A Brief History of Science: As Seen Through the Development of Scientific InstrumentsConstable, 2001 - 425 من الصفحات From the beginnings of history, with gnomons and sundials, through to the twenty-first century and the 26-kilometre underground particle accelerator, the author describes the way that the design and production of scientific instruments has extended the frontiers of science. Man's desire to understand the universe has led to the making of more and more sophisticated instruments - first to record and measure (Arab numerals, standardised measures), to examine ever more minutely (the microscope, the lens, the prism), on through electromagnets, cathode tubes, thermometers, vacuum pumps, X-rays, counters and accelerators, semi-conductors and microprocessors, down to new instruments now being designed to observe matter at zero temperatures - presenting immense technological problems in the requirement for instruments that can operate in conditions where normal properties no longer hold. Accessible popular science |
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... helium , or helium - 4 ( He ) . This requires only two protons : the other two are ejected , with the potential to continue the process . ( The 5 % deviant cases produce little energy , but do relate to the solar neutrino problem ...
... HELIUM WORK ARRESTED BY ILL HEALTH BUT HOPE TO CONTINUE LATER ON . Kamerlingh Onnes allowed Dewar the credit for predicting , cor- rectly , many properties of liquid helium - that it would be difficult to see , have low surface tension ...
... helium at 2.2 ° K . Already , in 1911 , Kamerlingh Onnes had noted that its density peaked at the same temperature - so that in the lowest temperature range liquid helium actually expands . Graphs showing the changes of specific heat ...
المحتوى
From the mastery of fire to science in antiquity | 1 |
Copernicus to Newton | 35 |
Science technology and communication | 77 |
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