time a river steamer ascends as far as Meskeneh. The decay of the ancient irrigation works, which once made the Euphrates valley a vast expanse of fertile country, together with the bursting (1834) of the neglected embankments, and the consequent spreading out of the river into wide pestilential marshes, has destroyed both the source of its once great trade and the navigable value of the stream. Its length is probably 1,600 miles, and the area of its basin 260,000 square miles.

Steamship service was established in 1910, and is maintained regularly to Kufa, and at irregular intervals to Hindieh. It is greatly hindered, however, by interference from the Arabs on the river banks. The Euphrates was the farthest limit of the land of Israel to the east. In the Bible it is called 'the river' (Ex. xxiii. 31) and 'the great river' (Deut. i. 7).

Euphrosyne. See CHARITIES. Euphuism, ū'fū-ism, a term used to describe the extremely florid style employed by many of the Elizabethan prose writers. The name is derived from Euphues, a novel published in 1579 by John Lyly. As a matter of fact, however, a somewhat similar development was proceeding in every country of Europe at the time, and was inevitable as soon as prose became selfconscious. Euphuism was characterized by a balanced structure of clause and epithet, and an excessive use of similitudes drawn from fabulous natural history. It is satirized in Scott's Monastery. See LYLY, JOHN.

He

Eupolis, u'pō-lis (c. 446-411 B.C.), one of the chief Athenian poets of the so-called Old Comedy. He was a contemporary and rival of Aristophanes, whom he more than once defeated. None of his works survive, but many fragments are extant. seems to have possessed the same freedom in attacking individuals, and much of the same wit and humor as Aristophanes, with whom and Cratinus he is classed by Horace as a representative of the Old Comedy.

Eurasian, ur-a'shan, an adjective compounded of European · and Asian, used sometimes to denote the whole continent of Asia and Europe, 'the Eurasian continent,' but chiefly applied substantively to the mixed race that has arisen in India from the union between Europeans and natives. Officially, they are now termed Anglo-Indians.

of

Eure, ûr, department Northwest France, in Normandy. Its area is 2,330 square miles and its largest dimension is 70 miles from east to west. The surface

forms a slightly inclined plateau, 800 feet high in the southwest, and is more or less intersected by valleys. The Seine cuts off the northeast corner. The Eure, a left bank tributary of the Seine, and its affluents drain the south and centre. Wheat, oats, mangolds, apples, and beet root are the principal crops. Cattle, sheep, and horses of the pure Norman breed, for which the department is famed, are reared in considerable numbers. Manufactures of textiles are carried on throughout the department. Evreux is the capital. Pop. (1921) 303,159.

Eure, river, France, a tributary of the Seine, rising in the department of Orne. It flows first southeast, then north and northwest, and after a course of about 110 miles enters the Seine above Pont de l'Arche.

Eure-et-Loir, ûr-ā-lwär', department of Northwest France, covering an area of 2,293 square miles, and formed out of parts of Orléanais, Normandy, and Ilede-France. The eastern portion is generally flat, the centre and southeast-the Beauce-being a rich plain; the west is hilly and forested, with numerous fertile valleys; in the southwest, on the Upper Loir is the Perche, on whose meadows fine cavalry horses are reared. The chief rivers are the Eure and the Loir. The department is regarded as the granary of the Seine. There are flour mills on the Loir and Eure, textile factories in the valley of the Eure, and iron works, cotton, and paper factories. Chartres is the capital. Pop. (1921) 251,255.

Eureka, u-re'ka, city, California, in Humboldt County, on Humboldt Bay, and on the Northwestern Pacific Railroad, and water lines to San Francisco and Portland, Ore.; 297 miles northwest of San Francisco. It is in the redwood region of the State, and its principal industry is the milling and shipping of this lumber to San Francisco, Hawaii, and Australia. There are also manufactures of woollen goods, leather, and foundry and machine-shop products. Pop. (1910) 11,845; (1920) 13,533.

Eureka, city, Utah, in Juab County on the Denver and Rio Grande Western and the Union Pacific Railroads; 87 miles southwest of Salt Lake City. It is a flourishing mining centre, with smelters, quartz mills, and mines of gold, silver, lead, and copper. Pop. (1910) 3.416; (1920) 3,608.

Eureka, city, Kansas, county seat of Greenwood County, on the Fall River, and on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé and the Missouri Pacific Railroads; 40 miles southwest of Emporia.

It has natural gas; is an important cattle market; and makes large shipments of grain. Pop. (1910) 2,333. (1920) 3,575.

Eureka Springs, city, Arkansas, county seat of Carroll County, in the Ozark Hills, at an altitude of 1,800 feet, on the Missouri and North Arkansas Railroad; 250 miles northwest of Little Rock. It is a popular health and pleasure resort, noted for its healing springs. Pop. (1910) 3,228; (1920) 2,429.

Euripides, ū-rip'i-dēz (485 or 480-406 B.C.), Athenian tragic poet, was born in 480 B.C., though the Parian marble gives the year of his birth as 485. It is probable that he was born on the island of Salamis. He was a friend of Anaxagoras, and later of Socrates. His last years were spent at the court of Archelaus, king of Macedonia, where he died -it is said from wounds received from dogs maliciously set on him. Only seventeen of his plays are now extant, excluding the Rhesus (probably a later composition); but the titles of sixty-eight in all are known. In forming an estimate of his genius, it is necessary to guard against the prejudiced criticism of Aristophanes and other ancient critics, who resented his innovations, and-as seems probable-wilfully misunderstood his real attitude. It is in his Frogs that Aristophanes compares Eschylus and Euripides, much to the latter's disadvantage. Apart from verbal and metrical criticisms, his attack is mostly directed against the poet's morality; but examination shows that he chooses to regard as the poet's own, the morality of his characters, and even that he perverts.

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Euripides differed from his predecessors in being a learned poet. He was abreast of the scientific and philosophic thought of his age, and loved to expound his views in his plays; these views often approached to a religious scepticism hateful to conservatives like Aristophanes. He was also a realist, using in his dialogue the language of the day, and making his characters resemble those of real life. It is clear that he was not popular in his own day, as he won the first prize in the tragic contests only four times; but in the fourth century and afterward his popularity equalled or surpassed that of his rivals. It is perhaps as a master of pathos that he is supreme; and he is also distinguished by his delineation of female character. His strongest and noblest characters-Medea, Phædra, Alcestis, Macaria, Iphigenia, Polyxena-are all women; and the nobility of some of them

strongly contradicts the story that he was a misogynist. His best plays are the Hippolytus, Medea, Alcestis, Ion, Baccha, and Iphigenia in Aulis. The last two were brought out after his death, and were probably his latest works. The Alcestis was produced in 438 B.C., and the rest of the extant tragedies between that date and 406; and it is impossible to trace in them any development of his genius. His skill as a playwright is of the highest order; he can construct plots which are exciting beyond anything attempted by his predecessors, and he has an unerring instinct for a 'situation.' But he has all the unscrupulousness of the practical playwright: in his consuming desire to get on to the situation as rapidly as possible, and to bring the curtain down sharp on it, he substitutes a bald prologue for a proper exposition, and, instead of working out the dénouement, makes a Deus ex machina cut the knot of the situation. His plays were 'revived' on the stage frequently than those of Eschylus or Sophocles. Milton, Browning, Schiller and Alfieri, were ardent admirers of the work of Euripides.

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Consult Mahaffy's Euripides; Symonds' Greek Poets; Verrall's Euripides the Rationalist (new ed. 1911), and Essays on Four Plays of Euripides (new ed. 1911); Ducharme's Euripides; Huddilston's Greek Tragedy in the Light of Vase Paintings; Norwood's Riddle of the Baccho. The best

edition of the text is Nauck's; the best complete edition in English of all the plays is Paley's. Good editions of separate plays are Earle's Alcestis; Sandys' Baccha; Mahaffy and Bury's Hippolytus; Harry's Hippolytus; Verrall's Ion, England's Iphigenia in Aulis; Verrall's Medea and Bacchantes; Allen-Moore's Medea; Wedd's Orestes. Weil (French) has an edition of seven plays. Translations: in verse by Way; Browning's Balaustion (a free rendering of the Alcestis;) in prose, Coleridge; Gilbert Murray's verse translation. Euripus,

EUBOEA.

or EURIPOS. See

Eurite, u'rīt, an acid, igneous rock of the granite group, consisting of quartz and feldspar, with muscovite or garnet as accessory minerals, and mostly found as dykes and veins traversing granite and crystalline schists. It is usually finer grained, paler colored, and richer in quartz than granite.

The name has also been given by various authors to rocks of considerably different composition and appearance. The term is of French origin, and is some

times used as a synonym for granulite and felsite.

Euroclydon, ū-rok'li-don, the name applied in the Acts of the Apostles to the cold, tempestuous wind that wrecked St. Paul. It is probably the bora (q.v.) that is referred to.

Euro'pa, in ancient Greek mythology, daughter of the Phoenician king Agenor, or, according to Homer, of Phoenix. Zeus was charmed by her beauty, and in the form of a bull mingled with the cattle while Europa and her maidens were playing on

Novaya Zemlya and Spitzbergen as well as Iceland with Europe, the total area is about 3,820,000 square miles. The rough coastal length, neglecting minor indentations, is about 20,000 miles, or three and a half times the minimum possible periphery. If minor inlets are included, the length is probably nearly 50,000 miles. The mean elevation of Europe is 1,080 feet. More than half the surface lies less than 600 feet above the sea, so that the proportion of lowland is greater than in any other continent.

Most of

this lowland is in the east, but a band stretches west, south of the Baltic and North Seas, to the Bay of Biscay.

PHYSICAL DIVISIONS.—Europe consists of three well-marked divisions. (1) In the east are flat or gently undulating lands, rising nowhere over 1,160 feet. except in the Urals. The area of this division is half that of the Continent. (2) In the south are the lofty mountain chains whose highest points are in the Alps (15,780 feet) and Caucasus (18,530 feet). They extend from the Sierra Nevada of Spain to the Caucasus, bending round great flat plains or deep seas. (3) In the centre and northwest

are two highland groups, the former rising to 5,250 ft., the latter to 8,400 ft., separated by a band of lowlands and shallow

seas.

The rocks of the E. lowlands lie almost horizontally; those of the rest of Europe are folded, contorted, and fractured usually in a very complicated manner. In the s. mountains the predominant features are structure lines due to recent foldings and fractures affecting rocks of all ages; but in the central and N. highlands the foldings are of Paleozoic date, and rarely determine the features, which have been carved and modelled by denudation and deposition. The S. mountains separate the N. regions of cold winters and well-distributed rainfall from the Mediterranean region of cool, rainy winters but dry summers.

The E. is distinguished from the central and N.W. by its great extremes of temperature and relatively dry winters, and the uniformity of its relief brings about uniformity of climate and vegetation over vast areas. The central lowlands are more continuous and uniform than the isolated plains of the s. The influence of these three physical divisions can be traced in all phases of European geography.

Eastern Europe is bounded by old crystalline rocks,which appear in Finland and the Urals, in the Carpathians and Caucasus. These

E. lowlands form one of the stable areas of the earth's crust. Long continued denudation has reduced the relief to slight land swellings, of which the Valdai Hills (1,150 ft.), the hydrographic centre of Russia, its s.w. continuation the W. Russian height of land (1,120 ft.), the morainic Baltic heights (1,050 ft.), and the scarped ridge which forms the r. bk. of the Volga (1,155 ft.), are the most important. The N. Russian height of land which forms the divide between the N. Dwina and the Volga rises only to 623 ft. The bordering Urals are a denuded highland, whose rocks were folded in Palæozoic times. The surface features of the E. lowlands are determined by their superficial covering of glacial waste N. of a line from the N. of the Carpathians to the Kama, and the fine black earth (chernoziom) in the s., covered with alluvium in the N. of the Caspian, which lies near or under sea-level. The glaciated

area

a

may be divided into a s. or older region with no lakes, representing the greatest extension of ice during the ice epoch, and younger region, N.w. of a line from the Narev to Cheskaya Bay, which is studded with innumerable lakes, and forms the Russian part of the Baltic heights.

Northwestern and Central Europe. To the N.W. the Palæozoic rocks form an escarpment above the Archæan region of Finland and E. Scandinavia Suess has called this a 'glint' line. It can be traced from the White Sea, by the great lakes, the Gulf of Finland, to Kalmar in S. Sweden, where it curves w. and then N., bisecting the great valley lakes of Sweden, and runs to the White Sea by the Varanger Fiord, completely surrounding

the Baltic Archæan shield. This Archæan shield and its limiting glint line are homologous with the Hudson shield of Canada and its bounding escarpment, which can be traced through the N. American great lakes. Both are gently undulating, lake-dotted, and forested regions.

Still farther to the N. W. the land rises to the Scandinavian highlands, whose rounded superficial forms are due to denudation. Ice action has been especially potent, as is evidenced by the mammillated rocks (roches moutonnées), the hanging valleys, the valley lakes on the E. and fiords on the w., the long åsar and drums and morainic deposits round its E. and s. base. Glacial activity still continues in the higher regions.

Although we regard Scandinavia as a denuded highland, we find two sets of crustal foldings of very ancient date, the younger on the mainland probably of late Silurian ages, the older in the Lofotens and the extreme N.E. of the mainland of pre-Cambrian date. In the British Isles, which are separated by the North Sea, shallow except for the deep Norwegian trough or depression, the Scandinavian structure reappears. Similar gneisses to those of the Lofotens are found in the Outer Hebrides and in the N.W. of Scotland. Indeed, the highlands of Scotland resemble the Scandinavian plateau, except that they are lower. The N. and w. of Ireland, the s. of Scotland, Cumberland, and all Wales, except the extreme s., have their structure and feature lines running from s.w. to N.E., and may be grouped with the highlands of Scotland and Scandinavia as the Caledonian area.

The third important Palæozoic folded region, the ArmoricanVariscan area, with post-Carboniferous foldings, is also mountainous, owing to Tertiary upliftings and sinkings, and can be traced throughout the central highlands of Europe. The direction curves from w. to E. in the s. of Ireland, Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany, to W.N.W. to E.S.E. in the central plateau of France (Armorican system), where the axis of folding alters to w.s.w. to E.S.E. and

dominates the other highlands of the Rhine, Weser, and Elbe (Variscan system). This region is broken up into groups by crustal depressions. Those of the English Channel and its gulfs separate the highlands of (1) Kerry-Cork, (2) S. Wales, (3) Devon - Cornwall, (4) Britanny (Brittany). The central plateau of France is surrounded by the basins of the Gironde, Seine, and Rhône, with cols between; that of Poitou attaches it to Britanny in the N.W., that of Langres to the Rhine highlands in the N.E., while the Saône-Rhône flows at the foot of the fault escarpment of Morvan and the Cevennes.

The Middle Rhine highlands are divided by a great rift into the Vosges in the w. and the Black Forest (Schwarzwald) in the E. The northern extension of this rift, forming the Hessian strait, is blocked by the recent volcanic mountains. To the w. are the Rhine schist highlands, through which the Rhine has cut a picturesque gorge, and their W. continuation the Ardennes. The Thuringian depression has the Harz block to the N., and that of the Thuringian Forest to the s., the latter sinking to the Franconian depression, crossed by the escarpments of the German Juras, which, like the limestone and chalk-scarped ridges of England and the Seine basin, reveal the predominating lines of weakness which have always affected this region.

In the E. the ancient mass of Bohemia has sunk in the N. to form a basin bordered by the Erzgebirge and Sudetic Mts. The Naab and Moldavian depressions in the s. delimit the Bohemian Forest and the less marked Moravian uplands which form the s. boundaries of the Bohemian diamond. The Erzgebirge have the S.W. to N.E. feature lines of the w. highlands, the Sudetics and Bohemian Forest the S.E. to N.W. feature lines which characterize the Thuringian Forest and the Harz, and are known as the Hercynian lines. In Poland, Podolia, and Volhynia much lower uplands are encountered.

The lowlands between the Caledonian and Armorican-Variscan regions are probably all folded in sympathy with those of the one or of the other; but this is not always revealed at the surface, most of which is formed of morainic deposits. The lowlands are divided by the line of lake-studded Baltic heights, and its probable_ continuation in the Dogger Bank. To the N. are the Baltic and northern North Sea; to the s. are the central plain of Germany, the Netherlands, and the southern North Sea. The Baltic and North Seas are kept apart by the Schles

wig height, the E. part of the lowlands from the marshy w. regions, sloping gradually down to shallow seas by the Lüneburg Heath.

Southern Europe. The Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, and Caucasus indicate the N. limit of mountain ranges, wherein rocks of all ages up to early or midTertiary times are folded. Their continuity is broken by great depressions, which form the basins of the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea and the Hungarian Plain. Between the outer ranges are masses of older highlands which have been retained at considerable elevations in the plateaus of the Balkan and Iberian Peninsulas. Sardinia and Cor

Guadalquivir. The latter, which forms the plains of Andalusia, lies between the Meseta and the young folded Betic cordillera, of which the Sierra Nevada is the most important range. To the E. this chain can be traced in the Balearic Is.; in the w. it curves S., is ruptured at the Strait of Gibraltar, and continues as the Er Rif range of the Atlas. The Atlas ends abruptly at the Strait of Sicily, and the folded band can be traced through the N. of that island, and throughout the Apennines. On the inner margin of the depression, between the Atlas and Apennines, are recent volcanic areas, still increased by Vesuvius, Stromboli, and Etna. The Alps form the central chain

gorge of the Danube represents the Strait of Gibraltar. The Yaila Mts., in the s. of the Crimea, and the Caucasus Mts. are separated from each other, and form the Balkans, by the Back Sea, to the s. of which the mountains bounding Asia Minor represent the E. prolongation of the rest of the Balkan Peninsula, the s. limit being marked by the islands of Crete and Cyprus.

Climate.-Europe is well favored climatically. From its situation in the N.E. of the Atlantic Ocean, and N.w. of the Old World, it receives warm winds from a sea which is abnormally warm in winter, owing to the currents which drift before the w. winds. This mild

sica may be regarded as remnants of another highland mass, most of which is now sunk beneath the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Beginning in the w., the Pyrenees and their w. prolongation, the Cantabrian Mts., form the N. border of the Iberian Peninsula. Their relationship to the other young folded chains has not yet been clearly established. The crustal movements which led to their folding took place in early Tertiary times, and later disturb ances took the form of fractures. To the s. is the old highland or Meseta, with old foldings parallel to the Armorican strike. The E. escarpments (the Iberian Mts.) rise above the basin of the Ebro, and the s. escarpments (the Sierra Morena) rise above that of the

of this mountain band, and in the E. the ranges diverge; the N. ones are connected by the Little Carpathians with the Carpathian chain, which, with its continuation, the Transylvanian Alps, encloses the Hungarian Plain, while the s. ones trend to the S.E. as the Dinaric or Illyrian, Albanian, and Grecian Mts., and form the w. boundary of the Balkan Peninsula. Here, as in Spain, an older highland-that of Servia, Macedonia, and Thrace -has been caught up between the folded mountain chains, the Dinaric-Albanian on the w., and the Balkan on the N. The Balkans are a continuation of the Transylvanian Alps, just as Er Rif is a continuation of the Sierra Nevada. The Klisura

climate permits the use of all the w. seas and gulfs, except the Baltic, all the year round; and these inward extensions of the ocean aid in assuring a mild climate to the w. half of the Continent. In winter the temperature diminishes from s.w. to N.E., but in summer from s. to N. The w. is equable, the E. extreme in temperature, and the s. mountains protect Mediterranean lands and ensure a mild winter. The accompanying maps show the distribution of frost and hot periods.

The winds are controlled from three centres of atmospheric action-a permanent low pressure over the N. of the Atlantic, a permanent high pressure w. of the Azores, and an Asiatic

lands, but run for most of thier course across the plain, where they are navigable, and are connected by canals. The Danube is the most important river of the s. mountains, for with its tributaries

centre which is low in summer but high in winter. The Atlantic low and high pressures are so situated that they combine to direct s.w. winds on W. Europe. In winter the Asiatic high pressure prevents these winds from penetrating beyond the w. coasts, to which they carry abundant rains. The E. remains dry in winter, but has rain in summer. The s. lies within the trade-wind area in summer, when it is dry, but receives spring and autumn or winter rains, due to the relatively low pressure which forms over the Mediterranean, and determines the inflowing of moist air.

Four climatic regions may be distinguished: The Northern or Arctic Region, which comprises a small strip along the N. coast from North Cape to the Kara Sea, where the mean monthly temperature is never over 50° F. The Western or Atlantic Region, N. and w. of a line from the Minho by the Cevennes and Alps to the mouth of the Oder, and thence along the crest of Scandinavia. The frost period does not last more than one month in the year except on the E. confines; the annual range of temperature is under 30° F. Rain falls at all seasons, but most abundantly in winter or autumn. The Eastern or Continental Region has more than two months of frost every year, a temperature range of over 40° F., and the rainfall is scantyunder 30 in., most of which falls in summer. The Southern or Mediterranean Region includes parts of W. Asia and N. Africa.

There is no continuous frost except in the mountains; the range of temperature is under 30°, with few exceptions; the rainfall is high on the mountains, especially on the w. slopes; the E. slopes and the lowlands are much drier; most of the rain falls in the winter half-year.

E. Alps to the Black Sea. The Rhine, although it rises in the Alps, is essentially a river of the central highlands and plains.

The rivers of the s. plateaus are short and swift rushing torrents

Hydrography.-The rivers of the E. lowlands are naturally slow, navigable almost to their sources, and easily connected by canals. They are frozen for several months every year, and the greatest floods occur when the ice breaks up. The rainfall is nowhere very great. The chief hydrographical centre is the Valdai Hills, from which the Volga, the longest and largest river of Europe, flows to the Caspian, the Dnieper to the Black Sea, and the W. Dwina (Düna) to the Baltic. The Volga, the Don (which flows to the Sea of Azoff), and the Dnieper have relatively low left banks, but high right banks, which in the case of the Volga are over 1,000 ft. above the sea and river levels. The Vistula (Weichsel), Oder, Elbe, and Weser rise in the central high

it drains the E. half of the Alps, the inner and part of the outer slopes of the Carpathians, the whole of the Transylvanian Alps, and part of the Balkans. It affords a navigable waterway from the margin and larger valleys of the

during the rains of autumn, winter, and spring, but low in summer, when many of the minor streams cease to flow.

A belt of morainic heights, with innumerable lakes of all sizes, borders the Baltic, and includes