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smaller group of those who went to work for other than economic reasons, the table shows a much larger proportion of boys than girls.

The larger group of 71.1 per cent. of these children is by far the more important, not only because of numbers, but because of the economic conditions reflected in the reasons assigned for sending the children to work. Naturally the question arises, how do the incomes of these families compare with the incomes of families who send their children to work for other reasons?

A glance at Table V will show that the income of this large group is considerably lower than that of the second group of families. In reading this and other tables, it is necessary to bear in mind that all figures represent conditions as they existed in the families at the particular time the child's employment certificate was requested; they are not the averages for an extended period. The average weekly earnings include the wages of all members of the family other than the child receiving the certificate; its wage has not been included because until the granting of the certificate the child has usually not been a wage earner, and even then often does not know what wage it will receive. The average weekly wages do not include the earnings of any members who are in business, in a profession or in independent contract work. Such earnings are put under the general head of "Other income." The "Family budget" is the amount of money which that member of the family who cares for the family needs, usually the mother, has to expend. It includes as much of his wage or earnings as each worker gives to the household fund, together with any money that may be received from boarders, rent or any other source. From it must come food, rent, unless the house is owned, fuel and light, clothing for all who are not working, or who do not keep back enough of their wages to buy their own, and all the other miscellaneous expenses which are necessary for the life of the family. The cases in which the entire wage is not turned over to the mother are not frequent, and occur mostly in the larger families.

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TABLE V-COMPARATIVE FAMILY WAGES AND BUDGETS BY FAMILIES GIVING ECONOMIC PRESSURE AND OTHER CAUSES THAN ECONOMIC PRESSURE AS THE REASONS FOR PUTTING CHILD TO WORK.

Economic Pressure..

Other than Economic Pressure.

Economic Pressure.

Reason not Reported..

Other than Economic Pressure.

Other than Economic Pressure.

Grand Total.

6571

5757

$15.10

15.4

19.1

$15.49

Exclusive of ways of child to whom certificate is granted.

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Bearing these facts in mind, the two groups of families, one giving economic pressure as the reason for sending the children to work and the other giving reasons other than financial pressure, are sub-divided according to the number of people in the family. For all families regardless of size, those who send the children to work because they need the money live on an average weekly budget of $13.76, a budget $6.04 less than that of families who do not feel the economic pressure; the average weekly wages are $5.48 less, or $13.52. In none of the groupings according to size does the difference in the weekly budgets for these two classes of families fall under $5.58, or under $4.82 in the average weekly wage. Of families needing the child's help, approximately 31 per cent. either partially or entirely own their own homes, whereas of the families claiming not to be in need of the child's wage, 44 per cent. own their homes partially or entirely.

It is to be expected, therefore, that the children's wage will affect more materially the incomes of the families under economic pressure than it will the larger incomes of the other group. Table VI shows that in the first group the budget is increased by 28.1 per cent., while in the case of families claiming not to be in need of the child's wage the budget is increased by about 19 per cent.

Attention should be called to the fact that this difference in the per cent. which the child's wage will add, is not entirely due to the smaller budget in the families handicapped by financial shortage, but also to the higher wages to be received by this group of children. The exceptional influence of the child's wage on the budgets of families in the economic pressure group, numbering from one to three members, is due to the large number of orphanage children included here, whose wages are needed for self-support rather than family support. The number of children reporting wages is unusually restricted because so many children do not ask their future employers what wages will be paid.

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TABLE VI-PER CENT. WHICH THE WAGES OF CHILDREN RECEIVING REGULAR EMPLOYMENT CERTIFICATES ADD TO THE BUDGET OF FAMILIES GIVING ECONOMIC PRESSURE AND OTHER CAUSES THAN ECONOMIC PRESSURE AS REASONS FOR PUTTING CHILD TO WORK.

Economic Pressure.

Other than Economic Pressure Not Reporting Reason.

Economic Pressure.

Other than Economic Pressure

Economic Pressure.

Other than Economic Pressure Not Reporting Reason.

Economic Pressure..

Total: Economic Pressure

Grand Total.

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When a child's wage is not reported the corresponding family budget is not included; therefore these average budgets will not be H in that table, hudgets are eliminated only when the entire family wages are not reported.

PARTIALLY OR WHOLLY ORPHANED CHILDREN.

Of the 6,571 children securing general employment certificates 75 per cent. reported both parents living together; 20 per cent. were either fatherless, or practically so because of desertion, divorce or separation. It is an interesting fact that only a very small per cent., 2.8 per cent., reported neither parent living.

Table VII, which summarizes this information, shows a much larger proportion of fatherless children securing permits than of motherless children. The probable reason, of course, is obvious. The father is the chief bread-winner, and when he is taken the burden of the family support is more likely to fall upon the children than when the mother is taken. Another possible explanation is that widowed fathers do not so frequently remain widowed, or if they do they are not so likely to keep the family together.

THE NUMBER AND PER CENT. OF REGULAR EMPLOYMENT CERTIFICATES ISSUED TO CHILDREN WHOLLY ORPHANED, PARTIALLY ORPHANED, OR WITH BOTH PARENTS LIVING.

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Three children who knew nothing of their parents are included in this group.

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