GENERAL EFFECTS OF INTEMPERANCE ON THE HUMAN SYS- 3. Intemperance diminishes and ultimately destroys the Vital 4. Intemperance frustrates the healthy operations of the Organs 5. Intoxicating liquors not preventives of Disease Examples 1. Cholera and Intemperance 6. Intemperance deteriorates the physical energies of the present 7. Intemperance entails upon posterity physical Debility and STIMULANTS, THEIR NATURE AND OPERATION ON THE HUMAN .1. Division of Stimulants into Natural and Artificial, Simple and 2. The mode in which Stimulants act upon the Stomach DISEASES WHICH ARISE FROM THE USE OF INTOXICATING 1. The Stomach and its Functions 2. The Bowels and their Functions 3. The Liver and its Functions 4. The Heart and its Functions 5. The Lungs and their Functions 7. The Urinary Organs and their Functions 8. The Use of Stimulating Liquors aggravates Diseases which 9. It prevents the Curative Influence of Medicines and Medical EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM PART V. CHAPTER XVI. THE FALLACY OF POPULAR OBJECTIONS 333 1. Intoxicating Liquors do not permanently enable men to under. go a greater amount of physical exertion ib. THE FALLACY OF POPULAR OBJECTIONS—continued. 2. Intoxicating Liquors do not permanently resist the effects of 3. Intoxicating Liquors do not lessen the effect of heat in warm 4. Intoxicating Liquor not useful to persons who work in damp THE INTEMPERANCE OF THE HEBREWS 2. Unfermented Wines of the Hebrews 3. Various kinds of Wines mentioned in the Scriptures 4. Weakly Fermented Wines in use among the Ancients THE TEMPERANCE OF THE PRIMITIVE CHRISTIANS 1. General Cautionary Remarks of the Apostles to the various 2. Special Injunctions on the Members of the Christian Church 407 1. Drunkards not to inherit the kingdom of God excommunicated from the society of Christians 3. Regulations of the-Christian Church respecting its bishops ib. 416 4. Diet of the Primitive Christians 5. The principle of Christian Love, or Expediency as applicable MEANS EMPLOYED IN VARIOUS AGES AND COUNTRIES TO Persians, 433—Egyptians, 434_Romans, 435_Greeks, 437–Laws of Plato, 438—Carthaginians, 439—Locrians, 439—Massilians and Milesians, 439—Thracians, 439—Bulgarians, 440—Franks, 440—–Anglo-Saxons, 441–Ancient Welch and Scotch, 441-An. INTEMPERANCE CONSIDERED IN A LEGAL POINT OF VIEW, AND IN THE RELATION IT BEARS TO THE CIVIL Roman Law on this subject, 449_Laws of Greece, 449—English Legal Code, 450—Scotch Law in Relation to Drunkenness and Crime, 450_American Laws in relation to Drunkards, 452—Law History of Intoxicating Liquors in the United States The Morbid Anatomy of Drunkenness 1. Evidence in approval of Water as a common beverage 478 2. Testimonies of Individuals who have abandoned the use of 3. Temperance favourable to Longevity 4. Statements relative to the Health of certain tribes who ab- stain from the use of Strong Drink 5. Illustrations of the effects of Intemperance 6. Effects of Intoxicating Liquors during Lactation, on the health Table showing the annual consumption and value of Intoxica- ting Liquors in different countries Intemperance among the Indians Speech of the Rev. Dr. Humphrey at the Fourth Anniversary of Speech of the Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen on the same occasion 501 Drinking Usages in Great Britain BACCHUS. PART I. CHAPTER I. NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF INTEMPERANCE. "To set the mind above the appetites is the end of abstinence, which one of the fathers observes to be not a virtue, but the groundwork of virtue."DR. SAMUEL JOHNSON. "Nothing is so great a friend to the mind of man as abstinence; it strengthens the memory, clears the apprehension, and sharpens the judgement, and in a word, gives reason its full scope of acting; and when reason has that, it is always a diligent and faithful handmaid to conscience."— DR. SOUTH. THE term INTEMPERANCE, according to its general signification, is indefinite and unsatisfactory. In the present day, however, it is almost exclusively and universally employed in reference to excess in the use of intoxicating liquors. The limits of lawful indulgence have, in all ages of the world, been variously defined. In a primeval state, man had few wants. His occupations were simple in their character and influence. The produce of the field, and the fruit of the trees yielded him suitable nourishment; water supplied him with a refreshing and innoxiously inspiriting beverage. In this state of virtuous_simplicity, man had few temptations to lead him astray. In progress of time, however, new and unlawful sources of enjoyment were discovered, luxurious habits began to prevail, intoxicating liquors were produced, diseases were generated, and vicious habits followed in their train. Luxury, in its early approaches, has, in general, been characterized by its slow and insinuating progress. Virtuous habits gradually yield to the forms and practices of sensual gratification. A deterioration of the moral sense, A has invariably been found to follow concessions to sensual indulgence. The history of the nations of antiquity, and in particular of the Greeks and Romans, demonstrates the truth of this statement. The effects of strong drink were known to the ancients as inimical to freedom and national prosperity. To prevent intemperance laws were framed against the introduction of wine. The ancient Suevi, for example, would not allow wine to be imported into their country, believing it to be pernicious to the vigour, both of the body and of the mind.* Similar laws are found among the primitive regulations of other nations. Until influenced by impure motives, these sanative enactments were rigorously enforced. As an increased taste for luxury began to prevail, the primitive aversion to wine however, gradually wore away. The deadly enemy became a cherished friend. Those admirable laws which had once been the safeguards of national virtue and prosperity were finally modified, relaxed, and virtually annulled. The consequences were degradation and ruin. From the experience of every age it is manifest, that the prevailing notions concerning the nature of temperance and intemperance, have arisen 'and taken their tone, from the moral condition of the existing age. The inclinations and appetites of mankind insensibly influence their opinions, and from such a source, has the world too frequently derived its notions of the subject under consideration. Democritus, as Pliny informs us, wrote a volume with the design to show, that no person ought to exceed four or six glasses of wine. Epictetus advances the following opinion :-“That man is a drunkard who takes more than three glasses; and though he be not drunk, he hath exceeded moderation."+ In comparatively modern times, striking.examples are presented of the morals of the age, influencing considerations concerning the nature of temperance. A society, for instance, established about the sixteenth century, for the promotion of temperance, had its fundamental law constituted on the principle, that none of its members should drink more than fourteen glasses of wine daily. A certain general, in one of his regulations, * Vinum ad se omninò importari non sinunt, quòd eâ re ad laborem ferendum remollescere Homines, atque effæminari arbitrantur.-Cæsar de Bell Gall. lib. 4. † Fragments, No. 3. Carter's Transl. 1758. p. 112. |