are characterized by the following features: The germinating seeds develop two or more seedleaves or cotyledons, whence their name.

The stems increase

in thickness by the formation of new tissue outside the existing fibre-i.e. between it and the bark. The leaves are net-veined or reticulated. The parts of the flower are commonly, but not by any means invariably, arrayed in fives or fours. Dicotyledonous plants are usually classified under two main divisions: (1) Achichlamydea, in which one or more of the floral whorls are absent, the orders Amentaceæ and Leguminosæ being included in this division also where the envelopes are separated into sepals and petals, as in the Rosacea, Caryophyllacea, and Umbelliferæ; and (2) Sympetale, in which the petals are united, as in the orders Primulacea, Labiatæ, and Compositæ.

Dictaphone, a machine akin to the phonograph, much used in business. It consists of a mouthpiece and a wax cylinder, on which are recorded the words of the person dictating, the cylinder afterwards being placed in a transcribing machine and its contents being typed direct from the record. The machine has the advantage of dispensing with the services of a stenographer.

Dictator, the title of an official of the ancient Roman republic called into being during some extraordinary crisis, when it was felt that the supreme control of one strong man was essential. In reality the dictatorship was a restoration of the ancient monarchy, unlimited in power, though limited in duration of tenure. The first dictator was appointed in 501 B.C. The tenure of the office was limited to six months, though dictators often resigned their power much sooner, on completing the business which called for their creation. Their power exceeded that of the consuls, in respect of their greater independence of the senate, their freedom from the interference of a colleague, and their possessing the power of life and death over all citizens without appeal. The two great limits to their power, besides that of time, were that they had no control over the treasury, neither could they leave Italy. Dictators were, however, often appointed carry out merely formal business, such as holding the elections. The dictator was always assisted by a subordinate, the magister equitum, 'master of the horse,' usually nominated by himself.

to

The dictatorship was confined to the patricians until 356 B.C.; the last regular dictator was M. Junius Pera, in 216 B.C. In 82

B.C. Sulla had himself elected dictator 'to settle the constitution,' and held the office for three years; but in every respect his dictatorship was unconstitutional, as was also that of Julius Cæsar, who was appointed dictator for one year in 48, for ten years in 46, and for life in 45 B.C. After his death the office was abolished by a law of Antony's.

In modern times the dictatorIship is the child of revolution, and is sometimes found among the South American republics, as well as in Haiti and San Domingo. In Mexico there have been several dictatorships; and numerous instances of such rule have occurred in Colombia, Paraguay, and Venezuela. Examples of a dictatorship in modern times are found in the rule of Mussolini in Italy and De Rivera in Spain.

Dictionary, a book consisting of a list (generally alphabetical) of the words of a language, or of some special group of them, with explanations of their meanings. Other information also is generally given, such as pronunciations, etymologies, syllabication, and (in encyclopædic dictionaries; often in many volumes) accounts of the things in which the words are applied. The explanations may be in the same or in another language. The dictionary may be special (confined to one subject) or general (covering all subjects). The number and variety of books of this kind, in virtually all known languages, are enormous. The name dictionary is also given to various books-such as dictionaries of b.ography, and even encyclopædias-which resemble the dictionary proper in little besides the alphabetical arrangement of topics.

Works of a lexicographical character, of which some of the titles or authors are known, were compiled in Greece as early as the time of Alexander the Great; but the first of importance that has survived is the Homeric Lexicon (Ateis 'Ounpikai) of Apollonius, an Alexandrian grammarian of the time of Augustus. After that period, lexicographical works in Greek-some of which have survived-were numerous. Of about the tenth century is the important Greek lexicon of Suidas, the source of much historical and other information; and from about the same period dates the often-printed Etymologicum Magnum, another Greek dictionary. Later dictionaries of Greek, and also of Latin, are numerous -the most important of the latter being the Greek Thesaurus Lingua Latina (1900-27), published under the auspices of the universities of Berlin, Göttingen, Leipzig, Munich, and Vienna.

In modern European languages, other than English, the historically most important works are the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca (1612), long the standard of the Italian tongue; the Dictionnaire de l'académie française (first ed. 1694); the Dictionnaire de la langue française, by E. Littré (1863-72, supplement 1878); the Deutsches Wörterbuch of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm (1854); the Dutch dictionary of De Vries and Te Winkel (1882); the Nuevo Diccionario de la Lengua Castelana (1899), published by the Spanish Royal Academy.

The earliest precursors of dictionary work in English are the collections of Anglo-Saxon glosses preserved in libraries at Leyden, Epinal, Erfurt, and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. These date from the seventh and eighth centuries. The first English-Latin dictionary, called the Promptorium Parvulorum, written by Geoffrey the Grammarian, was printed in 1499. Notable Latin-English dictionaries of later date are the Totius Latinitatis Lexicon of Forcellini, edited by Jos. Facciolati (1771), and the dictionary of Du Cange (Glossarium ad scriptores medie et infimæ Latinitatis), first published at Paris in 1678. In Greek, Henri Estienne's Thesaurus Græcæ Linguæ (Geneva, 1572) long held the field. The earliest French-English dictionary is the Esclarcissement de la langue francoyse, written by John Palsgrave for the use of Mary Tudor, and published in 1530; a famous one was afterward published by Randle Cotgrave in 1611. In 1547 William Salesbury published A Dictionary in Englyshe and Welshe; in 1591 appeared the Spanish-English-Latin dictionary of Richard Percyvall; and in 1598 the Italian-English dictionary (called The Worlde of Wordes) of John Florio. In 1617 John Minsheu issued his Ductor in Linguas, a dictionary of the English and ten other languages.

Dictionaries for the explanation of the English language began with lists of hard words, The Table Alphabeticall of Hard Words, by Robert Cawdrey (1604); English Expositor, by John Bullokar (1616); The English Dictionarie, by Henry Cockeram (1623); Blount's Glossographia (1656); and Phillips' New World of English Words (1662). The first dictionary of a fuller kind was Nathanael Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721)-the first to give etymologies with some attempt at completeness. In the edition of 1731 the stress accent was indicated, which was the first step toward the systematic

indication of pronunciation in dictionaries. The next English dictionary was that of Dr. Johnson, which was published in 1755, and was the first freely to illustrate the words and senses by literary quotations, and to distinguish with care the different meanings of words.

In 1806 Noah Webster published a small octavo dictionary of 'words not found in any similar work'; and this was followed in 1828 by his American Dictionary of the English Language, which has often been revised and enlarged. The dictionary of Charles Richardson, valuable for its great store of quotations, appeared in 1836. The Imperial Dictionary by Ogilvie (3 vols.) was published in 1850-5 (new ed. by Annandale, 4 vols., 1882). In 1859 appeared Joseph E. Worcester's Dictionary of the English Language, which has often been republished.

The greatest of English dictionaries, and probably the most notable example of the scholarly application of the principles and results of modern philology to lexicography, is the Oxford English Dictionary ('A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles'), founded on materials collected for the Philological Society, and edited mainly by Sir James A. H. Murray. It originated in a suggestion made by Dean (later Archbishop) Trench, in 1857, to the Philological Society. Its first part was published in 1884; and it was completed, in 10 volumes, in 1928. It is strictly historical in principle and purely philological in substance; but within these limits its wealth of material and fulness of treatment are unrivalled.

Second only to the Oxford in philological scope and fulness, and differing from it in being widely encyclopædic, is the Century Dictionary, first published in 6 volumes, edited by W. D. Whitney, in 1889-91. In 1894 the Century Cyclopædia of Names (1 vol., ed. by B. E. Smith) was added; in 1897, the Century Atlas (1 vol., ed. by B. E. Smith); and in 1909 the Century Dictionary Supplement (2 vols., ed. by B. E. Smith). All these were revised and published together in 12 volumes, edited by Benjamin E. Smith, in 1911. Other notable English dictionaries are the Standard Dictionary (1894; revised and enlarged, 1912), edited by I. K. Funk; and Cassell's Encyclopædic Dictionary (1879-88).

Special mention should be made of Wright's Dialect Dictionary, completed in 1905, and Skeat's Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Dr. Murray's Romanes Lecture on

The Evolution of English Lexicography is full of interesting information on its subject.

Among modern dictionaries of the various languages may be named the following: Bosworth's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary; Stratmann's Middle-English Dictionary; Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary; Evans' English and Welsh Dictionary; Macbain's Gaelic Dictionary; the Irish Text Society's Irish-English Dictionary; Farmer and Henley's Dictionary of Slang and Colloquial English; Harper's (Lewis') Latin Lexicon; White and Riddle's Latin-English Dictionary; Riddle and Arnold's English-Latin Lexicon; Thesaurus Lingua Latina, editus auctoritate et consilio Academiarum quinque Germanicarum; Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon; Littré's Dictionnaire de la langue française; Larousse's Dictionnaire encyclopédique; Flügel's Universal English-German and GermanEnglish Dictionary; GriebSchröder's German-English and English-German Dictionary; the brothers Grimm's Deutsches Wörterbuch; Tommaseo and Bellini's Dizionario della Lingua Italiana; Edren's Italian-English and English-Italian Dictionary; Baretti's Italian Dictionary; Velazquez de la Cadena's Spanish and English Dictionary; the Dictionary of the Spanish Academy; Lacerda's Portuguese Dictionary; Michaelis' Portuguese Dictionary; Van Dale's Groot Woordenboek der Nederlandische Taal; Mourek's Dictionary of the English and Bohemian Languages; Bogoroff's Dictionnaire Bulgare-Français et Français-Bulgare; Larsen's Danish-Norwegian-English Diction

ary; Alexandrow's Complete English-Russian Dictionary.

Badger's English-Arabic Lexicon; Lane's Arabic Dictionary; Redhouse's Turkish Dictionary; Wollaston's Persian Dictionary; Carey's Dictionary of the Bengalee Language; Goldstücker's Dictionary-Sanskrit and English; Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Fallon's New Hindustani-English Dictionary; Platt's Dictionary of Urdu. Classical Hindi, and English; Molesworth's Marathi Dictionary; Winslow's Comprehensive Tamil and English Dictionary; Hepburn's Japanese and English Dictionary; Wilkinson's Malay-English Dictionary; Jaeschke's Tibetan-English Dictionary; Davis' Kaffir Dictionary; Brown's Telugu Dictionary; Smith's Compendious Syriac Dictionary; Newman's Hebrew, Chaldee, and English Lexicon, and English and Hebrew Lexicon; Gesenius' Hebrew Lexicon (various editions); Dictionary of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac; Williams' Chinese Dictionary; Medhurst's Chinese Dictionary.

Among the most important modern dictionaries, or encyclopædic works so named, treating of special subjects, are Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible; Cheyne's Encyclopædia Biblica; Addis and Arnold's Catholic Dictionary; Baldwin's Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology; The Dictionary of National Biography; Chambers' Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen; Phillips' Dictionary of Biographical Reference; Appleton's Dictionary of American Biography; Allibone's Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors; Adams' Dictionary of English Literature; Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature; Dr. William Smith's valuable series of dictionaries, comprising Dictionary of the Bible, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Classical Dictionary, and Dictionary of Christian Biography.

Bouvier's Law Dictionary; Sweet's Dictionary of English Law; Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy; Quain's Dictionary of Medicine; Dunglison's Dictionary of Medicine; Gould's Dictionary of Medicine; Stedman's Medical Dictionary; Tuke's Dictionary of Psychological Medicine; M'Culloch's Dictionary of Commerce and Commercial Navigation; Smith's Financial Dictionary; Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians; Sturgis' Dictionary of Architecture and Building; Spon's Dictionary of Engineering; Thorpe's Dictionary of Applied Chemistry; Watts' Dictionary of Chemistry; Brande and Cox's Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art; Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; Adams' Dictionary of the Drama; Cassell's Dictionary of English History; Haydn's Dictionary of Dates; Bryan's Dictionary of Painters; Bailey's Encyclopædia of Horticulture; Nicholson's Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening; Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable; Jones' New Dictionary of Foreign Phrases; Dalbiac's Dictionary of English Quotations; Swan's Dictionary of Contemporary English Quotations; Harbottle's Dictionary of Classical Quotations, and Dictionary of Historical Allusions; Mulhall's Dictionary of Statistics; Halkett and Laing's Dictionary of Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature; Cushing's Anonyms: a Dictionary of Revealed Authorship, and Initials and Pseudonyms: a Dictionary of Literary Disguises; Putnam's Dictionary of Commercial Correspondence (in English. French, German, Spanish, and Italian); Cattell's American Men of Science; Thomas' Universal

the instrument consists simply of a small super-sensitive transmitter, 3 inches in diameter and 1⁄2 inch thick, an earpiece, a connecting cord, and a small battery weighing two ounces. The transmitter can be concealed in any place, and conveys, unknown to the speakers, any conversation that takes place to the person in communication with it. Another feature of the dictograph is its availability for use in public buildings for the accommodation of deaf persons; and many churches, theatres, and lecture halls have been equipped with it.

of

Dietum, an expression opinion by a court or judge in a decision upon some point not in

sound to the extent that a principal, with the master station on his desk, can talk to his assistants in another room as if they were in the room with him. The instrument consists of a super-sensitive transmitter, a loud speaking receiver, and a silent receiver, all contained in a small box in which are fitted a number of keys, the depression of which notifies the assistant that the principal wishes to talk with him. The principal uses an ordinary speaking tone, and converses with the box as if it were his immediate assistant. It is possible by means of this instrument not only to communicate with any department in the same building, but also to put any one department in communication with another.

During recent years a form of the dictograph has come into use as a means of securing evidence in criminal cases. This form of

the case on trial, but as throwing light on it.

Dicynodontia, di-sin'ō-don'shi-a, a group of fossil reptiles in which the upper jaw was usually toothless, or provided with two large tusks that grew continuously from the root pulps, like the teeth of the elephant. The typical genus, Dicynodon, comes from the Karroo formation of South Africa, and is a small animal, less than two feet in length. Another genus, Gordonia, has been found in the New Red Sandstone of Elgin in Scotland.

Didaché, did'a-kē, THE (Greek, 'teaching'), or TEACHING OF THE TWELVE APOSTLES, an important long-lost Christian manuscript of the sub-apostolic age, rediscovered by Bryennios, archbishop of Nicomedia, in 1883. It consists of two parts: (1) precepts of Christian virtue, under the form of the 'two ways' -i.e., life and death; (2) rules for

worship and church government. In particular, instructions are given as to baptism and the Eucharist; and fasting on Wednesdays and Fridays is enjoined. It is notable that the version of the Lord's Prayer given in the Didaché contains the concluding doxology. The Epistle of Barnabas contains a version of the 'two ways'; and Apostolic Constitutions, a recension of the whole Didaché. There has been much discussion as to the priority of Barnabas or the Didaché. Some believe that the first part of the Didaché was originally a separate Jewish work for the instruction of proselytes.

Didelphia. See MARSUPIALS. Didelphys. See OPOSSUM. Diderot, de-d'rō', DENIS (1713-84), French encyclopædist, was born in Langres, Champagne. He lived by translating, cataloguing, indexing, and even by writing sermons. In 1746 he published his Pensées philosophiques, which was burned by order of the Parliament of Paris; and a few years later the author was imprisoned for writing the Lettre sur les aveugles. Upon his release he became joint editor of a Universal Medical Dictionary, and then conceived his scheme for a general encyclopædia to supersede the French version of Ephraim Chambers' English work. But the project assumed a more important aspect, and began to appear in 1751, under the title of Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts, et des métiers. It was completed in 1765 in 17 folio volumes, with 11 volumes of plates. D'Alembert was at first associated with Diderot in the editorship, but withdrew. Though doing much of the work himself, Diderot was assisted by many of the ablest writers in France; and the work served as a proselytizing medium for the free-thinking and sceptical philosophers.

In 1751 Diderot published his Lettres sur les sourds et muets; in 1754, Pensées sur l'interprétation de la nature; and in 1775, Code de la nature, their style being somewhat declamatory as well as obscure. His tales, Jacques le fataliste and Le neveu de Rameau, have been widely appreciated; while the stories, Les bijoux indiscrets, are licentious and indecent. Diderot's other works include La religieuse, which exposes the evils of convent life; Lettres addressed to Mlle. Voland, his last mistress; and a criticism of Helvétius' treatise, De l'homme.

Late in life he became very poor, and to relieve him the Empress Catherine of Russia purchased his library, left it with him in Paris, and paid him a handsome sum as its custodian.

Intellectually stronger than Voltaire or Rousseau, Diderot had not their high literary gifts, but his personal influence was greater than that of his books.

Collections of Diderot's works were published by Naigeon, in 15 vols. (1798); and by Assézat and Tourneux, in 20 vols. (1875-7).

Dido, di'dō, also called ELISSA, according to legend, was the daughter of Belus, king of Tyre. After her father's death Dido fled to Africa, where she built Byrsa, the citadel of ancient Carthage. Iarbas, king of the Libyans, demanded her hand in marriage, but to escape him she stabbed herself. Virgil, in the Eneid, makes the hero Eneas visit Carthage, and fall in love with Dido; but the gods ordered him to leave her, and on his doing so she slew herself.

Didon, de-dôn', HENRI (18401900), called LE PÈRE DIDON, French preacher and author, was born in Touvet, Isère. He joined the order of the Dominicans (1862) and a series of discourses delivered in Paris (1875-9), especially that on the 'Indissolubility of Marriage,' was stopped by the archbishop of Paris, and Didon summoned to Rome to answer for his statements, and asa result he ceased preaching for a time. He spent some time in Leipzig and Berlin in the study of Hebrew and ecclesiastical history, and recorded his impressions of the Germans in Les Allemands (1884). Later he undertook a journey to Palestine, to obtain material for La vie de Jésus (1890). In 1890 he was appointed director of the Collège Albertle-grand at Arcueil, near Paris. In his discourses he tried to reconcile modern philosophy with religion.

Didot, dē-dō', FRANÇOIS (1689-1757), founder of a noted French family of printers, was born in Paris, and began business in 1713. He published the Abbé Prévost's Voyages, 20 vols., with maps and engravings (1747). His son, FRANÇOIS AMBROISE (17301804), perfected stereotyping, and published a collection of classics prepared for the education of the dauphin, son of Louis XVI.-labors shared by his brother PIERRE FRANÇOIS (173295). A son of Pierre invented the Didot paper-making machine, and produced marvellously minute editions.-PIERRE (17601853), son of François Ambroise Didot, published the magnificent Louvre classics, including an exquisite Racine; and FIRMIN (1764-1836), another son of François Ambroise Didot, cast excellent type for these works, and was a writer of plays, translations etc. Firmin's two sons, FIRMIN AMBROISE (1790-1876)

and HYACINTHE (1794-1880), published the Bibliothèque des auteurs grecs, Bibliothèque latine, and Bibliothèque français (200 vols.). Firmin Ambroise translated Thucydides.

also

a

Didymium, di-dim'i-um, metal formerly believed to be one of the metallic elements of the 'rare earths' obtained from such minerals as cerite, and gadolinite. It has since been discovered to consist of two elements, praseodymium and neodymium, which have atomic weights approximating to 140.5 and 143.6 respectively, and are metals forming green salts in the former case and pink in the latter, both having very characteristic absorption spectra.

Diebitsch-Sabalkanski, dē'bich-zä-bäl-kän'ski, HANS KARL FRIEDRICH ANTON, COUNT VON (1785-1831), Russian field-marshal, was born in Grosslieppe, Silesia. Entering the Russian service, he was present at Austerlitz, and distinguished himself at Dresden and Leipzig. He was commander-in-chief in the Turkish war (1828-9), during which he took Adrianople, and made his famous passage through the Balkans. In 1831 he was sent against the Poles, but gained no decisive victory.

Diecious (Gr. dis, 'twice'; and oikos, 'a habitation'), a term applied by Linnæus to plants in which separate individuals exclusively produce male and female flowers respectively. Great importance was attached to this in the artificial system of classification; but diecious species occur in all groups of plants.

Diedenhofen, now known as

de'den-hō'fen, THIONVILLE, town, France, in Alsace-Lorraine, on the left bank of the Moselle; 22 miles north of Metz. It is an important railway junction, and was fortified by Vauban in the 17th century. It is the centre of a large iron industry. Pop. 15,000.

Diefenbach, de'fen-bäk. LORENZ (1806-83), German scholar, was born in Ostheim, HesseDarmstadt. He spent twelve years of his life at Solms-Laubach as pastor and librarian, thereafter (from 1865) filling a librarian's post in Frankfort. Among his chief works are his three volumes of Celtica (1839-40), which did much to foster and assist a study of Celtic origins; his masterly Latin-German Glossarium Latino-Germanicum Media et Infimæ Etatis (1857), supplemental to Du Cange's Glossary; and the Hoch- und niederdeutsches Wörterbuch (1874-85), produced in conjunction with Wülcker.

Diego Garcia. See CHAGOS ARCHIPELAGO.

Dielectric, the name given by

Faraday to insulators in statical electricity, such as air and gases generally, glass, vulcanite, resin, wax, paraffin (solid and liquid), mica, etc.; in other words, the general name of all substances through which electrostatic induction takes place. It is found by experiment that the inductive effect of a given charge depends on the dielectric surrounding the charged body. This difference is usually expressed in terms of what is called the specific inductive capacity or dielectric constant of the insulating medium. Practically, in the case of air, it is regarded as unity.

According to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light, there is an intimate relation between the dielectric constant and the refractive index of the substance for rays of long wave-length. The relation has been verified in cases in which a true measure of the refractive index for rays of infinitely long wave-length has been obtained.

The dielectric strength of an insulating medium is its power of resisting disruptive discharge through it. Air is a dielectric; but every time an electric spark passes through it its insulation breaks down, and the air ceases to act as a dielectric. The difference of potential required to produce a disruptive discharge across a given thickness of dielectric depends upon the forms of the opposed conductors. When either conductor is sharply pointed, discharge takes place with comparative case. Gaseous and liquid dielectrics break down more easily than solid dielectrics; but when the solid dielectric breaks down it becomes cracked, and thereby diminished in dielectric strength. It is, in fact, no longer a solid dielectric. See CAPACITY; CONDENSER; ELECTROSTATICS.

Dielman, dēl'man, FREDERICK (1847- ) American painter, was born in Hanover, Germany, and was taken to America as a child. He was graduated (1864) from Calvert College, Md., and in 1866-72 was a topographer and draughtsman in the United States Engineering Department. He then studied art under Diez at the Royal Academy in Munich, and returning to America, opened a studio in New York in 1876. His genre work and heads show careful attention to detail, differing from the broad handling of others of the Munich group. He was one of the founders of the Society of American Artists; and was made a member of the National Academy in 1883 and was elected its president in 1899. He at one time was active as an illustrator, making drawings for the works of Longfellow, Hawthorne, and

others. From 1903 to 1918 he was head of the art department of the College of the City of New York. He designed the mosaic panels Law and History for the new Library of Congress, and performed similar commissions for less important buildings. He is a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters.

Dielytra. See DICENTRA. Diemer, dya'mâr, Louis (1843-1919), French pianist and composer, born in Paris. He

studied at the Conservatory under Marmontel, Thomas, and Bazin, and in 1887 succeeded Marmontel as professor of pianoforte at the Conservatory. In 1889 he gave a successful series of historical recitals, and thenceforth devoted much time to the study of old music. He established the 'Société des anciens instruments,' and published Clavicinistes français, a collection of ancient pieces. Other works include a pianoforte concerto, a violin concerto, and a variety of chamber music and pianoforte compositions.

Diepenbeeck, de'pen-bāk, ABRAHAM VAN (1599-1675), Flemish artist, was born in Boisle-Duc; studied under Rubens, and at first engaged in painting on glass, in which art he produced some excellent work, notably the windows in a chapel of Antwerp Cathedral and in the Church of the Dominicans. He later abandoned glass painting and devoted himself to oil painting and designing. Because of his rare facility of execution he was in great demand for designs for current publications, the most important of which were Marolles Tableaux du Temple des Muses. Visiting England, he executed commissions for glasspainting and portraits. Among his best works are Virgin in the Clouds, with St. Ely, The Rape of Ganymede, The Flight of Cloelia and a Pièta.

Dieppe, di-ep', seaport town and watering place, department of Seine Inférieure, France, is situated on the English Channel, at the mouth of the Arques River; about 100 miles northwest of Paris. It has a deep safe harbor and maintains a considerable passenger traffic with England. Notable buildings are the Casino, Etablissement des Bains, the Hôtel de Ville, the Musée, containing an art collection and a library presented by Saint-Saëns, the Castle, erected in 1433 as a defence against the English, Church of St. Remy, and Church of St. Jacques. Dieppe is visited annually by many French and English tourists, It has a large coal trade with England, trade in lumber with Norway and Sweden, a flourishing fish market, and manufactures of lace, woolen

goods, tobacco, and carved ivory. Admiral Duquesne was a native of the town. It suffered severely from plague in 1668 and 1670, was often the scene of fighting during the French and English wars, and was reduced to ruins by the English in 1694. Pop. (1926) 23,709.

Dies and Die-sinking. A die is a hard metal device used for striking the impression on coins and medals and for stamping plates or sheets of metal into various shapes. The art of preparing dies is known as diesinking.

The engraving of dies for stamping coins is of very ancient origin. It was known to the Greeks 800 years before Christ and attained a degree of excellence that has never been exIceeded between the years 415 and 336 B.C. The art of cutting dies in the comparatively deep intaglio required for medals dates from the beginning of the sixteenth century. The application of dies to sheet metal work is of more recent development, being a product of the nineteenth century.

a

Die-sinking.-Medal dies are usually about three inches thick, and are made with a round core of fine steel, in diameter as nearly as possible that of the medal to be struck. Around this core, to prevent the steel cracking in the process of hardening and tempering, is forged jacket of tough wrought iron. When forged, the dies (two are required for each medal-one for the obverse, one for the reverse) are turned on the face so as exactly to fit a steel ring, known as the 'collar,' which is used to prevent the metal spreading out under the force of the blows necessary to stamp upon it the design of the dies.

The die-sinker is furnished with a drawing of the design to be engraved. Of this he makes a tracing; and having coated the surface of the dies with a white preparation known as a 'ground,' he reverses the tracing upon this, and carefully rubs it over with a burnisher until each pencil-line shows up clearly upon the surface of the die. These lines he cuts into the soft steel, and then, removing the 'ground,' he has upon the die a fine outline of the design. He then chisels out the details to the right depth, shaping the various parts as he goes on, and taking frequent impressions in modelling wax as the work proceeds. When he has a faithful reproduction of the design, the whole is carefully polished with a minute piece of oilstone to remove any toolmarks; and this process, 'lapping,' is repeated after the dies have been hardened and tempered.

Badge and button dies are sunk after the same fashion, but do not require to be turned up to fit any 'collar,' and the dies themselves are forged up in a different fashion. In place of a steel core and a wrought-iron jacket, they are of wrought iron with a fairly thick steel face. Dies for embossing stationery are sunk in the same way, but not with the same finish, and, though frequently case-hardened, are never lapped and seldom tempered. They are usually of mild steel. varying from fiveeighths to half an inch in thick

ness.

Dies for sheet metal are of several types. The simplest form is the plain cutting or blanking die, which, as its name implies, simply cuts or punches out pieces of the required outline. It consists of a 'die block' with an opening corresponding in shape to the part to be cut, a 'punch block' shaped to fit the opening, and a 'stripper plate,' which also has an opening conforming in shape to the punch. The metal to be cut passes between the stripper plate and the die block, and the cutting is done by the punch block as it descends into the opening in the die block. The stripper plate prevents the lifting of the stock with the upstroke of the punch. Other forms of cutting dies are gang or multiple dies, which consist of several duplicate punches and die blocks designed to cut two or more blanks at a single operation; perforating dies for producing strainers, etc.; follow dies, which both cut and perforate in a single operation, one part of the die making the required perforation at the same time that another part cuts or blanks out the work perforated in the preceding operation; compound dies, which blank and perforate a single object simultaneously; shaving dies, which are used to trim the edges of blanks previously cut by a simple blanking die. Bending dies are employed to bend sheet metal or wire into various shapes; drawing dies for producing cylindrical, conical, and other cup-shaped articles from flat blanks; curling dies for forming curled edges around the top of drawn shapes, as on pans, cups, and other vessels.

See MINT. Consult F. D. Jones' Die Making and Die Design (1915); Stanley's Punches and Dies (1919).

Diesel, de'sel, RUDOLPH (1858-1913), German scientist, was born in Paris. He was educated in Augsburg and Munich; entered the workshop of Sulzer at Winterthur in 1879, and later went to Berlin, where he became absorbed in study and work on