228 Prime, dawn; originally the first quarter of the artificial day, i.e. from 6 A.M. to 9 A.M.

228 Cartwright, William Cartwright (1611-1643).

228 16 Honest Peacham,

Henry Peacham (1576?-1643?),

author of The Compleat Gentleman.

228 17 Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield (1694-1773), best known as the author of the Letters to his Son, Philip Stanhope. Peacham advocated country life, insisting especially on sports and athletics, while Chesterfield was interested solely in fashionable life in cities.

229 18 Squire (the same as esquire), a title of dignity next below knight and above gentleman.

229 28 Crest, a distinguishing mark originally worn by the armed knight, not on the shield but above it. The crest is still used on plate, liveries, etc.

230 4 Stomacher, an ornamental covering for the breast.

231 7 Mongrel, puppy, whelp, etc. Goldsmith: Elegy on the Death of a Mad Dog, stanza 4.

231 11

The little dogs, etc. Shakespeare: King Lear, Act III. Sc. 6, 1. 65.

231 28 Restoration, the reëstablishment of the monarchy in England, on the return of Charles II. in 1660.

232 4 Imitation of nature in modern gardening. Speaking of English gardens in the latter part of the seventeenth and the first part of the eighteenth century, Lecky says: "The trees were habitually carved into cones, or pyramids, or globes, into smooth, even walls, or into fantastic groups of men and animals." Early in the eighteenth century a new style of gardening came into vogue, a style that gave free scope to the beauties of nature.

232 26 Hoodman blind, an old name for blindman's buff.

232 28 Yule clog, the same as yule log or yule block. The word yule, now applied to Christmas, is derived from an Anglo-Saxon term, the name of one of the winter months. - See Irving's footnote, pp. 234, 235.

232 29 Mistletoe. In Norse mythology Balder, the sun-god, was killed by an arrow made of mistletoe.

233 31 Hall. The hall was the chief room in a mediæval castle. There guests were entertained, meals were cooked and eaten, and there most of the men of the household slept. The private apartment in a castle was called the bower. There is an

interesting description of a hall in the old Anglo-Saxon poem,
Beowulf. See also Scott's description of Cedric the Saxon's hall,

in Ivanhoe.

235 28 Finding him to be perfectly orthodox. The Puritans
made every effort to do away with the celebration of Christmas.
Mince pie, known as "Christmas pie," was particularly obnoxious
to them. In his youth Irving had probably come in contact with
many persons who shared these prejudices. Sixty or seventy years
ago Christmas was not observed in New England or in other parts
of the United States by persons of Puritan descent.

236 26 Punch and Judy, a puppet show in which a comical
little hunchbacked Punch quarrels with his wife Judy, and in
consequence is carried off by a devil in red. The word Punch is
abbreviated from punchinello.

237 19 Factotum, i.e. one who does work of all kinds.
237 20 Jumping with, agreeing with, falling in with.

237 21
Humor, whim, fancy. The word humor first signified
moisture, especially the fluid of animal bodies. The ancient physi-
cians believed that there were in the human body four fluids or
humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile or choler, and black bile or
melancholy. On the relative proportion of these the temperament
and health depended. Hence humor came to mean the state of the
mind in a general way, and then, changing or whimsical states of
mind. Consult some standard dictionary for the various meanings
of the word.

238 12 Harp in hall. The harper was a welcome guest in the
castle of the Middle Ages.

238 22 Rigadoon, a lively dance for one couple.

238 29 Oxonian, a student or graduate of Oxford University.
239 12 Waterloo. At Waterloo, a village in Belgium, Napoleon
was defeated by English and German troops commanded by Wel-
lington. This battle, which took place on the 18th of June, 1815,
virtually ended Napoleon's career.

239 18 Troubadour. The troubadours were a school of poets
who flourished from the eleventh to the end of the thirteenth cen-
tury in Southern France and Northern Italy. Their poems dealt
largely with love, and were intended to be sung to an instrumental
accompaniment.

239 23 Herrick. See note on p. 163, 1. 23.
240 27 No spirit, etc.

-

See text, p. 218, 1. 23.

241 5 Tester, a canopy over a bed, supported by the bed-posts. 242 Christmas Day. - See note on Christmas, p. 213.

242 Herrick. See note on p. 163, 1. 23. The lines quoted occur in a Christmas Carol, beginning, "What sweeter music can we bring?"

244 18 Wassaile bowles, i.e. convivial bowls. The noun wassail signified carouse, and was used also as the name of the liquor used on the occasion.

246 2 Sir Anthony Fitzherbert (1470–1538), judge and author. Markham's Country Contentments. See note

247 2

p. 247,

1. 31.

on

247 3 Tretyse of Hunting, by Sir Thomas Cockayne (1519?— 1592). Cockayne was a great authority on hunting.

247 4 Izaak Walton's Angler is one of the few pieces of older English prose that are still somewhat widely read. Hazlitt considered it one of the best pastorals in the language. born in 1593 and died in 1683.

Walton was

247 20 Old Tusser, Thomas Tusser (1520?-1580?), poet and writer on agriculture.

247 31 Deep, solemn mouths. Mouth signifies bark. The passage referred to reads:

"If you would have your kennel for sweetness of cry, then you must compound it of some large dogs, that have deep, solemn mouths, and are swift in spending, which must, as it were, bear the base in the consort; then a double number of roaring and loud-ringing mouths, which must be the counter-tenor; then some hollow, plain, sweet mouths, which must bear the mean or middle part; and so with these three parts of music, you shall make your cry perfect."

Gervase Markham (1568?-1637) was a prolific writer on many subjects. His Country Contentments treats of sports and also of domestic subjects. Shakespeare describes the hounds and their cry in his Midsummer Night's Dream, Act IV. Sc. 1, 1. 124: "My hounds are bred," etc.

248 31

Black-letter. See note on p. 28, 1. 30.

248 33 Editions of Caxton and Wynkyn de Worde. on p. 154, 1. 20.

See note

249 8 Adust. This word now signifies inflamed, fiery. Irving gives it a meaning similar to the old significance, gloomy.

249 21 Druids, an order of priests which in ancient times

existed among the Gauls, the Britons, and other branches of the Celtic race.

249 24 Fathers of the Church, the chief ecclesiastical authorities of the first centuries after Christ.. - See Fathers mentioned in note on p. 251, 1. 26.

250 28 Cremona fiddles, superior violins which were formerly made at Cremona, in Italy.

251 26 Theophilus of Cesarea (died A.D. 412), Bishop of Alexandria; St. Cyprian (A.D. 200?-258), Bishop of Carthage; St. Chrysostom (A.D. 350?-407), Archbishop of Constantinople; St. Augustine (A.D. 354-430), Bishop of Hippo, the most illustrious of the Latin Fathers of the Church. He has told the story of his life in his Confessions.

252 19 Prynne, William Prynne (1600–1669), author and politician. At one time Prynne suffered severely for his zeal as a Puritan, but later he opposed Cromwell and did all he could to further the Restoration.

252 20 Roundheads. During the reign of Charles I. the nickname Roundheads was given to the Puritans, who wore their hair short. They were so called in opposition to the Cavaliers, or Royalists, who wore their hair long.

254 20 Poor Robin. - See note on p. 226, 1. 27.

254 25

Duke Humphry. "To dine with Duke Humphrey' signified to have no dinner at all. See Wheeler's Dictionary of Noted Names of Fiction.

-

254 26 Squire Ketch, Jack Ketch, i.e. the hangman.. - See Wheeler's Dictionary.

254 30

Manor-houses. A manor-house is properly the permanent residence of a lord or nobleman.

254 32 Brawn, the flesh of a boar salted and prepared.

256 23 Christmas box, a box, usually of earthenware, in which contributions of money were collected at Christmas by apprentices and others. The box when full was broken and the contents shared. See Murray's New English Dictionary.

257 2 Home-brewed, beer or ale made at home.

258 3 Pandean pipes. The Pandean pipe is a primitive wind instrument, so called because it was said to have been invented by Pan, the god of shepherds.

258 5 Smart, spruce, showily dressed. Consult one of the standard dictionaries for the various meanings of this word.

259 Withers's Juvenilia. George Wither, or Withers (15881677), poet and pamphleteer.

2598 Just in this nick, etc. From A Ballad upon a Wedding, a delightful poem, by Sir John Suckling (1609-1642).

260 20 Belshazzar's parade. Daniel v. 1-4.

261 4 Holbein's portraits. Hans Holbein, the Younger (14971554), one of the most noted of German painters.

261 4 Albert Dürer's prints. Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) was a celebrated painter and engraver, born in Nuremberg.

261 14 The Conquest of England by William of Normandy, in 1066.

262 6 Caput apri, etc. The boar's head I bring, giving praises to the Lord. Qui estis in convivio, who are present at the feast. 263 (footnote) Quot estis in convivio, as many as are present, Let us servire cantico, serve with a song. In Reginensi Atrio, In the king's hall.

etc.

264 16 Humorist, eccentric, whimsical person. - See note on P. 237, 1. 21.

265 15 Wassail Bowl. See note on p. 244, l. 18.

265 (footnote) Roasted crabs are crab apples. The term occurs occasionally in Shakespeare's plays.

266 13 Chanson, song.

267 6 Slow hound, sleuth-hound.

268 25 Isis. The river Isis joins the Thames not far from

Oxford.

268 26 Alphabet of faces, i.e. a long or complete series of expressions. See Murray's New English Dictionary.

269 14 A rather broad story out of Joe Miller. The book referred to is entitled Joe Miller's Jests, or the Wit's Vade Mecum, published in 1739. An actor, Joseph Miller (1684-1738), was the hero of three of the jests, but there was no propriety in giving his name to the entire collection.

270 4

Mock fairies about Falstaff. Shakespeare: Merry Wives of Windsor, Act V. Sc. 4 and Sc. 5.

270 21

Weazen, thin, withered.

272 32 Mummery, or masking. A mummery or mask might be merely a frolic in which those taking part wore masks, or it might be an artistic performance which combined acting, recitation, singing, and instrumental music, given with an elaborate setting and elegant costumes. Queen Elizabeth was exceedingly fond of