ported into the United States in 1913, chiefly from Holland and Belgium.

Famous Diamonds. - One of the most celebrated diamonds is the Koh-i-nur, about 104 carats. which is now in the possession of the royal family of Great Britain. It was long the property of the rajahs of Malwa, and in 1665 was among the treasures of the Great Mogul. On the annexation of the Punjab (1850) it became the property of Queen Victoria. The Koh-i-nur is reputed to have once weighed 793 carats; but it has been cut and recut, always badly, to less than one-seventh that weight. (See KOH-I-NUR.)

Another noted diamond is the Orloff, 1944 carats, in the point of the Russian sceptre. Some think that this and the Koh-inur are halves of the Great Mogul' diamond, described by Tavernier as having been seen by him in 1665 at the court of Aurungzebe; but the history of the Koh-i-nur seems well authenticated back to 1304.

The Regent is another famous Indian diamond, preserved among the national jewels in Paris. It

was found in 1701 by a slave, who sold it to an English skipper. Thomas Pitt, grandfather of the first earl of Chatham, purchased the stone, and had it recut in London, whence it is often known as the Pitt. In 1717 the Duke of Orleans, then regent of France, purchased it from Pitt for $648,000. Its value has since been estimated at $2,304,000.

The large Sancy, 53% carats, is an historical diamond which was purchased about 1570 by M. de Sancy, and is said at one time to have been retrieved by that gentleman from the stomach of a dead servant, who had been intrusted with it, and had swallowed it rather than give it up. It passed into the possession of Henry III. and Henry IV. of France, and was eventually sold to Queen Elizabeth of England.

One of the most celebrated is the Hope blue diamond, 443/8 carats, which is popularly supposed to bring ill luck to its owner. It was presumably cut from a larger stone purchased by Louis XIV.; was lost in 1792; and in 1830 was purchased by Thomas Henry Hope, an English banker. In 1909 it was sold for $180,000 to Mrs. E. E. McLean of Washington, D. C.

The Excelsior, the largest diamond known till 1905, was found in 1893 at Jägersfontein, Orange Free State. It weighed 973 carats, and was cut into ten stones, weighing from 13 to 68 carats each. The Excelsior was exceeded by the Cullinan diamond, found near Pretoria, Transvaal, in 1905. Its original weight was

3,253 carats (about 11⁄2 lbs.); and it was cut into nine stones, two of which, weighing 51612 and 309/18 carats, are the largest brilliants in existence. (See CULLINAN DIAMOND.)

An amber diamond resembling the Koh-i-nur, and weighing 1782 carats, was found at Droogeveld, South Africa, in 1913, and cut in Amsterdam at a cost of $1,250.

The largest American diamond was found at Manchester, Va., and is known as the Ou-i-nur. It weighed, before cutting, 233⁄4 carats; after cutting, 11, carats.

Other famous diamonds are the Star of the South (from Brazil). 2542 carats; the Daryal-nur (from India), 186 carats, in the possession of the Shah of Persia; the De Beers, 225 carats; the Tiffany, 125 carats; and the Victoria, 180 carats, cut from a stone weighing 457 carats.

See GEMS; Gems, ARTIFICIAL; KIMBERLEY.

Consult Church's Precious Stones; H. C. Lewis' Papers on the Origin of the Diamond; Streeter's Precious Stones and Gems, and The Great Diamonds of the World; Bauer's Precious Stones; G. F. Williams' Diamond Mines of South Africa (new ed., 1906); Sir W. Crookes' Diamonds (1909); W. R. Cattelle's The Diamond (1911); G. F. Kunz' Gems and Precious Stones, and Curious Lore of Precious Stones (1913).

Diamond, Cape, a high bluff rising 333 feet above the river, where the St. Charles flows into the St. Lawrence. On it stands the citadel of Quebec (q.v.). To the west are the Heights of Abraham, the scene of Wolfe's victory over Montcalm (1759), and to the east is the scene of the death of General Montgomery (1775). Diamond Cutting. See DIA

MOND.

Diamond Drill. See DRILLS. Diamond Necklace, THE. Before the death of Louis xv. of France, the court jewellers, Boehmer and Bassange, fashioned a necklace for Madame du Barry, the favorite of the king; but before it was finished her royal lover died (1774). After being made, this beautiful ornament, adorned with 500 diamonds, was found to be so costly that no one could purchase it. It was valued at 1,800,000 livres, equal to about $400,000.

The Prince Cardinal de Rohan, a wealthy, vain, and profligate man, was cajoled by an adventuress named Countess de Lamotte-Valois, who waited about court, into the belief that the queen (Marie Antoinette) was desirous of obtaining the necklace; and that not having sufficient money just then, she would sign an agreement to purchase it if the cardinal would become security. A momentary inter

view with the queen was vouchsafed De Rohan, when Demoiselle d'Oliva, tall and beautiful, personated her majesty. De Rohan consented to her request, and on Feb. 1, 1785, carried off the treasure from the maker to Versailles, where it had been agreed the queen should send for it. In a few days Countess de LamotteValois and her husband, having disappeared from Paris, were busily engaged in selling the separate diamonds in the necklace. The whole transaction had been a trick; the messages from the queen, oral and written, were without foundation, the latter being forged by a soi-disant valet, who was skilled in imitating handwriting. The case was tried before the Parliament of Paris (1785-6), when De Rohan was let off with exile, the countess beaten with rodsand branded as a thief, and her husband in England condemned to the galleys for life. The queen was falsely supposed by the populace of Paris to have had a part in the plot, and the odium resulting from it was heaped upon her when she sat on the tumbril that bore her to the guillotine. Consult Carlyle's study, in his Essays; Funck-Brentano's The Diamond Necklace.

Diamond Rattlesnake. RATTLESNAKE.

See

It

Diamond Snake, a species of Australian python (Python spilotis), closely related to the carpet snake, and non-poisonous. usually inhabits stony ridges, covered with trees and well watered, and feeds on eggs, birds, poultry, and small mammals. It is from six to eight feet long, and in color varies from black, with bright yellow markings, to the greenish color of the carpet snake.

The name is also applied to a poisonous reptile of Tasmania, a species of death adder (see ADDER).

Dia'na, an ancient Roman goddess, who was afterward identified with the Greek Artemis. She is the female counterpart of Dianus or Janus, who represented the sun, while she represented the moon. For the legends concerning her, see ARTEMIS.

Diana, Temple of, an ancient temple at Ephesus, sacred to the Greek goddess Artemis, who is known also as Diana of Ephesus. This famous structure, which is classed among the seven ancient wonders of the world, was erected in the sixth century B.C., and rebuilt in the fourth century by Dinocrates. Its magnificent columns, sculptured with figures in relief, were over 60 feet in height; and it numbered among its art treasures statues of Amazons by Phidias and Polyclitus, and a painting of Alexander the Great by Apelles. The temple was

burned by the Goths in 262 A.D., subsequently restored, and finally closed by Theodosius I. The stones were then used in the construction of the nearby cathedral of St. John.

The exact site of the temple was discovered in 1869 by J. T. Wood, and was re-explored in 1904-05 by D. G. Hogarth, who found the remains of several earlier temples on the same site. Consult J. T. Wood's Discoveries at Ephesus; D. G. Hogarth's Excavations at Ephesus (1908).

Diane de France, dyan de fräns, DUCHESSE D'ANGOULEME (1538-1619), said to be a natural daughter of Henry II. She succeeded in reconciling her brother Henry III. and Henry of Navarre, and acted as directress of the education of the Dauphin (Louis XIII). She married first a son of the duke of Parma, and, after his death, the eldest son of the Constable de Montmorency; and enjoyed great influence at court under Henry IV. She spent her closing years in religious seclusion.

Diane de Poitiers, pwä'tya' (1499-1566), the mistress of Henry II. of France. Left a widow at thirty-two, she was a conspicuous figure at the French court, and succeeded in winning the affections of the Dauphin, who was nineteen years younger than herself. When he ascended the throne as Henry 11. (1547), she exercised almost unlimited power, and was created Duchess of Valentinois. After Henry's death (1559), she retired to her castle of Anet.

Dianium. See DENIA. Dianthus, di-an'thus. CARNATION; PINK.

See

Diapason, di-a-pā'zon or -pā'son, originally the Greek term for the interval of an octave in music, used in modern music to denote the complete range of tones of a musical instrument or of the human voice. The French use the term as equivalent to pitch (q. v.). Diapason is also the English name given to the foundation stops of the organ (q. v.).

Diaper, in architecture and the decorative arts, a kind of decoration applied to plane surfaces, and consisting of a small repeated pattern either of conventional flowers, leaves, or other devices.

Diaphoretics, di'a-fō-ret'iks, are means used in medicine to produce intense sweating or diaphoresis. Dry heat is a common agent, as in the Turkish bath. Moist heat is also used, as in the Russian or vapor bath, or the wet pack. (See HYDROTHERAPY.) Hot drinks act reflexly on the nervous centre which controls sweating, and the latter may also be stimulated by narcotics (opium, nicotine, and others), ap

parently through the impure venous blood which they produce. Impure air may act as a diaphoretic in the same way, causing sweat before faintness. Jaborandi (pilocarpine) is noted for its diaphoretic properties, owing to its action on the secreting cells and nerve endings. Any agent which dilates the surface blood vessels produces sweating. Aromatics and carminatives are diaphoretic in action, and so are most condiments, such as pickles.

Diaphragm, di'a-fram, or MIDRIFF, in anatomy, the musculotendinous partition which in man and the mammalia generally separates the cavity of the chest or thorax from that of the abdomen. Its general form is that of a dome directed toward the chest, the lower part and sides being muscular, while the central or highest portion consists of an expanded tendon. It is attached by its circumference to the front of the lumbar vertebræ, the inner surfaces of the six or seven lowest ribs and their cartilages, and to the back of the breast bone at its tip. The diaphragm is pierced by the œsophagus, the aorta, and the inferior vena cava.

The upper surface of the diaphragm is in relation to the pleural membranes, which enclose the lungs, and to the pericardium, which encloses the heart. The lower surface, deeply concave in form, is lined by peritoneum, and has in apposition with it the stomach and spleen on the left side, the convex upper surface of the liver on the right side, and the kidneys, suprarenal capsules, and duodenum posteriorly.

When the diaphragm contracts, the arched portion becomes flatter, and the cavity of the chest being thereby enlarged, air rushes in to fill the vacuum, and expands the lungs during the act of inspiration. Spasmodic action of the diaphragm produces hiccough (q. v.) and sobbing. See RESPIRATION.

Diaphragm, in mechanics, a plate or partition placed across the interior of a tube or hollow body of any size, employed in optical instruments, for the purpose of cutting off the superfluous rays of light, and producing greater intensity or sharpness of the image, as well as to correct aberration (q. v.). The term is also used for the vibrating medium in a telephone.

Diarbekir, di-är-bek'r, or DIARBEKR, vilayet, Kurdistan, Asiatic Turkey, traversed by the Upper Tigris. A considerable portion of the surface is mountainous; the soil produces grain, rice, and tobacco, but stock raising is the chief occupation of the people, who are mostly nomadic. Cottons and silks are manufactured, and copper (the famous

Organi mine), galena, and other minerals occur. Area, 14,480 square miles. Pop. 480,000 (mostly Moslem).

Diarbekir, or DIARBEKR, capital of Diarbekir vilayet, on the River Tigris; 73 miles northeast of Urfa, and 390 miles northwest of Bagdad. It was formerly a prosperous place, surrounded by strong walls, and commanded by a citadel built on a rock 1,950 feet high, and had extensive manufactures of silk and cotton goods, and an active commerce with Aleppo and Bagdad. The unhealthy summer climate, with its attendant fevers, possibly accounts for the decay of the city. Red and yellow morocco leather, filigree work, and silk are now manufactured; and wool, mohair, copper ore, sheep and goat skins, butter and lard, and oak gall-nuts are exported (exports $3,000,000 annually). There are numerous mosques and about a dozen churches. Diarbekir occupies the site of the ancient Amida, which was fortified by the Emperor Constantine. Pop. 38,000 (Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Armenians, etc.).

Diarrhoea, di'àr-rē'à, a morbid condition in which the contents of the intestines are continually being ejected in a more or less watery state, or as undigested matter accompanied by much fluid. Diarrhoea may be due to improper food, as unripe fruit, to poisonous substances, such as certain drugs and such as are found in decomposed food, to changes in the weather, and to nervous influences; or it may be secondary to various infectious diseases.

Diarrhoea may be either acute or chronic. Acute diarrhea is frequently accompanied by colicky pains, marked weakness, thirst, loss of appetite, and occasionally by vomiting. It usually lasts two or three days, but may be prolonged for a week or ten days. Chronic diarrhea may last months or years, but it may also be frequently interrupted by attacks of constipation.

Treatment of Acute Diarrhea.If the attack is severe the patient should stay in bed, and take no solid food. Any irritating substance in the bowels should be removed, preferably by castor oil. If the pain is severe, poultices on the abdomen may be helpful, and opium may be necessary, but there should be no attempt to check painless evacuations suddenly by astringents or opium. Food should be of the lightest kind, and sparing in quantity.

Treatment of Chronic Diarrhea. -This depends largely on the cause and on the presence or absence of ulceration, and involves, therefore, a careful examination of the stools. In some cases restricted diet may be sufficient,

Died Feb. 29, 1928.

or the exclusion of some single article of food may be necessary. In other cases bismuth and intestinal antiseptics by mouth or the use of intestinal injections and irrigations may be required. In still other cases a change of climate may do more than medicines. See CHOLERA; CHOLERA INFANTUM.

Diarthrosis, di-är-thrō'sis, in anatomy, that formation of joints which allows of free movement, as distinguished from that which affords practically none (synarthrosis). See JOINTS.

Di'ary, a daily record of events or observations. In it the man of letters inscribes the daily results of his reading or his meditations; to the merchant it serves the purpose of an order or memorandum book; while the professional man finds it indispensable as a register of engagements.

Diaries have often furnished the historian with invaluable material. Among the most celebrated Diaries in English literature are those of Madame D'Arblay, John Evelyn, Thomas Moore, Samuel Pepys, and Crabb Robinson; and the Journals of Robert Baillie, Sir Walter Scott, Lord Cockburn, and Henry Greville.

Dias, BARTHOLOMEU. See DIAZ.

Diastase, di'as-tās, or AMYLASE, a soluble enzyme, or unorganized ferment, occurring in leaves, twigs, and germinating seeds of plants, as oats, wheat, potatoes, and especially in barley sprouts, from which it is prepared commercially. It is present also in saliva, in which it is known as Ptyalin (q. v.). It has not been obtained pure, but is thought to be a mixture of a starch-liquefying enzyme, or amylopectase, and a saccharifying enzyme able to hydrolyze soluble starch, but without much action on starch. It is a white, amorphous powder, soluble in water and dilute alcohol, but insoluble in strong alcohol.

raw

Diastase has the remarkable power of acting as a catalyzer in the conversion of starch by hydrolysis into dextrine, and then into maltose. It is thus an important factor in the process of digestion, in the brewing, distilling, and baking industries, and is used in laundries for removing starch.

these affections presenting for their origin no other more potent or definite cause.

The more prominent diathetic tendencies are the Gouty, the Tuberculous, and the Nervous.

The Gouty Diathesis is characterized by robust vitality and great bodily and mental activity. The digestive and assimilative powers are good, the muscular and bony systems are well developed, the skin is florid, the hair abundant, with a tendency to turn gray early. Gouty subjects are specially prone to indulge in overeating, with resulting plethora and obesity, and the occurrence of morbid changes in the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys. (See GOUT.)

The Tuberculous or Scrofulous Diathesis is one in which probably all the tissues and organs of the body have been endowed with an abnormally low degree of vitality, and are specially prone to suffer from the entrance of the tubercle bacillus. The old writers recognized two groups. In the former the figure is heavy, the abdomen well developed, the ends of the long bones are rather large, the skin is thick and opaque, the complexion dull and pasty, the face plain, the lips thick, the lymphatic glands perceptible to the touch, temperament phlegmatic, mind and body lethargic. In the second group the figure is slim, adipose tissue is small in amount, ends of bones small, skin thin and transparent, complexion clear, superficial veins distinct, eyes bright, pupils large, eyelashes long, hair silken, face oval and generally pretty. (See TUBERCULOSIS.)

The Nervous Diathesis.-In the nervous child the brain is somewhat overdeveloped and unstable in its action, sensitiveness is too great, reactiveness is exaggerated, and passion and emotion are too exaggerated or too easily expressed. Such children are often difficult to manage, are wayward, disobedient, and subject to gusts of apparently causeless passion and sulkiness. They are usually thin, often capricious about food, and are subject to nervous ailments as chorea and convulsions.

Diatomaceous Earth. See KIESELGUHR.

Diatoms, di'a-tomz, or DIATOMACEE, botanically known as BACILLARIE, a group of microscopic aquatic plants belonging to the order Algæ, discovered by O. F. Mueller in the latter part of the eighteenth century. Over 10,000 species have been found, of which about 1,400 occur in North America. The Diatoms are unicellular plants, covered with a silicious epidermis, the separate cells (1-200 inch or less in diameter) being composed of two sym

metrical valves, which are held together by a membranous sac of slightly colored protoplasm. Some of these plants are free and move rapidly in the water, while others possess a secretion of gelatinous matter by which they attach themselves to various objects. They are reproduced either by conjugation or, as the Desmids (q. v.), by division. The cells sometimes remain solitary, and sometimes unite in various elaborate shapes, frequently forming large colonies. Moisture and light are essential for their growth, although they are known to have survived for long periods in total darkness. The silicious epidermis of the plant being indestructible falls to the bottom of the water, forming extensive deposits of commercial value (see KIESELGUHR).

The diatoms are classified in two large groups; the Diatomeæ, usually of brown coloring, with a silicious epidermis found in both fresh and salt water; and the Desmidica, green colored algæ existing in fresh water only. DESMIDS. Consult A. F. Arnold's Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide; Wolle's Diatomacea of North America.

See

Diatonic, di-a-ton'ik, in modern music is the term, applied to (1) the natural or normal scale, major or minor, which proceeds mainly by whole tones; (2) the different species of intervals (usually reckoned as fourteen in number) occurring between the various notes of that scale; and (3) music written wholly or for the most part in that scale. See CHROMATIC.

Diavolo, dē-ä'vō-lō, FRA. See FRA DIAVOLO.

Diaz, de'äs, ARMANDO (1861), Italian army officer, was born in Naples. He attended the military college at Naples and the famous military academy at Turin, and served with distinction in Abyssinia and in the Libyan War, during which he was wounded in gallant action. He served as secretary to three chiefs of staff-Generals Saletta, Pollio, and Cadorna-and for a time was in charge of staff appointments. On Nov. 8, 1917, he was placed in supreme command of the Italian armies, replacing General Cadorna, who became Italian military representative on the Supreme Allied War Council. Under his brilliant leadership in the second battle of the Piave (October, 1918) the Italians cleared Northern Italy of the enemy, entered Trent and Trieste, and forced Austria-Hungary's unconditional surrender on Nov. 3, 1918 (see ARMISTICE; EUROPE, GREAT WAR OF).

Diaz, or DIAS, or NoVAES, BARTHOLOMEU (c. 1455

1500), Portuguese navigator, was born near Lisbon. In August, 1486, King John II. gave him the command of two vessels with a view to following up the discoveries already made on the west coast of Africa. Driven by a violent storm, he sailed around the southern extremity of Africa (see CAPE OF GOOD HOPE) without immediately realizing the fact, and discovered Algoa Bay. The discontent of his crew compelled him to return to Lisbon in December, 1487. Diaz was afterward superseded by Vasco da Gama, whom he accompanied to Cape Verde Islands, thence sailed to the Gold Coast. In 1497 he joined the expedition of Cabral, the discoverer of Brazil, but was lost in a storm.

Diaz, FELIX (1868), Mexican political leader, nephew of Porfirio Diaz (q.v.), was born in Oaxaca, Mexico. He was graduated from the Military College of Chapultepec as an engineer, and rose to the rank of brigadier-general (1909). He represented his government in Chile (1902-04); was inspector-general of the police department of the City of Mexico, and inspector of Mexican railroads; and served on various government commissions. In October, 1912, he led a revolutionary movement against the Madero government, and was imprisoned. During a revolt in February, 1913, he was released, and became one of the leaders that deposed President Madero. Under the Huerta régime he was sent as envoy to Japan (August, 1913), but was not officially received. On his return to Mexico he was the presidential candidate of the Labor Party (October, 1913); and he left the country immediately after Huerta's election. See MEXICO, History.

Diaz, PORFIRIO (1830-1915), eminent Mexican soldier and statesman, was born in Oaxaca, of Spanish and Indian descent. He studied for the priesthood, but after meeting Benito Juarez (q.v.), the Liberal leader, gave up the clerical career, at the age of fifteen. He studied law in the Institute of Arts and Sciences at Oaxaca; was associated as a student with Juarez; and became professor of international law in the Institute. In 1854 he served under Alvarez in the successful revolt against Santa Anna (q.v.); and from 1855 to 1861 fought with Juarez and the Liberal Party in the War of the Reform, proving himself a military leader

great ability. He was made captain in 1856, lieutenant-colonel and colonel in 1859, and brigadier-general in 1863. He further distinguished himself in the War of the Intervention, ably opposing the French; and in