TEXTILES. The schedules of inquiry as to the textile trades cover practically the same ground as in the case of tobacco. The investigation was made in the summer of 1903, and the detailed data as to employees relate to those employed at that time, the year 1902 being the last full year considered. The number of establishments and employees and the value of textile products in Finland from 1843 to 1902, inclusive, except for the years 1877 to 1883, are given. The data indicated are reproduced below for the ten-year period, 1893 to 1902: NUMBER OF TEXTILE FACTORIES, NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS, 1893 TO 1902. Though the number of establishments was greater in 1901, the number of employees and the value of products were at their maximum in 1900. Comparing the data for 1902 with those for 1892, an increase of 42.9 per cent is found in the number of establishments, of 61.4 per cent in the number of employees, and of 67.4 per cent in the value of products. Individual production has risen from a value of 625 marks ($121) per employee in 1843-44 to 3,133 marks ($605) in 1902, the maximum for the period being 3,590 marks ($693) in 1896. The most marked increase was from 979 marks ($189) for the five years 1860-1864 to 2,408 marks ($465) for the succeeding five-year period. The detailed statistics relate to but 37 establishments and 9,687 employees. Of these establishments, 14 had fewer than 50 employees each, 8 had from 50 to 99, 10 from 100 to 499, 2 from 500 to 999, while 3 with 1,000 or more employees each, gave employment to 4,884 persons, or 50.4 per cent of all those engaged in the textile industry. The total horsepower in use was 16,849.3. The total number of spindles reported was 274,272, of which 234,482 were employed for the spinning of cotton, 29,584 for wool, and 10,206 for flax. The weaving of cotton employed 4,341 looms; wool, 863 looms; flax, 284 looms, and silk, 11. Eight-hand looms were also found in use. The following table shows, by sex and age groups, the 248B-No.68-07——11 number of employees engaged in the manufacture of these four classes of textiles in 1903: NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ENGAGED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF EACH CLASS OF TEXTILES, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS, 1903. Disregarding the unimportant silk industry, males are found in increasing proportions in the wool, cotton, and flax industries, in the order named. In the last-named industry, however, a large percentage of the males are under 18 years of age, there being 23.1 per cent of such employees in this industry as against 15.9 per cent and 7.7 per cent of the males employed in the cotton and wool industries, respectively. Children under 18 years of age comprise 14.5 per cent of all textile employees, the percentage of males being 15.6 and of females, 14.0 of the total number of the two sexes, respectively. No attempt is made to present the hours of labor in tabular form. The number varied from 36 to 70 per week, the majority of establishments requiring more than 60 hours weekly. A general idea of wages may be gained from the next table, in which are shown the number of employees earning specified weekly amounts in the three principal branches of the textile industry. Earnings of weavers and spinners of cotton are also given separately. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES OF EACH SEX IN THE COTTON, WOOL, AND FLAX INDUSTRIES, BY SPECIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS, 1902. 6 to 6.99 marks ($1.158 to $1.349). 39 130 9 91 48 221 148 NUMBER OF COTTON SPINNERS AND TWISTERS AND OF COTTON WEAVERS OF EACH SEX, BY SPECIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS, 1902. Rates of weekly earnings. Under 6 marks ($1.158) 6 to 6.99 marks ($1.158 to $1.349). Total a Including helpers. Wage data are given for a considerably greater number of employees than are reported for in other connections, a fact that is noted in the report, but for which no explanation is offered. The following summary table shows by wage groups the percentage of employees of each sex in the three principal industries and in all textile industries, who earn specified amounts weekly: PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYEES IN SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS IN COTTON, WOOL, AND FLAX INDUSTRIES, AND IN ALL TEXTILE INDUSTRIES, BY SEX, 1902. From reports from the 7 principal localities, in which are found more than 90 per cent of all textile employees, it appears that 20 per cent of the males and 72.2 per cent of the females were paid by the piece, while 78.7 per cent of the males and 26.7 per cent of the females were reported as time workers. For the slight remainder the method either varied or was not reported. BAKERY AND CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS.-This volume presents data for 696 establishments, which gave employment to 2,149 persons. These establishments were mostly small, only 68 employing more than 5 persons each, the largest having 39 employees in 1904. There were also 275 bakeries in which 339 persons worked, in which there were no hired employees. Of the 2,149 employees for whom detailed data are given 290, or 13.5 per cent, were under 18 years of age. Of these, 235 were males and 55 were females. The number of adult males was 1,170, and of females, 678; while for 3 males and 8 females the age was not reported. The age at which the greater number of males (71.3 per cent) began work was from 12 to 17 years, while but 20.7 per cent of the females entered the industry at this age; 65 per cent of the females began work between the ages of 18 and 29, as against 22.7 per cent of the males. Employment in this industry seems much less stable than in those considered above, 60.9 per cent of the males and 56.9 per cent of the females having served their present employers not to exceed one year, while only one person for whom length of service is reported has been with the present employer more than 20 years. Hours of labor in 1904 are shown in the table next given: NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES IN BAKERIES WORKING THE SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS PER WEEK, BY SEX, 1904. The hours of labor in bakeries are excessively long, but 39.3 per cent of the employees having as short a work period as 72 hours per week, while 26.6 per cent worked more than 84 hours weekly. The greatest number of hours reported was 125 per week. Night work, i. e., work between 9 p. m. and 5 a. m., ranging from 7 to 56 hours weekly, was reported for 733 males and 360 females. Six hundred and fifty-six males and 86 females worked from 2 to 16 hours on Sundays. The largest number of persons employed on Sundays worked from 4 to 6 hours of the day, though 129 persons worked more than 10 hours on Sundays. The methods of payment of wages and the very considerable instability of employment among bakery employees made the returns for earnings less reliable than was the case for tobacco and textile workers. The following table is reproduced as approximately presenting by age groups the conditions as to earnings: PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYEES IN THE BAKERY INDUSTRY RECEIVING SPECIFIED ANNUAL EARNINGS, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS, 1904. Rapport sur l'Apprentissage dans les Industries de l'Ameublement. Office du Travail, Ministère du Commerce, de l'Industrie, des Postes, et des Télégraphes. 1905. xxiii, 655 pp. This volume presents the results of an investigation made in 1903-4, of apprenticeship in the furniture industry, and is the second of a series of reports on the subject of apprenticeship in certain industries in France, the first having contained a report on apprenticeship in the printing and lithographing trades. The report is in three parts, the first of which records the development of the furniture trades and of the methods of apprenticeship in use therein from time to time, including the introduction of the system of technical instruction which has so largely succeeded the old system of apprenticeship. The second part discusses the scope and methods of the investigation on which the present report was based, and presents a summary of the results. In the third part are given a number of tables, summaries of opinions of employers' and employees' associations, brief accounts of schools and courses giving technical training in the branches of industry considered, forms of rules and contracts governing apprenticeship at different periods, etc. The report relates to about one-fifth of the entire number of persons. employed in the industries investigated, a larger proportion than this having been included in the returns for the department of the Seine, in which Paris is situated, while for the more remote districts the returns covered a smaller proportion. Contrary to the rule prevailing in the printing trades, the larger establishments were found to be located at some distance from Paris, on account of the lower cost of labor. The census of March 24, 1901, reported 37,956 persons engaged in the furniture industry proper in 7,337 establishments. Including specialists, such as makers of chairs and armchairs, wood carvers, veneerers, inlayers, etc., the total number of persons employed in |