A Brief History of Science: As Seen Through the Development of Scientific InstrumentsConstable, 2001 - 425 من الصفحات From the beginnings of history, with gnomons and sundials, through to the twenty-first century and the 26-kilometre underground particle accelerator, the author describes the way that the design and production of scientific instruments has extended the frontiers of science. Man's desire to understand the universe has led to the making of more and more sophisticated instruments - first to record and measure (Arab numerals, standardised measures), to examine ever more minutely (the microscope, the lens, the prism), on through electromagnets, cathode tubes, thermometers, vacuum pumps, X-rays, counters and accelerators, semi-conductors and microprocessors, down to new instruments now being designed to observe matter at zero temperatures - presenting immense technological problems in the requirement for instruments that can operate in conditions where normal properties no longer hold. Accessible popular science |
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... optical instruments , mainly the prism . At an early stage Newton had worked with lenses ( whose use , occasionally , would remain necessary ) : he had learnt from Descartes that , following Snel's law , elliptical or hyperbolic ...
... optical . Some , such as double refraction , first noted in Iceland crystal by Erasmus Bartholin ( 1625–98 ) in 1669 , had long been known , although - in spite of the interest of men such as Huygens and Newton - never explained . The ...
... optical axes . The problem for Haüy was that his theory did not allow for the distinct optical status of either one or two of a crystal's axes . Double refraction required Etienne Malus's ( 1775-1812 ) discov- ery of the polarisation of ...
المحتوى
From the mastery of fire to science in antiquity | 1 |
Copernicus to Newton | 35 |
Science technology and communication | 77 |
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