to either side of the pier from the belt. Grain can leave the shipping bins by any route and can be delivered to any hatch in any vessel alongside the pier. Between the trippers and each dock spout is a hopper with a capacity of 1,400 bushels. After the trimming and bagging is started in a certain hatch, the grain can be drawn from the hopper and the belt which was used on that dock spout can fill the hopper above and then be put on some other work while the operation of bagging is going on. If any surplus grain has been carried to the shipping pier, each dock spout is so arranged that it can deliver grain to a return belt which conveys the surplus back to the workhouse where it will be delivered to one of the auxiliary legs, weighed and returned to any bin in the workhouse or storage.

The shipping arrangement is entirely distinct and separate from the receiving arrangement and either operation can be carried on at any time at maximum capacity without interference with the other. The shipping pier is 850 feet long, with berths for two vessels on each side of the pier, and a depth of water in each berth of 35 feet below low water. As many vessels can be loaded simultaneously as can be berthed on both sides of the 850-foot pier. There are 26 dock spouts installed, thirteen on each side of the pier. Included in the shipping facilities are four car loading spouts for shipment by rail. The shipping pier is provided with a marine leg, for receiving grain which has been shipped to the elevator by water. This marine leg consists of a bucket elevator, enclosed in a steel casing or frame, the whole being suspended from the crosshead of the marine leg boom which is so adjusted that it allows the leg to follow the level of the grain in the barge or steamer. The boot of the marine leg is open at the bottom allowing free flow of grain into the buckets from all sides. Power shovels are used to bring the grain from the corners of the hold which the elevator leg does not reach. When not in use, the boom is raised bringing the marine leg within the elevator. Grain from the marine leg will be carried to the workhouse by means of the same belt which is used for the surplus described above. There are also included in the equipment Hess grain driers, capable of drying 30,000 bushels of damp grain in a ten hour period and bringing it merchantable condition. Grain is spouted direct from any of nine scale hoppers to the dry

to

a

ing buildings. After the grain has been dried and cooled it is spouted direct to either of the two auxiliary elevator legs. thence to the scales and from the scales to any bin in the workhouse or storage.

In the grain cleaning and conditioning equipment there are three warehouse separators, two machines for removing smut from wheat, which are also used as oat clippers, two machines for separating oats and straw from wheat and one machine for separating cockle and small seeds from wheat. All these cleaning and separating machines are located between bins so that grain can be conditioned without operating any of the other equipment in the plant. It is spouted from the bins above into the machines and after passing through the machines it is spouted to the bins underneath from where it is elevated, weighed and put in the shipping bins or in storage as conditions call for. All the bins in the workhouse as well as in the storage are equipped with a temperature registering system, so that the temperature of the grain can be read at one central point at each ten feet in the depth of the bin. A complete laboratory for the use of Federal and Commercial Exchange Inspectors is provided.

The plant is electrically operated and every precaution has been taken to eliminate fires and dust explosions. The plant is equipped with a complete pneumatic dust collecting and floor sweeping system; there is a complete communicating system connecting the essential points in the plant; and it is also equipped with a compressed air system used for the operation of the grain gates under the scale hoppers and those under the garners over the scale hoppers. See also CONVEYORS,

Elf, in the legendary lore of Northern Europe, a race of human beings much finer than other kinds of men. But the commonest idea with regard to all elves considers them a race of dwarfs. According to Northern lore, the elves lived in caves and in 'elfhouses,' which were under-ground structures (see EARTH-HOUSE), or chambered mounds (see MOUND-DWELLINGS), but had a special territory of their own called Alf-heim. They were understood to possess magical power, which they sometimes used beneficently, although often with malignant purpose, their general disposition being mischievous and tricky. Their special weapon was the flintheaded arrow. The prevailing idea as to their physical appearance presents them as ugly and

misshapen, and their long matted hair gave rise to the term 'elflocks. They stole children, and left their own half-idiot offspring ('thick-heads') in their place. The Lapps of mediæval Scandinavia were regarded as one and the same with the elves; and likewise the pygmies of equatorial Africa present many striking analogies with the elves of legend, and suggest that it was some race like this which inspired most of the stories of Teuton and Celt regarding a dwarfish people of quasi-supernatural attributes. See also PUCK and DWARFS.

El Fasher, el fä'sher, town, Africa, capital of Darfur, Egyptian Sudan; 225 miles west of El Obeid. It is a caravan centre and commercially important. Pop. 4,000.

Elf-bolts, otherwise ELFARROWS, ELFER-STONES, and FAIRY DARTS, in popular speech, the primitive arrow-heads of flint found in the British Islands.

Elgar, EDWARD WILLIAM, SIR (1857- ), English composer was born in Broadheath, near Worcester. He became conductor of the Worcester Instrumental Society (1882), and organist at St. George's Catholic Church, Worcester (1885). In 1889 he resigned both of these positions, and after that devoted himself to composition. His more important works include The Black Knight (1892); Lux Christi, produced at the Worcester Festival (1896); Caractacus, at the Leeds Festival (1898); a beautiful setting of Newman's Dream of Gerontius, first produced at the Birmingham Festival (1900), and which was performed at the Niederrheinische Musik Fest (1902), the first time such an honor was paid to an English work. In March, 1904, he received the unique honor of an 'Elgar Festival,' held at Covent Garden, at which his In the South (Alassio) was performed for the first time, and met with much favor. He was knighted in June, 1904, and received the Order of Merit in 1911. In 1906 he visited the United States and conducted his Apostles at the Cincinnati May Festival.

Elgin, town, Scotland, in Elginshire, 5 miles southwest of The Lossiemouth, its seaport. ruins of the once magnificent cathedral, the 'Lantern of the North,' founded in 1224, are situated at the east end of the town. The 'Wolf of Badenoch' destroyed it by fire in 1390. It was rebuilt, but in 1711 the fall of the central tower almost demolished the fine structure. There are traces remaining of a monastery of the Grey Friars, the church of which was restored

by the Marquis of Bute, as well as fragments of a bishop's castle and of a royal castle. Industrial establishments include woollen mills, breweries, saw mills, and iron foundries. Pop. (1921) 7,776.

Elgin, el'jin, city, Illinois, in Kane and Cook counties, in the Fox River valley, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul and the Chicago and North Western Railroads, and electric trolley lines; 37 miles west of Chicago. The Grant Highway, Fox River Trail, and Old Century Trail pass through the city. It is the seat of the Northern Hospital for the Insane, three modern hospitals, Elgin Academy, Elgin Junior College, the Gail Borden Public Library, and a wellequipped high school. Eight public parks and playgrounds provide recreation. The Elgin Watch Company, with 3,500 employees, is situated here. Other important industries include religious publishing concerns, and manufactures of watch cases, speedometers, dairy products, dried meats, clothing, shoes, thread, pianos, mattresses, stoves and ovens, interior woodwork and furniture, structural steel, motor trucks, casket hardware, motor parts, and heating systems. According to the Federal Census of Manufactures for 1919, industrial establishments number 80, with $24,781,665 capital, and products valued at $25,648,981. Elgin is an important shipping point for agricultural and dairy produce. Pop. (1900) 22,433; (1910) 25,976; (1920) 27,454.

Elgin and Kincardine, el'gin, EARLS OF. The British earldom of Elgin was created in 1633 and in 1747 was united with the earldom of Kincardine, created in 1647. THOMAS BRUCE (17661841), seventh Earl of Elgin and eleventh of Kincardine, distinguished himself as a soldier and diplomat. When ambassadorextraordinary in Turkey, he procured the Elgin Marbles (q. v.), which were sold to England (1816). His son JAMES BRUCE, eighth Earl of Elgin and twelfth of Kincardine (181163), was governor of Jamaica, and afterward of Canada. In 1857 he went to China as plenipotentiary, and eventually made the treaty of Tientsin. Later he made arrangements with Japan for the opening of its ports to British ships. In 1862 he became governor-general of India, but died toward the end of his second year of office. VICTOR ALEXANDER BRUCE, the ninth Earl (1849-1917), was born in Montreal, Canada. In Gladstone's short administration (February to August 1886) he was first commissioner of works, and in 1893 he succeeded the

Marquis of Lansdowne as viceroy of India. In December 1904, he was appointed chairman of the royal commission on the Scottish Churches case, and in August 1905, chairman of the executive commission for carrying out the provisions of the Churches (Scotland) Act. He was secretary of state for colonies from 1905 to 1908.

Elgin Marbles, name given to portions of the freize, pediments, and metopes of the Parthenon of Athens, brought by the seventh Earl of Elgin from Greece in 1815, and sold to the British Museum for £35,000 in 1816. The figures on the frieze are in relievo, and are the work of Phidias.

or

Elginshire, el'gin-sher, MORAYSHIRE, a maritime county in the north of Scotland, with nearly 33 miles of coast line on the Moray Firth, and an area of 485 square miles. The climate is mild, and the rainfall is the lowest in Scotland. The upper part of the county is mountainous, with many forests; the highest peak is Carn Eachie (2,328 ft.). The lower part is fertile, except for the sand dunes of Culbin, some of which are 118 feet high. The chief industries are rearing and breeding cattle, boat building, brewing, distilling, and herring and salmon fishing. Beside Sueno's Stone at Forres, other antiquities are Kinloss Abbey (1150), Pluscarden Priory (1230), and the castles of Lochindorb, Spynie, and Duffus. Pop. (1921) 41,561.

Elgon, el'gon, or LIGONYI (Masawa), an extinct volcanic cone, 14,090 ft. high, in Uganda, East Central Africa. It is described by Sir Harry Johnston as perhaps the biggest extinct volcano in the world.'

El Hasa. See HASA.

El Hofuf, el hō-foof', town, Arabia, in El Hasa, 45 miles west of the Persian Gulf. It has a strong citadel. Pop. 15,000.

E'll, high priest of the Israelites at Shiloh, and the first who combined that office with that of judge, was of the house of Ithamar, the fourth son of Aaron. His relations with the boy Samuel and his mother Hannah show him to have been a man of pious and kindly disposition, but his lax treatment of his sons Hophni and Phinehas reveals a reprehensible weakness. The tidings of their death and the capture of the ark at the hands of the Philistines caused Eli to swoon, and his neck was broken by the fall. Consult 1 Sam. i-iv.

Elia. See LAMB, CHARLES.

Elias, e-li'as, NEY (1844–97), English explorer and diplomat, was born in Widmore in Kent. In 1869 he traced the course of the old bed of the Hoang-ho River, and, with one Chinese servant,

crossed Western Mongolia (1872). Between 1874 and 1896 he filled various diplomatic posts in the East. He explored part of the Pamirs (1885), and indicated the true sources of the Oxus.

Elias Levita. See LEVITA. Elle de Beaumont, JEAN BAPTISTE. See BEAUMONT. Eligius, ST. See ELOI. Elihu, one of the speakers in the Book of Job (q. v.).

Elijah, e-li'ja, (in the New Testament Elias), the Tishbite, the most impressive figure among the Hebrew seers. His life and work, largely a contest with the corrupt and degrading cult of Baal favored by King Ahab, are described in 1 Kings xvii-xix. and xxi. and 2 Kings i-ii. Elijah's first public appearance occurred during the reign of Ahab (about 876-54 B.C.), who, through the influence of his wife. Jezebel, had introduced the worship of Baal. Elijah, having announced in the name of Yahweh a long drought, suddenly disappeared, dwelling meanwhile by the brook Cherith, where he was fed by ravens. The ensuing famine forced Ahab to consent to an ordeal between Elijah and the prophets of Baal to decide which should rule. Elijah was triumphant, and in answer to his prayer, the drought was broken. Elijah, however, was obliged to flee to Mount Horeb, to escape the wrath of Jezebel, and there he received from God a revelation of his real work in the history of his nation and a command to call upon Elisha as his successor. Having accomplished this mission, he was translated to heaven in a chariot of fire.

Elijah produced an indelible impression upon his contemporaries and upon posterity. The Jews in the time of Jesus looked forward to his return before the coming of the Messiah (Mal. iv. 5-6; Matt. xvii. 11-13). He is also the hero of many legends among various other peoples. Consult Elijah in 'Men of the Bible' series (W. Milligan); W. R. Smith's Prophets of Israel; Krummacher's Elijah the Tish

bite.

Eliot, CHARLES WILLIAM (1834- ), American educator, was born in Boston, Mass., the son of a mayor of that city. He was graduated from Harvard College (1853), became tutor in mathematics there in 1854, and assistant professor of mathematics and chemistry in 1858. He studied chemistry and pedagogy in Europe during 1863-5, and in 1865 was made professor of chemistry in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1869 he was called to the presidency of Harvard University. During his administration the system of elective studies

Bromley Davenport, and others. Marian attended the local schools at Nuneaton, where she received strong evangelical impressions, and from the age of twelve to fifteen went to Miss Franklin's school in Coventry. Her mother's death in 1836 caused much of the household manageIment to devolve upon her, and her studies were somewhat interrupted in consequence. In 1841 her brother Isaac married and settled at Griff as successor to his father, who retired with his daughter to Foleshill Road, Coventry. Here she found friends in Charles Bray-author of Education of the Feelings (1839) and Philosophy of Necessity (1841)-his wife, Caroline Hennell, and Caroline's brother, Charles Hennell, who published in 1838 An Inquiry Concerning the Origin of Christianity. It was at this time that she was induced to translate Strauss' Life of Christ. The version published in 1846 was received as 'faithful, elegant, and scholar-like.'

On May 31, 1849, her father died, and that summer she visited the Continent. After returning to England, she was for a time (1851-3) assistant editor of the Westminster Review, and while occupying that position formed many delightful friendships. It was through one of these new friends-Herbert Spencer-that she met George Henry Lewes with whom in 1854 she formed a union, which, however, circumstances prevented from being legalized as marriage. From July 1854 to March 1855, they were at Weimar and Berlin, and during this time she nearly completed a translation of Spinoza (which she never published), and wrote Recollections of Weimar, which appeared in Frazer's Magazine for June, 1855. Returning to England in March 1855, they settled at 8 Park Street, Richmond. Besides other engagements, Lewes conducted the Leader, for which, as well as for the Westminster Review, Miss Evans frequently wrote.

At the suggestion of Lewes she now tried her hand at fiction, and in 1856 produced Amos Barton, which appeared in Blackwood's Magazine in 1857, and was followed immediately by Mr. Gilfil's Love Story and Janet's Repentance. The ostensible author was 'George Eliot. Published in 1858 as Scenes of Clerical Life, the stories had a good reception, and were enthusiastically welcomed men of letters, but Dickens alone divined the sex of the author.

by

The publication of Adam Bede in 1859 placed George Eliot with the greatest English novelists. In April, 1860, appeared the autobiographical Mill on the

Floss, a remarkable piece of selfrevelation and analysis of a child's emotions and reactions, but not generally considered the equal of Adam Bede. In 1861 George Eliot published the exquisite little story, Silas Marner, by many thought to represent her powers at their best. A sojourn in Florence in the summer of 1861 resulted in Romola, which appeared in Cornhill Magazine in 1862-3. The new departure met with great success. The study of the two leading characters is minute, subtle, and occasionally brilliant, and that of Savonarola, if somewhat labored, is unquestionably strong and relevant. This work, her most ambitious effort, told severely on her strength; as she herself said, it made her 'an old woman.' In

George Eliot.

1863 she and Mr. Lewes settled at Regent's Park.

In 1866 she published Felix Holt, the Radical, which is hardly worthy of her powers. Poetical

exercises in this book prepared her readers for the poem, The Spanish Gypsy, which appeared in 1868, and reached a fourth edition in 1875-a laborious effort in verse, which, however, never reaches true poetry. Even in her short pieces-Agatha (1869), The Legend of Jubal, and Other Poems, begun in 1869, and published in 1874-George Eliot never shows the ready spontaneity and fervor characteristic of the true poet. She is intellectually subtle, clever, and nimble in attaining effects, quick at weaving into shape what Congreve, speaking of The Spanish Gypsy, called a 'mass of Positivism,' but never inevitably poetical. Middlemarch, published in eight parts, 1871-2, a portrait of circles familiar to her in her youth, met with immediate success, but to most readers it lacks

the charm of her earlier work. It was followed in 1876 by Daniel Deronda, a picturesque study of the perplexing problem encompassing the question of Jewish nationality, but probably too directly didactic in purpose, and too steadily specialized in its illustrative features, to win commendation as a great work of art. In 1879 Impressions of Theophrastus Such was published, a series of short studies of men and manners, shrewd and pointed, though not unkindly. These had been written in 1878, just before the last illness of Lewes, who died Nov. 28 of that year. George Eliot prepared Lewes' unfinished writings for the press, and arranged for the 'George Lewes Studentship', to aid students engaged in scientific work. May, 1880, she married John Walter Cross, an intimate friend of both Lewes and herself, but died shortly after, Dec. 22, 1880. She was buried in Highgate Cemetery.

In

Consult J. W. Cross', George Eliot's Life (3 vols); Guy Roslyn's George Eliot in Derbyshire; George Eliot, by Mathilde Blind, in Eminent Women Series'; George Eliot (1890), by Oscar Browning, in the 'Great Writers Series,' and Stephen's George Eliot; Brownell's English Prose. Masters.

Ellot, JOHN (1604-90), American clergyman, 'the Apostle to the Indians,' was born, according to some authorities, in Nazing, Essex, England; according to others in Widford, Hertfordshire. He was educated at Cambridge, went to America in 1631, and settled in Roxbury, Mass. Having conceived the project of organizing the Indians into a Christian community, he made an exhaustive study of their language, translated the Bible and the Bay Psalm Book (q.v.), which he had written with Richard Mather and Thomas Welde, and established communities of 'praying Indians.' Contributions for the work were received from England, and a small salary was granted him by his church in Roxbury but he nevertheless endured great hardships and suffered many privations. His converts were invaluable allies to the colonists in King Philip's War, but suffered at the hands of. the English as well as from the vengeance of their own race. Among Eliot's works are an Indian Grammar (1666) and Indian Primer (1669). A glossary of the Indian Bible, prepared by James H. Trumbull, has been published by the Bureau of American Ethnology (Bulletin 25, 1903). Consult Francis' Life of Rev. John Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians, in Sparks' 'Library of American Biography.'

Ellot, SIR JOHN (1592-1632), English statesman, was born in Port Eliot, in Cornwall. He was unjustly imprisoned in 1623, in connection with his efforts to suppress piracy, but was released in 1624. At one time an adherent of Buckingham, he afterward became his opponent, and in the Parliament of 1626 denounced him strongly, and was again imprisoned in the Tower. In 1629, having protested against the king's proceedings in matters of religion and taxation, he was once more sent to the Tower, where he remained till his death. He wrote The Monarchie of Man; An Apology for Socrates; De Jure Majestatis; A Political Treatise of Government, and The Letter-book of Sir John Eliot (all first printed 1879-82). His Life was written by John Forster.

Eliot, SAMUEL (1821-98), American educator, was born in Boston and was graduated from Harvard in 1839. He was professor of history and political science at Trinity College in 1856-64, being president of that institution during the last four years of the period, and was an overseer of Harvard in 1866-72. He was also a lecturer at Harvard and headmaster of the Girls' High School in Boston (1873-6). From 1876 to 1880 he was superintendent of schools in Boston. Among his works are The Ancient Romans (1853); The Early Christians (1853); A Manual of United States History Between the Years 1792 and 1850 (1856, rev. ed. 1873).

Ellot, SIR THOMAS. See EL

YOT.

Eliott, GEORGE Augustus. See HEATHFIELD, LORD.

Eliphaz, one of the friends of Job. See JOB.

EHS, e'lis, country in the west of the Peloponnesus, in ancient Greece. Olympia was within its borders and the famous Olympic games (q.v.) were held there. Elis was incorporated in the Roman province of Achaia and is at present a nomarchy of the Kingdom of Greece.

Elisha, e-li'sha, prophet of Israel and the successor of Elijah. He was the son of Shaphat and of the tribe of Issachar. His life and work are described in 1 Kings xix. 19-21 and 2 Kings ii. xiii. His inferiority to his master and predecessor is indicated by his receiving a double portion (i.e. two-thirds, the inheritance of the first-born-Deut. xxi. 17) of Elijah's spirit (2 Kings ii. 910); but he was apparently a much more gracious and genial personality, a welcome visitor in palace or cottage (2 Kings iv. 9). Yet Joash rightly described him (2 Kings xiii. 14), as he himself had described Elijah, as 'the chariot of Israel, and the horse

men thereof'-i.e. the bulwark of the country. Elisha is canonized in the Greek Church, his festival falling on June 14. See the books mentioned under ELIJAH.

Elissa. See DIDO.

Elixir, in pharmacy, certain aromatic drug compounds held in solution by alcohol. They are used chiefly as a vehicle for various drugs and have little potent action save for the alcohol they contain. Two elixirs only are contained in the latest revision of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia: Elixir Aromaticum and Elixir Glycyrrhizæ (licorice).

Elizabetgrad. See ELIZAVET

GRAD.

Elizabeth, city. New Jersey, county seat of Union county, on the Central of New Jersey and the Pennsylvania Railroads; 10 miles southwest of New York. It has a large water frontage on Staten Island Sound and Newark Bay, the part close to the water being known as Elizabethport. It is regularly laid out with wide streets, has many substantial business blocks, and is a residential city for New York business men. Notable institutions are the Alexian Brothers' Hospital, General Hospital, Home for Aged Women, Orphan Asylum, Elizabeth Institute, Pingry School, and Public Library. Elizabeth was the home of Gen. Winfield Scott. Princeton University was founded here as the College of New Jersey.

The principal industrial establishments are the Singer Sewing Machine Co.; large factories for the production of mill machinery, hardware, oilcloth, harness, iron castings, pottery, stationary engines, and passenger and trolley cars; and shipyards. The Central Railroad Company's shops are situated here. According to the Federal Census of Manufactures for 1919, Elizabeth had 226 establishments, with 18,386 wage earners, $77,503,896 capital, and products valued at $76,441,000. A large miscellaneous commerce is carried on, and coal, which is received by rail from the Pennsylvania mines and reshipped, is handled in great quantities. Elizabeth (originally Elizabethtown) was settled in 1665, and from 1755 to 1757 was the State capital. Pop. (1900) 52,130; (1910) 73,409; (1920) 95,783.

Elizabeth, borough, Pennsylvania, Alleghany county, on the Monongahela River and the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad; 22 miles southeast of Pittsburgh. Coal mining is carried on. Pop. (1910) 2,311; (1920) 2,703.

Elizabeth, (1533-1603), queen of England, only child of Henry VIII. by Anne Boleyn, was born in

Greenwich Palace on Sept. 6, 1533. From her father she inherited physical strength, resolution, energy, hauteur, a fiery temper, a certain coarseness, and a passion for splendor; to her mother may be attributed some personal attractions and magnetism, together with a distinctly feminine jealousy, and love of artifice. When, in 1536, her mother was beheaded, she, and her half-sister Mary, the daughter of Catherine of Aragon, were declared illegitimate.

During the life of King Henry, two of Elizabeth's stepmothers, Anne of Cleves and Catharine Parr, looked upon her with a friendly eye, and the latter, but for her father's dislike, would have had her much at court during the closing years of his reign; but till she ascended the throne, she did not play an important part in English politics. On the death of her half-brother, Edward VI., she took the side of Mary against Lady Jane Grey and the duke of Northumberland. but her identification with Protestantism aroused the suspicion of Mary, and led to her being implicated in Wyatt's rebellion in 1554, and thrown into the Tower. Subsequently she was strictly guarded at Woodstock, and her conformity to the Catholic ritual was probably the sole cause of her not being sent to the block.

On the death of Mary, Nov. 17, 1558, Elizabeth, then twentyfive years of age, was summoned to the throne.

To an exceptional extent Elizabeth's history was bound up with that of England. For the significant political events of her reign, see ENGLAND AND Wales; for ecclesiastical affairs, REFORMATION; and for the Spanish attempt at conquest, ARMADA. Here, therefore, it will be necessary to deal only with her personal character.

From her sixteenth to her fifty-sixth year, one matrimonial scheme or passion, not always remarkable for delicacy, succeeded another. Before she ascended the throne, her name was mentioned in connection with Admiral Lord Seymour; Edward Courtenay, son of the earl of Devonshire; the earl of Arran; Philip of Spain, who married Mary; and Philibert of Savoy. After she became queen, Philip renewed his courtship, while her hand was also solicited by or for Eric, king of Sweden, Henry III. of France, his successor Henry of Navarre, the Archduke Charles of Austria, and the duke of Alençon. Her heart was probably most touched, however, by Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, an accomplished courtier. After Leicester's death, Robert Devereux,

second earl of Essex, succeeded to his position as favorite, but was eventually beheaded in 1601.

A pathetic interest attaches to the last years of Elizabeth's reign, owing to her great loneliness, due in large measure to the fact that her leading advisers and friends, including Burleigh, Walsingham, Hatton, Bacon, and Warwick, had died before her. She also occupied at the end a solitary political platform. She had inherited Tudor views as to the absolute supremacy of the crown over parliament. During the last thirteen years of her reign Parliament assembled three times, in 1592, 1597, and 1601, and although, partly owing to her tact and partly to its timidity, no actual collision occurred between them, it protested against monopolies, and sought to curtail the expenditure of the crown. With such manifestations of public spirit she had no sympathy.

In the second week of 1603 Elizbeth caught cold, and never recovered. She died on March 24, 1603, in the presence of her council.

The reign of Elizabeth was a remarkable period in English history. There was comparatively little domestic trouble, no foreign wars were waged, religious persecution had virtually ceased, and the people were free to turn to the pleasures and the arts of peace. Literature rose to unsurpassed heights, producing such masters as Shakespeare. Bacon, Spenser, Marlowe, Sidney, Ascham and Hooker, while in the more practical walks of life came Drake and Frobisher. The social condition of the people improved, and commerce occupied an ever-widening sphere. In character and tastes Elizabeth was more like a man than a woman. She was vindictive, wilful, often worse, parsimonious to an extraordinary degree and yet a strong and powerful ruler, under whose guiding hand England was lifted into first rank among the kingdoms of the world.

Consult Strickland's Lives of the Queens of England; Froude's History of England (vols. vii.xii.); Creighton's Queen Elizabeth; Hassall's The Tudor Dynasty; Beesley's Queen Elizabeth.

Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia (1596-1662), was born at Falkland Palace in Fife, eldest daughter of James VI. of Scotland. In 1613 she married Frederick v.. Elector Palatine, who accepted the Bohemian crown in 1618. Elizabeth's life was clouded with misfortune. Driven from the Palatinate, she remained a fugitive for many years, and lived in great adversity. After the restoration of Charles II. she found a home in England with her favorite son, Prince Rupert.

Elizabeth, queen of Edward IV.