STOCKHOLM, the capital of Sweden; a handsome city, with a population of about eighty-five thousand.

STO-MACH'IC (sto-mak'ik), pertaining to the stomach.

STRASBOURG (stras/boorg), an ancient and strongly-fortified city of France, on its east frontier. It has a celebrated cathe'dral, founded A. D. 504. STRESS, force; violence; strain. SUB'LU-NA-RY, terrestrial; earthly. From the Latin sub, under, and luna, the moon. SUB-TER-RA'NE-AN, being or lying under the surface of the earth. From the Latin sub, under, and terra, the earth. SUBTLE (sut'tl), sly; artful; cunning. 65, page 26.

See

SUITE (Sweet), retinue; company; series. SU-PER-FI'CIAL (su-per-fish'al), being on the surface; not penetrating the substance of a thing.

SU PER-NU'MER-A-RY, a person or thing beyond what is necessary. From the Latin super, beyond, and numerus, number. SUR NAME, an additional name; the family name as being additional to the first name. From the Latin super, above, and nomen, name.

SUS-PI-RA'TION, the act of sighing, or fetching a long and deep breath. From the Latin suspiro, I sigh.

SWORD. Pronounced sōrd by Sheridan, Walker, Smart, Worcester; sword or sord, by Webster.

SYO'O-PHANT (sik'o-fănt), a mean flatterer; a tale-bearer.

SYL-LAB-I-CA'TION, the act or method of dividing words into syllables.

TA'GUS, a river which flows partly in Spain and partly in Portugal. Its length, from its source to its mouth, in the Atlantic Ocean, a little west of Lisbon, is about 550 miles.

TE DEUM, a hymn of thanksgiving, named from the first words (te de-um lau-da'mus, we praise thee, O God). TELL, WILLIAM, a native of the village of Burglen, near Altorf, in Switzerland, who lived towards the end of the thirteenth and during the first half of the fourteenth century. Gesler, one of the bailiffs of Albert I., of Austria, whose object it was to suppress the spirit of liberty in Switzerland, among other vexatious acts is said to have caused the ducal hat of Austria to be raised on a pole in the market-place

of Altorf, and to have commanded that every one who passed the pole should un cover his head. This Tell refused to do; whereupon he was arrested and con demned to shoot an apple from his son's head, which he accomplished. But he was retained a prisoner for some time, till, while being conveyed across the lake to Gesler's castle, he succeeded in making his escape. He then lay in wait for Gesler, who was proceeding to Kussnacht - met him in a narrow defile, and shot him through the heart. This happened towards the end of the year 1307. Two playe have been founded on these incidents; one by Knowles, the Irish dramatist, and one by the celebrated German poet, Schiller. See Extracts, pages 239, 281. TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, an English writer; born 1628, died 1699. Quoted page 274. TER-MI-NA'TION-AL, pertaining to or forming the end or concluding syllable. THE O-RY, a doctrine or scheme of things, without reference to practice; speculation.

THERE'FORE. Pronounced ther'för (the er as in her) by Sheridan, Walker, Smart, Webster and Worcester.

THOMSON, JAMES, a favorite poet; born in Scotland in 1700, died 1748. Quoted 140, 161.

TI-A'RA, an ornament for the head dem.

; a dia

TIME AND BEAUTY, 276.
TINY. Pronounced ti'ne by Sheridan,
Walker, Smart, Worcester; tiny, by
Webster.

TOUR'IST (toor'ist), one who makes a tour, or
makes a journey in a circuit.
TOURN'A-MENT, a tilt; a mock fight or mil
itary sport. Pronounced toor'na-ment
by Walker, Smart, Worcester, Sheridan,
Perry; tur'na-ment, by Webster.
TRA'JAN, a Roman emperor; born A. D. 52,
died 117. He was surnamed Optimus
(the best).

TRAVEL-LER. This is one of a class of words in which, according to Webster, the final consonant of the verb ought not to be doubled in its derivatives, the accent not falling on the last syllable of the verb. In the following words, counseled, quarreled, worshiped, equaled, labeled, marveled, penciled, rivaled, and some others, he omits the superfluous consonant. Both Dr. Lowth and Walker favored but did not adopt this reform.

TRIPH THONG, a union of three vowels in one sound, as ieu in lieu. See T 64, page 25 According to Webster, this word should be pronounced trifthong, and diphthong dif' thong. This pronunciation is most in accordance with the Greek origin of the words; but Walker says dip'thong and trip'thong.

TROUGH. Pronounced trauf.
TUILERIES (tweel-ree'), the residence of the
French monarchs, on the right bank of the
Seine, in Paris.

TULLY. See Cicero.

TYRANT OF SWITZERLAND, THE, 239.

UNBELIEF EFFECT OF, 306. U'SANCE, usury; interest for money.

VAUST, to brag; to display. According Webster the au of this word should have the first elementary sound (see page 34, ; according to Walker and others, the fourth (see page 35). Webster's pronunciation of the word is that generally preferred in the United States.

From

VEER, to turn; as, the wind veers. VESAL, mercenary; purchasable. the Latin veneo, to be sold. VERACITY A MORAL LAW, 309. VERB (from the Latin verbum, a word), a part of speech that expresses action, motion, being, suffering, or a request or command to do or refrain from doing. VER-BOSE', abounding in words; prolix. VERSE, in poetry properly a single line;

but the word is sometimes used to designate a stanza. From the Latin verto, I turn.

VIC'AR (vik-ar), one who acts in place of another. From the Latin vicis, change, alternation.

VICT'UALS (vit'tls). From the Latin victus, sustenance, food.

VINET, MADAME. Original translations from the French of, pages 77, 145, 148. VIV'I-A PER-PET/U-A, page 116. VIZIER, a Turkish or Persian minister of state. Pronounced viz-yer (the accent on the second syllable), by Hunt, page 183; more generally pronounced with the accent on the first syllable. VO'CAL, having a voice; pertaining to the voice. A vocal consonant is distinguished from an aspirate by being more purely enunciated by the voice, and with a less decided effort and sound of the breath. VOLNEY BEKNER, page 156.

VOLUME (from the Latin volvo, I roll). By volume of voice or sound, we simply mean its extent of tone or power.

VOWELS. See page 20. For Exercises on the Elementary Vowel Sounds, see p. 34.

WAN (won), pale; languid.

WAND (wond), a staff of authority; a divining-rod. This word is pronounced wand by Enfield; and sometimes so in poetry. WASHINGTON, GEORGE, born Feb. 22d, 1732, near the banks of the Potomac, in the

county of Westmoreland, Virginia; died 1799. Eulogized by Brougham, 228.

From Washington's Writings, 180. WAYLAND, REV. FRANCIS, President of Brown University. Quoted page 309. WEAR. In navigation, to wear (originally veer) is to put the ship on another tach. by turning her round, stern toward the wind.

WEBSTER, DANIEL, born in Salisbury, New Hampshire, January 18, 1782; died at Marshfield, Mass., Oct. 24th, 1852.

Duties of the American Citizen, 232 The Future of America, 236. Importance of Self-Discipline, 234. WEDGWOOD, JOSIAH, born in England 1730, died 1795. He made great improvements in the art of pottery, and a species of stone-ware is still called by his name. WELCOME TO THE RHINE, 279. WERE, the imperfect tense plural of be. Pronounced wer, rhyming with her. WHERE FORE. Pronounced hwar for by Walker, Webster and Worcester; hwer'för by Sheridan.

WIGWAM (wig'wawm), an Indian cabin or

hut.

WILLIAMS, REV. C. It is Impossible, 311. WIND, a current of air. The i in this word is sometimes pronounced long in poetry, rhyming with mind. WISTFUL, earnest ; thought. WITH-HOLD'.

attentive; full of

The th in this word has its vocal sound. See Exercises under the twenty-sixth elementary sound, page 40. WOODHULL, 198.

WOUND. Pronounced woond by Worcester, Sheridan, Smart; wound (rhyming with sound), by Enfield and Webster. Walker allows both modes, but gives his preference to the first.

YEA. Pronounced ya or ye; ya by Worcester, Enfield, Smart, Reid; ye by Sheridan, Walker, Perry, Webster. ZIMMERMAN, JOHN GEORGE, a German writer, born 1728, died 1795. He wrote a popular treatise on Solitude. Quoted page 307. ZION, or SION, the name of one of the moun tains on which Jerusalem was built. I was sometimes called "the city of David; also, "the holy hill;" whence it was poetically used to signify the home of the blessed in heaven.

A, on or in, as a-foot, a-bed. Be, about, as besprinkle; also for or before, as bespeak.

En, in or on, as encircle; also make, as enfeeble. (En is changed into em in roots beginning with b or p, as embark, empower.)

Fore, before, as foresee.

Mis, error or defect, as misdeed.
Out, excess or superiority, as outrun.
Over, eminence or excess, as overcharge.

Ad, to, as adhere. (Ad assumes the various forms of a, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, according to the commencing letter of the root with which it is joined; as, ascend, accede, affix, aggrandize, allot, annex, appeal, arrest, assume, attract.) Am, round about, as ambient. An-te, before, as antecedent. Circum, round or about, as circumnavigate. (Circum also takes the form circu, as circuit.)

Cis, on this side, as cisalpine.

Con, together, as convoke. (Con takes also the various forms of co, cog, col, com, cor, as co-operate, cognate, collect, commotion, correlative.) Contra, against, as contradict. (Contra sometimes takes the form counter, as counterbalance.)

De, down, as dejected.

Dis, asunder, as distract; also negation or undoing, as disarm. (Dis has also the forins of di and dif, as diverge, diffuse.) E, ex, out of, as egress, exclude. (E, ex, take also the form of ec, ef, as eccentric, efflux.)

Extra, beyond, as extraordinary.

In, before an adjective, signifies not, as inactive; in, before a verb, signifies in or into, as inject. (In has also the various forms of ig, il, im, ir, as ignoble, illuminate, import, irradiate.)

|

Inter, between, as intervene. Intro, to, within, as introduce. Juxta, nigh to, as juxtaposition. Ob, in the way of, or opposition, as obstacle. (Ob has also the various forms of oc, of, o, op, os, as occur, offend, omit, oppose, ostentation.)

Per, through, or thoroughly, as perforate, perfect. (Per has also the form of pel, as pellucid.)

Post, after, as postdiluvian.
Pre, or præ, before, as predict.

Preter or præter, past or beyond, as pre ternatural.

Pro, for, forth, or forward, as pronoun provoke, proceed.

Re, back or again, as retract, rebuild.
Retro, backwards, as retrospect.
Se, aside or apart, as secede.
Si-ne, without, as sinecure.

(Sine hay also the form of sim and sin, as simple, sincere.)

Sub, under or after, as subside. (Sub has also the forms of suc, suf, sug, sup, sus contracted for subs, as succeed, suffuse suggest, suppress, suspend.) Subter, under or beneath, as subterfuge. Super, above or over, as superfluous. (Super has also the French form sur, as surmount.)

Trans, over from one place to another, as transport.

Ultra, beyond, as ultramundane.

A or an, without or privation, as apathy,

anonymous.

Amphi, both or the two, as amphibious. Ana, through or up, as anatomy. Anti, against, as Antichrist. (Anti has sometimes the contracted form of ant, as antarctic.)

Apo, from or away, as apostasy. (Apo has sometimes the contracted form of ap, as aphelion.

Cata, down, as catarrh. (Cata has also the form of cat, as catechize.) Dia, through, as diaphanous. Epi. upon, as epitaph. (Epi has also the form of ep, as ephemeral.)

4. POSTFIXES NOUNS ending in an, ant, ar, ard, aray, eer, ent, er, ist, ive, or, ster, denote the agent or doer; as, comedian, accountant, liar, dotard, adversary, charioteer, student, maker, elocutionist, representative, professor, maltster.

Nouns ending in ate, ee, ite, denote the person or thing acted upon, being derived from the Latin and French terminations of the past participle atus, itus, and ée; as, mandate, lessee, favorite.

Nouns ending in acy, age, ance, ancy, ence, ency, hood, tion or sion, ism, ment, mony, ness, ry, ship, th, tude, ty or ity, ure, y, denote being, or a state of being; as, effeminacy, heritage, inheritance, constancy, reference, excellency, neighborhood, combustion, heroism, judgment, parsimony, loudness, adversary, worship, health, latitude, plenty, ability, judicature, butchery.

Nouns ending in dom, ic, ick, denote jurisdiction; as, dukedom, bishopric, bailiwick.

Nouns ending in logy denote treating of; as, conchology.

Nouns ending in let, kin, ling, ock, cle, denote littleness; as, bracelet, lambkin, gosling, hillock, particle.

ADJECTIVES ending in ac, al, an, ane, ar, ary, en, ic or ical, ile, ine, ory, denote

| Hyper, over and above, as hypercritical Hypo, under, as hypothesis. Meta, change, as metamorphosis. (Meta has also the form of met, as method.) Para, near to, or side by side as if for the purpose of comparison, and hence sometimes similarity, and sometimes contrariety, as paradox. (Para has also the form of par, as parody.)

Peri, round about, as periph'rasis. 2yn, together, as synthesis. (Syn has also the forms sy, syl, sym, as system, syllogism, sympathy.)

OR AFFIXES.

of or belonging to; as, ammoniac, claustral, meridian, mundane, secular, military, brazen, eccentric, puerile, masculine, transitory.

Adjectives ending in ate, ful, ose, ous, some, y, denote possessing or abound ing in; as, precipitate, skilful, verbose, pompous, irksome, pithy.

Adjectives ending in ish, like, ly, denote likeness. - Ish sometimes signifies diminution; as, reddish, a little red; in most cases it implies some degree of contempt; as, womanish, soldierlike, manly.

Adjectives ending in ent, ive, denote ac tive capacity; as, resplendent, persuasive. Adjectives ending in able, ible, denote passive capacity; as, amiable, flexible. Adjectives ending in less denote privation; as, houseless.

VERBS ending in ate, en, fy, ish, ise, ize, denote to make; as, elongate, embolden, beautify, embellish, criticise, harmonize.

WORDS ending in escent denote prc gression; as, convalescent.

Words ending in ward denote direction; as, upward, downward, northward.

Words ending in ite, ote, ot, an, ish, ard, denote of a particular nation, sect, &c.; as, Israelite, Sciote, Austrian, Irish, English, Savoyard.