carnarvon, Wales, in July, 1911. In 1912 he entered Magadalen College, Oxford, spending his vacations in European travel, but the Great War put an end to his university career and in November, 1914 he was appointed aide-de-camp to Sir John French and served in France, Egypt and on the Italian front. After the Armistice he returned to England and resumed his public duties. He has visited all parts of the British Empire, meeting with the warmest welcome wherever he has gone, and has also visited the United States, where he is exceedingly popular, Japan, and South America.

On Feb. 13, 1928, the Prince received a new title specially created for him by his royal father, Master of the Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleets.

Edward Nyanza. See ALBERT EDWARD NYANZA.

Edward the Black Prince. See BLACK PRINCE.

Edwards, BELA BATES (1802– 52), American educator and editor, was born in Southampton, Mass. He was graduated (1824)

from Amherst, taking his degree in divinity at Andover in 1830. He was appointed professor of Hebrew at Andover in 1837, and in 1848 became associate professor of sacred literature. His principal work was the editing of the American Quarterly Register from 1828 to 1842. He also edited other similar periodical publications, including Bibliotheca Sacra from 1844 to 1852. His miscellaneous writings include Biography of Self-taught Men (1831) and numerous pamphlets and articles in the religious

press.

Edwards, BRYAN (1743–1800), West India merchant, was born in Westbury, Wiltshire. He went to Jamaica in 1759, engaged in business, became a member of the Colonial Assembly, and in that position favored closer commercial relations with the United States. In 1792 he returned to England and established flourishing bank at Southampton, becoming a prominent opponent of the abolition of slavery. His principal literary works are History of the British Colonies in the West Indies (1793), and Historical Survey of the Island of St. Domingo (1797).

a

Edwards, GEORGE WHARTON (1869- ), American artist and author, was born in Fair Haven, Conn., and received his education at Antwerp and Paris. Returning to America he established himself in New York City, and gained reputation for his watercolor work, but more especially as an illustrator and mural painter. From 1898 to 1903 he was Art director of Collier's Weekly and during 1903-12 was manager of the art department of the American Bank Note Company. He is a member of the American Institute of Arts and Letters, and a chevalier of the Legion of Honor. His literary works include Thumbnail Sketches (1886); P'tit Matinic Monotones (1887); The Rivalries of Long and Short Codiac (1888); A Reading Journey in the Hollowland (1908); Holland of To Day (1909); Some Old Flemish Towns (1911). Vanished Towers and Chimes of Flanders (1916); Belgium Old and New (1920); London (1921); Paris (1924); Spain (1925); Rome (1928).

Edwards, HARRY STILLWELL (1855- ), American writer. was born in Macon, Ga. He studied law at Mercer University, and was editor of the Macon Telegraph in 1881-7, and of the Evening News and Sunday Times in 1887-8. In 1900-13 he was postmaster in Macon. He is a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters and a contributing editor of the Atlantic Journal. He is the originator of the Stone Mountain memorial