Dendrerpeton, den-drûr'piton, a small extinct amphibian, not unlike a lizard in shape and size, which was first found in the hollow trunks of certain fossil trees (sigillaria) in the coal measures of Nova Scotia. Fragments have also been obtained in Bohemia. It is a member of the group of Stegocephali (labyrinthodonts).

Dendrite, den'drīt, in physiology, a protoplasmic process of a nerve cell, one of several which unite to form an axone or axis cylinder. The flow of nerve impulses is always inward from the extremities of the dendrites toward the axone.

Dendrites, or DENTRITIC MARKINGS, in geology, stains, usually black or brown, branching like the fronds of a fern, and most frequently found in the joints and at the division planes of rocks. They are due to the infiltration of solutions of iron and manganese into the cracks, where they have subsequently evaporated or crystallized out in these fantastic forms. Similar markings are found in agate or chalcedony, forming the variety 'moss agate'; but the pattern in the moss agates of commerce is often produced artificially.

Dendrobium, den-dro'bi-um, a genus of epiphytal orchids of wide distribution, and of the greatest variety as regards size, scent, and color. They are not difficult to grow, although different treatment is required by the different species. Most do well in a greenhouse; some species like shade; but the deciduous kinds need a good amount of light, and plenty of ventilation. Dendrodonts, den'drō-donts, a group of fossil fishes. Holoptychius (q.v.) is the most im

portant genus.

Dendrol'agus, or TREE KANGAROO, a marsupial animal, living chiefly in trees, which somewhat resembles the kangaroo, but is smaller, and with proportionally longer and stouter fore legs and shorter hind legs. The feet are armed with strong and sharp curved claws. Four species are known-three of them found in New Guinea, and the other in North Queensland, Australia. See KANGAROO.

LYTES, a term sometimes used as equivalent to fossil trunk, branch, stem, or fossil wood.

Den'drophis, or TREE SNAKE, a genus of arboreal snakes, represented by nine species, which range from India to Australia. The genus belongs to the solidtoothed (Aglypha) section of the family Colubridæi. e.. those having no grooved teeth-and the snakes are therefore harm

less. A closely allied genus is Dendrela phis. See SNAKES.

Deneen, de-nen', CHARLES SAMUEL (1863- ), American lawyer and executive, was born in Edwardsville, Ill. He was graduated from McKendree College in 1882, and for three years taught school, studying law at night, and was admitted to the bar in 1886. From 1890 to 1904 he practised in Chicago. In 1892 he became a member of the Illinois legislature, and was subsequently attorney for the Sanitary District of Chicago (1895-6), and State's attorney for Cook County (1896–1904). He was elected governor of Illinois for the term 1905-08, and reelected for the term 1909-12. In 1925 he was appointed to fill the unexpired term of Senator McCormick, deceased, and was elected Senator for the term 1925-31.

Dene-holes, ancient well-like shafts sunk through superincumbent strata to the chalk beneath, familiar in Kent and Essex, England, and in the French valley of the Somme. They have been variously described as places for hiding plunder, retreats for fugitives in time of war, or as shafts sunk to get at the chalk and flints, especially for the supply of flint implements.

D'Enghien, dän-gan', Louis ANTOINE HENRI DE BOURBON, Duc (1772-1804) French officer, was born in Chantilly, the last representative of the family of Condé. In 1792 he joined the army formed by his grandfather the Prince de Condé, and fought against the republic until the army was disbanded (1801). Although he had no part in the Bourbon conspiracy of Cadoudal and Pichegru against Bonaparte, the latter seized d'Enghien

in the neutral territory of Baden. and conveyed him to Vincennes, At midnight, on March 20, 1804, he was brought before a military court, and after a travesty of a trial was condemned to death, and early the same morning was executed.

Dengue, deng'u, or BREAKBONE FEVER, also called DANDY and BUCKET FEVER, a disease occurring almost exclusively in the tropics in regions subject to excessive moisture and particularly during the hot seasons. The typical attack begins with pains in the back, limbs, and joints, with swelling of the joints, a rise of temperature following rigors, and the appearance of an itching rash, not unlike that of scarlatina, before the temperature falls. Temperature usually falls about the fifth day, but there is an intermittent type in which this occurs on the third and fourth day before its final lysis. Extreme prostration follows. Heart failure must be guarded against by giving rest, nourishment, and stimulants. Salicylates are recommended in the early stages. Dengue is mosquito borne, but the causative microorganism has not yet been isolated and the disease must therefore be classed with such infections as yellow fever, poliomyelitis, and the like, the specific infective agent of which is still in doubt.

The disease was first accurately described by Brylon of Java, in 1779. Since that time there have been great epidemics in India (1824-5). It first appeared in America in the Southern States in 1827, though described by Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia in 1780, and in the West Indies in 1828. It was again prevalent in the South in 1850. The years 1897 and 1898 were marked by ravages of the fever in Australia.

Denham, den'am, SIR JOHN (1615-69), Irish poet and loyalist, was born in Dublin. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was high sheriff of Surrey, and he immediately joined the king. From 1643 to 1647 he was an agent of the royal family, and was in attendance on them in France and Holland from 1648 to 1652. On the Restoration he was rewarded

by several grants of land and the post of surveyor-general of works. His fame as a poet depends chiefly on Cooper's Hill (1642), a poetical description of the scenery around Egham, in which the apostrophe to the Thames is well known. His last years were clouded by poverty and ill health. His works include Sophy, a historical tragedy (1642), and the Psalms of David (1744).

Denia, dā'nē-ä, city and seaport, Spain, in the province of Alicante, on the Mediterranean; 45 miles northeast of Alicante. The town is the principal centre of the raisin export trade. It trades also in grapes, oranges, almonds, onions, and groundnuts. Founded by Phoenicians, and anciently called HEMEROSCOPION, it was the refuge of Sertorius in his revolt against Rome (B.C. 81). In Moorish times it had 50,000 inhabitants. Phoenician, Roman, and mediaval ruins still exist. Pop. (1920) 11,500.

Deniliquin, principal town of the Riverina (pastoral) district, New South Wales; about 200 miles north of Melbourne. Pop. of town, 2,900.

Den'im, a strong twilled cotton fabric of superior wearing qualities. It is woven of single yarn in both warp and filling, 27 inches wide, with a weight of from 41⁄2 to 5 ounces to the yard. It is used chiefly for making overalls, and when dyed printed, for cheap furniture or floor coverings. A finer grade is made into ladies' outing skirts and children's clothes.

or

Denina, da-nē'nä, CARLO GIACOMO MARIA (1731-1813), Italian writer, was born in Revello. He was appointed (1758) professor of rhetoric at Turin, but lost the appointment shortly after 1770 for satirizing the religious orders. He won the favor first of Frederick the Great (1782), and later of Bonaparte (1798). His writings include Delle revoluzioni d'Italia (1769-70); La vie et le règne de Frédéric II. (1788); La Prusse littéraire sous le règne de Frédéric II. (1790-1); L'histoire de Piémont (1805); La clef des langues (1805); Storia dell' Italia Occidentale (1809-10).

Denis, SAINT-, city, France. See SAINT-DENIS.

Denis, den'is; Fr. dē-nē', LOUISE MIGNOT (1712–90), niece, companion, and confidante of Voltaire, was born in Paris. Left a widow in 1744, she accompanied Voltaire to Colmar, Geneva, Délices, and Ferney, and obtained great influence over the philosopher, as well as over Condorcet, Ximenes. Marmontel, and Laharpe. Many of Voltaire's best letters are addressed to her.

Denis, Saint (also DENYS and

DIONYSIUS), the traditional apostle of France and first bishop of Paris. About 250 he was sent from Rome to preach the gospel to the Gauls; made numerous proselytes in Paris; was brought before the Roman governor with two other Christians; and was tortured, and afterward beheaded (272 or 290). In 636 King Dagobert founded on the spot an abbey, called St. Denis, which became the sepulchre of the French kings. Church identifies St. Denis with Dionysius the Areopagite, first bishop of Athens. The Western Church celebrates his memory on October 9. For a long period his name was the war cry of the French soldiers, who charged or rallied to the words 'Montjoye Saint-Denys!'

The Greek

Denison, city, Iowa, county seat of Crawford County, on the Boyer River, and on the Chicago and Northwestern and the Illi- . nois Central Railroads; 60 miles northeast of Council Bluffs. It has a large trade in grain and dairy produce, stock raising industries, and flour mills. Pop. (1910) 3,133; (1920) 3,581.

Den'ison, city, Texas, in Grayson County, on the Red River, and on the Houston and Texas Central, the Kansas, Oklahoma and Gulf, the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas, the St. Louis-San Francisco, and the Texas and Pacific Railroads; 78 miles northeast of Dallas. There are large railroad shops, and it has important cotton, flour, peanut, and lumber mills, and extensive dairying interests. Pop. (1910) 13,632; (1920) 17,065.

Denison, GEORGE TAYLOR (1839-1925), Canadian soldier, was born in Toronto. He was graduated from Upper Canada College and the University of Toronto, and was admitted to the bar in 1861. He served fortyfour years in the Canadian militia; commanded the Governor General's body guard in the Fenian Raid on Fort Erie (1866); and saw service during the rebellion of 1885. He was a Conservative in politics, but in 1868 he helped to found the Canada First Party, and in 1870 opposed the Conservative Party on the question of the Red River Rebellion (1869-70), and unsuccessfully contested Algoma in the Liberal interest (1872). In 1891 he opposed commercial union and supported the Conservative Party; in 1897 supported the Liberal Party in giving British preference; and in 1911 opposed the reciprocity pact. He was an earnest advocate of preferential trade and imperial federation between Great Britain and her colonies. He was police magistrate of Toronto during 18771922, and was honorary lieuten

ant colonel of the Governor General's body guard. His writings include Modern Cavalry (1868) and History of Cavalry (1877) which have been translated into several foreign tongues; Soldiering in Canada (1900); The Struggle for Imperial Unity (1909); Recollections of a Police Magistrate (1920).

Denison, HENRY WILLARD (1846-1914), American jurist, was born in Guildhall, Vt. He studied law at Columbian (now George Washington) University, and from 1880 until his death was legal adviser to the Japanese Department of Foreign Affairs. He was the representative of Japan in drafting the treaty of peace with Russia at Portsmouth, N. H. (1905), and was a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration of The Hague. He was decorated with various orders by the Mikado of Japan.

Denison University, a Baptist college founded at Granville, O., in 1831, with which the Shephardson College for Women was affiliated in 1900 and in 1927 incorporated as an integral part. The courses are literary and scientific, leading to the degree of A.B. For recent statistics see Table under the heading COLLEGE.

Den'lzen, in Great Britain, an alien who has obtained certain of the rights of a British subject by letters patent, as distinguished from letters of naturalization. Abroad he enjoys the protection accorded to a British subject. In the United States, the term is applied to all naturalized citizens without distinction. See ALIEN.

Denizli, den-iz-lē', town, Asia Minor, in Smyrna vilayet, 53 miles southeast of Alashehr. In its vicinity are found the ruins of the ancient LAODICEA. It has leather-curing and manufacturing industries. In 1715 it was destroyed by earthquake. Pop. 20,000.

Denka. See DINKA.

Den' man, THOMAS, FIRST LORD DENMAN (1779-1854), English jurist, was born in London. He entered Lincoln's Inn (1806). and acquired considerable legal practice. With Lord Brougham he defended Queen Caroline (1820); was member of Parliament for Wareham (1818) and Nottingham (1820-6); became attorney general (1830-2), and lord chief justice (1832); and was created Lord Denman of Dovedale (1834). He retired from the bench in 1850.

Denmark (Danish Danmark), the smallest of the three Scandinavian kingdoms, is situated between 54° 33' 31" and 57° 44′ 55′′ N. lat.. and 8° 4' 36" and 12" 34' E. long., excepting the small island of Bornholm, which lies

in 15° 10' E. long. It is bounded on the north by the Skagerrak and Kattegat; on the south by the Baltic, Little Belt, and Holstein (the southern part of the former German province of Schleswig-Holstein); on the east by the Kattegat, the Sound, and the Baltic; and on the west by the North Sea.

Denmark proper consists of the Peninsula of Jutland and a group of islands in the Baltic, comprising Sjælland (Zealand), Fünen, Lalland (Laaland), Falster, Moën, Langeland, and others. It includes, also, the territory of Schleswig, formerly a district of the German province of Schleswig-Holstein, annexed to Denmark following the Great War, in accordance with a plebiscite held on Feb. 11, 1920 (see SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN). The accompanying table gives the area and population of the kingdom and its dependencies.

Topography. The surface of Denmark is low and undulating. A ridge of low hills extends across the centre of Jutland, but the highest point in the kingdom (Ejer Bavnehöj, about 565 feet) lies more to the north near Skanderborg. The whole west coast of the mainland is dangerous on account of its lack of harbors and its numerous sandbanks, the most perilous part of it being the Hornsrev, which extends for 23 miles. Kattegat, with its shoals and rapid currents, is scarcely less dangerous. The eastern coast is much indented by bays, useful for navigation and valuable for their fisheries; and here and in the islands are many good harbors.

The

Both the continental portion and the islands are penetrated deeply by numerous fiords, the largest being Lim or Liim Fiord, which intersects Jutland, and has insulated the northern extremity of the peninsula since 1825, when it broke through the narrow isthmus which had separated it from the North Sea.

Other fiords are the Mariager (reaching to Hobro), the Randers, Ebeltoft, Kalö, Horsens, Veile, and Kolding, all on the east, and the Nissum and Ringkjobing, on the west coast. In Zealand there is the Ise Fiord,

with its ramifications and in Fünen the much shallower Odense Fiord.

The rivers, in view of the physical conformation of the land, are necessarily insignificant, except the Gudenaa in Jutland, which is 85 miles long. There are several important canals, however, including in Jutland works for the canalization of the Gudenaa, and of the Liim Fiord. Lakes abound in all parts of the kingdom, the most considerable being found in Zealand.

Climate. The climate of Denmark closely resembles that of Northern Germany. Jutland, exposed as it is in spring to the almost constant northwest wind known as the skai, and in the summer to the dense, cold sea fog called havguse, is the most inclement. The southern islands, on the other hand, have a comparatively mild and equable climate. The average temperature at Copenhagen is 46.8° F. The average annual rainfall is 21 inches.

Geology.-Denmark is believed to have been anciently connected with the Scandinavian Peninsula and with Central Europe.

The oldest formation is the Upper Cretaceous. The chalk and lignite (Tertiary) substratum is covered with a layer of drift composed of clay and sand. Several feet beneath the surface sand occurs the Al, a hard stratum several inches thick, formed by the action of iron-bearing sand and water on the vegetable mould remaining from the ancient forest. Bornholm is of granite corresponding to Southern Scandinavia.

Flora and Fauna.-The plant and animal life is similar to that of the plains of Central Europe. Beech and fir with some oak are found; while animals include the deer (in parks), fox, badger, and otter. The birds are chiefly water fowl of various kinds.

Forestry. Until after the Reformation a great part of Jutland was covered with forests, the scant remains of which still exist. In 1866 the Danish Heath Society was formed to reclaim the Moorlands. On a part of the area, reforestation was begun with spruce and fir; and in forty years the forest area of Jutland was trebled. The Society, now receiving government aid, maintains over five hundred demonstration stations.

The beech, which flourishes more luxuriantly in Denmark than in any other land, is almost universally predominant, although three centuries ago the oak, now comparatively rare, was the characteristic Danish tree. Peat, which is obtained in abundance from the bogs, brown

coal or lignite, and seaweed generally take the place of wood as fuel.

Fisheries.-There are fisheries of herring, plaice, eel, cod, and oysters. The value of the catch in 1925 was about $12,000,000. The fishing fleet consisted of 15,450 boats.

Mining.-Denmark is poor in minerals. Chalk, lime, clay, cement, and some saltpetre and amber are found in small amounts.

Agriculture and Stock Raising.-Denmark is primarily an agricultural country. Eighty per cent. of its area is productive, and the percentage is increasing through the reclamation of the heath for crops and pasture. The country is divided for the most part into small farms averaging about 35 acres each. Before the Great War (1914-18) Denmark's agricultural products were valued annually at about $268,000,000, and in 1914 the country was the largest butter exporter in the world. Coöperative societies have been organized in many branches of the agricultural industry (see COOPERATION IN AGRICULTURE).

The chief crops and the amount of production in 1925 were as follows: oats, 955,629 tons; potatoes, 1,310,900 tons; barley, 796,320 tons; rye, 349, 155 tons; mixed grain, 507,668 tons; wheat, 265,290 tons. Dairying is exceedingly important. During the War there was a large decrease in the number of milch cows and pigs and a corresponding decrease in animal products and it was not until 1922 that the yield of milk and butter reached the 1914 level. The export of animal products reached pre-war level in 1923, that of live pigs, cheese and condensed milk being greatly increased, while that of fresh milk and cream has decreased.

In 1926 there were in Denmark 2,839,531 cattle, 3,034,000 swine, 548,448 horses, 235,000 sheep, and 17,700,000 hens.

Manufactures. The manufacturing industries have to do mainly with agricultural products. In 1914 there were 82,442 shops and factories in Denmark, employing about 350,000 laborers. In 1925 there were 5 distilleries producing 6,690,000 litres of brandy, 9 sugar factories producing 173,350 tons of beetsugar, and 127 factories producing 70,170 tons of margarine. Paper, shoes, textiles, and fertilizers are also manufactured.

Transportation and Communications. In 1926 Denmark had 4,721 miles of road outside of Copenhagen, and 3,148 miles of railroad, of which 1,505 miles belonged to the state. The length of state telegraph wires

was 9,059 English miles; of state and private telephone wires, 770,684 miles. There were 1,390 post offices.

Commerce.-The total value of Danish trade in 1926 was $862,500,000, of which $446,000,000 was in imports and $416,500,000 in exports. Eighty-five per cent. of the exports are agricultural products, consisting of bacon, butter, cream, eggs, live stock, and raw hides. The principal imports are iron and steel, raw and manufactured textiles, colonial wares, corn, lumber, seeds, nuts, and beans for oil extraction, fertilizers and their ingredients, food stuffs, wheat, and rye.

Trade is carried on chiefly with Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, Norway, and the United States. The trade with the United States in 1926 amounted to $56,085,000, of which $5,508,000 was in exports and $50,577,000 in imports.

Finance. During several years successive deficits brought with them a rapid increase in the public debt, but economy of administration and increased taxation have recently been effective in restoring the balance between revenue and expenditure. In 1926 the total foreign debt amounted to about $140,000,000. The budget for 1927-28 calls for an expenditure of 340,225,712 kroner from a revenue of 341,580,993 kroner.

The monetary unit is the krone (about 27 cents), containing 100 ore. Ten- and twenty-kroner gold and two-kroner silver coins are current. The use of the metric system has been compulsory since 1912.

Banks. In 1926 the National Bank accounts balanced at about 532,357,000 kroner. There are 189 other banks for industrial and commercial purposes, and 526 savings banks, with deposits aggregating 1,872,000,000 kroner, an average of nearly 1,108 kroner per capita.

Population. The population of Denmark proper in 1925 was 3,434,555 as compared with 2,757,076 in 1911. The inhabitants are almost wholly Scandinavian, 96 per cent. being of Danish, 1.11 per cent. of Swedish, and 0.17 per cent. of Norwegian birth; 0.97 per cent. were born in Schleswig. The total number of foreigners in the country in 1921 was 3.34 per

cent.

The population of the principal cities is as follows (1925): Copenhagen, the capital, 731,496 (including suburbs); Aarhus, 76,226; Odense, 52,376; Aalborg, 42,819; Horsens, 28, 135; Randers, 26,856. In 1925 there were 4.578 emigrants chiefly to the United States and Canada.

Religion. The state church is the Evangelistic Lutheran, introduced in 1536, of which the king must be a member. Complete religious toleration exists. In 1921 the numbers belonging to the chief denominations were as follows: Protestants, 3,221,843; Roman Catholics, 22,137; Greek Catholics, 535; Jews, 5,947.

Education. Compulsory education has existed since 1814, and illiteracy is unknown. In 1925 there were 4,491 public elementary schools, with 495,952 pupils; 22 agricultural or horticultural schools; 59 popular high schools, in which agriculture is an important study; 267 technical schools; and 93 commercial schools. For higher education there are colleges of pharmacy and dentistry, the Royal Academy of Arts, the Polytechnic Institution, the military school, and the University of Copenhagen (4,000 students), open to both men and women.

Charities and Corrections.-Relief is administered in accordance with the law of 1891. An oldage pension law is in operation, by which, in 1925, 106,000 persons received relief amounting to about $16,000,000 (see OLD AGE PENSIONS). In 1925 the penitentiaries contained 1,214 men and 69 women.

Government.-The present constitution of Denmark is founded on the 'Grundlov' (charter) of June 5, 1915, a further development of the 'Grundlov' of June 5, 1849. The executive power is vested in the king and his ministers, and the legislative power in the Rigsdag or Parlia

ment.

The Rigsdag consists of an upper chamber called the Landsthing and a lower chamber called the Folkething. The number of members in the former is fixed at 76; 57 of them are elected by the Andræ method of proportional representation in large electoral districts, and the remaining 19 are elected by the members of the outgoing house. Fifty-seven members are re-appointed in two sections and sit eight years. The remaining 19 members are elected for the same period of eight years. The members of the Folkething are directly elected by universal suffrage for a four-year term. The number of members (149 in 1926) varies with the population, in the proportion of one member for every 16,000 electors.

The privilege of voting is granted, with certain minor exceptions, to all citizens over 25 years of age. The Council of State consists of eleven ministers appointed by the king.

For administrative purposes the country is divided into twenty-two counties, which are

in turn divided into hundreds, and the hundreds into parishes. Copenhagen, the capital, forms a district with a special administration.

The outlying possessions consist of the Faroe Islands (an integral part of the kingdom), Iceland, and Greenland. The islands of St. Croix, St. Thomas and St. John, known as the Virgin Islands (q.v.), formerly belonged to Denmark but were sold to the United States in 1917 for $25,000,000. (See GREENLAND, ICELAND.)

Army and Navy.-Service in the Danish army is compulsory for sixteen years, beginning at the age of twenty. The first eight years are spent in the active army, and the second eight in the reserve. The peace strength of the active army is about 820 officers and 12,900 men; that of the field army, 50,000 men.

The fleet, which is for coast defence, comprises 6 ironclads, 23 torpedo boats, 16 submarines, 2 old cruisers, 5 mine-layers, and several gunboats.

History.-Danish history emerges from the mythical with the establishment of the Norwegian (originally Swedish) dynasty of the Ynglinger in Jutland at the end of the eighth century. The Ynglinger were finally expelled from Jutland by Gorm the Old, who reunited the peninsula and the islands, and whose attempt to extirpate Christianity throughout his domains led to his subjugation by the German king Henry I. in 934, and to the conversion of the Danish monarchy into a German fief for two and a half centuries.

Gorm's great-grandson, Canute the Great (1014-35), the conqueror of England, gave heathendom its final death blow; and Canute's nephew Sweyn (1047-76), after repelling the attacks of the Norwegian kings, founded in Denmark the dynasty of the Ulfinger, which lasted four hundred years.

Sweyn was indeed compelled to acknowledge the overlordship of the German emperor Henry IV.; nevertheless, despite the internal feuds which prevailed during the reigns of his immediate successors, Denmark continued, steadily, though slowly, to aggrandize herself at the expense of the neighboring Wends and Obotrites. Valdemar I., called the Great (1157-82), conquered Rügen and won the overlordship of Norway. Canute vi. (1182-1201) forced the dukes of Pomerania and Mecklenburg to become his vassals; subdued Holstein and Hamburg; and refused to acknowledge German suzerainty.