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Schools, or of being a president of the School Board. The Second examination, that pro licentia concionandi, chiefly on theological subjects, occurs at the close of the fourth year's course. On passing this, the student becomes a capellanus, or assistant to some ordained minister. The Third, pro ministerio, takes place at the close of his fifth year, and is chiefly on the practical parts of pastoral work. At this stage, he may receive his certificate of ministerial standing. The latter two of these examinations are conducted by a committee appointed by the Synod (and includes the Theological Professors), under the presidency of the Bishop. Ordination takes place with the imposition of hands by the Bishop and the Seniors, during a meeting of Synod.

The Professors in the Saros Patak Academy are appointed by the Superindential Assembly, that is, the Provincial Synod of the Superintendency. They are bound to teach only the Theology of the Church standards, but occasionally allow themselves a considerable latitude. Their salaries are about 1400 florins a year, with a small annuity for widows and orphans.

Down to the year 1734, the seven Presbyteries (Seniorates or Tractus) had opposed the Superintendiate or Episcopal form of government, and had governed themselves through their Synods and Seniors. In that year, however, they were obliged to unite in forming a Superintendency under a Superintendent or Bishop, and a Chief-curator, and thus to become like their brethren.

Hungarian students frequently remain in College two or three years after graduating, engaged in teaching in the junior classes. After two or three years' work as such, the most distinguished is chosen as Senior, and is at the head of all the students. He receives a salary of 1000 florins, and is obliged to go abroad to some foreign university and complete his studies. There are generally from five to ten of these post-graduate students who keep their names on the list and go to the legatio (that is, preach) at Christmas and other feasts. After finishing his class attendance, a student becomes an assistant (capellanus) to some regular pastor. While holding this position, the name must still be on the College books, otherwise he would be liable to military service-Theological students and regular pastors alone, being exempted from such duty. Hence there is always a number of post-graduate students. In their relations to the College, these students occupy a position somewhat similar to that held by the fellows in the English Universities. Nearly all the Theological Professors were formerly Seniors.

There are no text-books in general use in the Hungarian seminaries. Each professor, as he enjoys unlimited freedom of teaching, prepares or selects his own text-books. Hence Hungarian works on Exegesis or Dogmatics are very few in number. Those on History are numerous, while those on Church Government and Law are abundant.

The statements made above in reference to examinations, etc., apply to every Hungarian College.

Reformed College of Debreczen, founded 1588.

Debreczen, a free royal city, contains 51,120 inhabitants, of whom 40,218 belong to the Reformed Church. The Reformed College in this city dates its origin back to the period of the Reformation. At first there was simply a Grammar School, but in 1588 the Theological Faculty was organised, since which date there exist full records of all matriculants. When the fortress of Varad was occupied by the Turks in 1660, the College there was removed to Debreczen, and incorporated with the Debreczen College by the Reformed Prince of Apafi. Since that period the College has continued in operation, sometimes harassed by the Austrian Government, but always defended by the authorities of the city. In 1800, a Law Faculty was added, and in 1852, the Gymnasium was greatly enlarged; while in 1856, the Normal School was organised, with a four years' curriculum. Debreczen College is the most fully equipped of all the Hungarian Institutions. It had in 1885-6 725 students in its Gymnasium-84 studying theology, 104 studying law, nd 110 in the Normal School.

In the different Faculties connected with the College there are about thirty ordinary Professors, each of those in the Academy receiving a salary of 1400 florins, with free house and fuel, with 60 florins from the city, and other allowances; the salary of a professor in the Gymnasium is 1450 florins, with free house and fuel. Fifty students receive aid-sixteen receiving free board, and thirty-five paying only 4 florins a month. About 12,000 florins are distributed each year as money prizes to the students, the highest sum (about 1000 florins) going to the most distinguished of the theological students, who must visit some foreign University to complete his studies.

After thirty years' service, a Professor may retire on a pension of 1000 florins a year; while the widow of such receives 600 florins a year.

English, French, and German are taught in the Academy without charge. A Theological student must devote one year to the study of whichever of these languages he may prefer.

The school year in every Hungarian College is divided into two semesters of five months each, theological students, unless exempted for poverty, paying only 12 florins a year as fees.

Each Sunday afternoon the Theological students are occupied in the Debreczen churches in expounding the Heidelberg Catechism, while they also take part in the ordinary everyday services in the city churches.

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The College of Debreczen is under the control of the Trans-Tibiscan Superintendency. The Course of Study is as follows:

First Year.-Fundamental Philosophy; Metaphysics; Philosophy of Ethics; Pædagogics and Didactics; Hebrew; Church History, First and Second Periods; History of Old Testament, with Archæology; Old and New Testament, Introduction.

Second Year.-History of Philosophy; Philosophy of Religion; Exegesis, Old and New Testaments; Church History, Second and Third Periods; Apologetics; Methodology of the Teaching of Religion; Mathematics; Modern Languages, Geography and Physics.

Third Year.-Exegesis, Old and New Testaments; Dogmatics, Homiletics, Liturgics, Practical Biblical Expositions; Church Law and Forms of Procedure.

Fourth Year.-Symbolics, History of Dogmatics, Christian Ethics, Hungarian Church History, Practical Bible Expositions, Hygiene. Lectures on the Life of Christ and Encyclopedia of Theology are given every second

year.

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Students are aided by means of direct money assistance or by reduced rates for board and lodging. Many students act as tutors or teachers in private "ad legationem" (to families, some occasionally preaching. Those who go preach) submit their sermons beforehand to the professor for his approval.

The Professors are chosen by a committee of sixteen-eight being appointed by the Synod and eight by the Kirk-session of Debreczen, while the election has to be sanctioned by the General Synod.

The Professors must conform in their teaching to the fundamental principles of the Helvetic Theology and the spirit of the two symbolical booksthe Helvetic Confession and the Heidelberg Catechism.

College of Nagy-Enyed, founded 1661.

Nagy-Enyed is a small town of 5362 inhabitants, 2880 of whom belong to the Reformed Church (having two ministers), and is situated within the Superintendency of Transylvania. The College was founded at Tchervav (Alba Julia) in 1661, by Gabriel Bethlen, Reformed Prince of Transylvania, and in 1662 was transferred to its present location by Arafi, the last of the The College has three main buildings, which cost Reformed Princes. 255,000 florins, and possesses accommodation for Elementary, Gymnasium, and Normal Schools, as well as for the Theological Academy.

The town suffered severely at the hands of the Austrian Army in 1704, and again in 1849, on which latter occasion the library was nearly wholly destroyed. Since then each professor is allowed to purchase annually 50 dollars worth of books suitable for his special department. The College possesses a valuable numismatic collection of more than 3000 pieces.

The congregations in the Superintendency are generally poor, and are arranged into four classes according to income-the first consisting of congregations giving over 800 florins a year to their pastor, and the fourth of those having less than 500 florins a year. Only such students as have the testimonials of the highest order, and have spent at least two semesters at some foreign University, are eligible for the ministry of congregations of the first class.

The College has 12 ordinary professors, 10 lecturers, and 6 assistants for the junior classes. The total number of pupils in attendance is 735. The ordinary Professor receives 1600 florins a year, with house.

The poorer students receive board and education free, and in return render certain services in connection with the College buildings.

The organisation of the College has remained unchanged since the Reformation. The very rooms occupied by such Princes of Reformationtimes as Bocskay,-Bethlen, etc., are still in use, so that an old-time atmosphere hangs around the institution, sharply contrasting with which, however, are its modern theological tendencies, whose influencies are felt in many directions.

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THEOLOGICAL FACULTY.

Edmund Kovacs, D.D.,

Joseph Keresztes,

Lewis Nagy, (Principal of the
Normal School)

Joseph Bocz, M.D.,

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Church

1857 Church History, Hungarian
Church History,
Law.

1862 Ethics, Liturgics, Catechetics,
Pastoral Theology, Homi-
letics.

1869 Dogmatics, History of Doc-
trines, Encyclopædia, Philo-
sophy of Religion.

1879 Biblical Introduction, Hebrew

Hermeneutics,

Exegesis,
Biblical Theology.

1879 Pedagogy and Didactics.
Lecturer in Hygiene.

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Number of Students, 1886-87,

Volumes in Library,

Yearly Income,

72 25,000 fl. 90,000

The Academy is under the charge of the Synod of the Superintendency of Transylvania, by whom its professors are appointed.

Reformed Academy of Papa, founded 1793.

Papa, a town of 14,654 inhabitants, of whom 4555 belong to the Reformed Church, is situated within the limits of the Trans-Danubian Superintendency. Since 1531 there has existed at Papa a High School, but both school and church in that city were in 1660 closed by the Austrians. A new church and school, subsequently built by the Calvinists, were taken from them in 1762, so that for twenty-one years neither Protestant Church nor school existed in Papa. In 1783 Joseph II. passed his famous Toleration Edict, when, owing to the exertions of Stephen Tharton, public worship was resumed, the school reopened, and in 1793, the Theological Academy organised in its present form.

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The College is under the care of the Superintendential Assembly, while the students regularly take part in the Church services of the locality.

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First Year.-Hebrew, Biblical Introduction, Greek, Church History, Philosophy of Religion, History of Philosophy, Pædagogics, Didactics, Encyclopædia and Theology, Symbolics.

Second Year.-Exegesis, Old and New Testament, Biblical Introduction, Church History, Pædagogics and Didactics, Encyclopædia and Theology, Symbolics, History of Pædagogics, Hebrew, Archæology.

Third Year.-Dogmatics, Biblical Theology, Exegesis, Old and New Testament, Church History, Apologetics, Homiletics, Liturgics, Pastoral Theology.

Fourth Year.-Dogmatics, Ethics, Biblical Theology, Church Laws and Government, Exegesis, Old and New Testament, Homiletics, Liturgics, Church History, Apologetics, Catechetics, Hygiene.

Students are aided by being appointed to preach in various churches during the Church festivals of Christmas, Easter, and Whitsunday,—an exercise called "legatio privatio." In some cases money and board are furnished to such as are needy.

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The Professors are appointed by the Superintendential Synod as the result (as at all the Hungarian Colleges) of a competitive examination, conducted by the present professors and the directors of the College. In their teaching the professors must conform to the spirit of the Helvetic Confession. The salaries of the Professors are only 1200 florins a year.

This College is the wealthiest in Hungary, having extensive properties, the gifts of the princes in former days. Its income last year amounted to 168,041 florins. Theological students pay no tuition fees.

Academy of Buda-Pest.

RE-OPENED 1831.

Buda-Pest, the capital of Hungary, contains 360,551 inhabitants, of whom 23,254 belong to the Reformed Church. The College here has the following history-Since the period of the Reformation there existed a Reformed Seminary at Kecskemes, a place having now a Reformed population of 13,000 persons. In 1752 this College was suppressed by the Austrian Government, but was reopened in 1831 as an Institution with Faculties of Law and Theology and in connection with a flourishing Gymnasium.

The Reformed Church at Buda-Pest, which had been previously suppressed, was reopened in 1781, on the passing of the Edict of Toleration, Its minister, from 1839 to and since that date has continued to prosper. 1883, was the Rev. Paul Török, a very energetic and remarkable man, who in 1839, founded at Buda-Pest, a Gymnasium, and in 1855 a Theological Academy. His aim was to transfer the College from Kecskemes to BudaPest, believing that that institution should be located in the capital. Finally it was agreed to separate the Faculties-that of Law, with the old Gymnasium, was to remain at Kecskemes, while the Normal School, which had been founded at Nagy Kövös,-where there is a Reformed population of The energy of 18,000 persons-the Gymnasium, and the Theological Faculty of Kecskemes were consolidated, and in 1855 removed to Buda-Pest. Török soon made the new seminary a formidable rival to its older sisters, so that when he died in 1883 the success of the College, which is purely a theological seminary, was secured.

The salary of each Professor is 2200 florins, while the students can be aided very liberally. In its early days the College was distinctively orthodox. It then yielded to the influences of the German Progressive Union, and awakened a wide-spread opposition. Latterly, however, it is returning to the old paths, so that under the oversight of Rev. Charles Saász-Török's successor--there is promise of a brilliant future.

Rev. Joseph Farkas,

THEOLOGICAL FACULTY.

1860 Church History, History of Doctrines.

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Practical Theology, Church
Government and Law,

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Liturgics, Pastoral Theo-
logy, Homiletics.

Biblical Introduction, Greek,
Exegesis.

Dogmatics, Philosophy of

Religion, Ethics.

History of Philosophy, Pæda
gogics, Didactics.

Hebrew, Exegesis, Biblical
Theology.

47 24,000 fl. 24,768

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