jects. Fabretti died at Rome in 1700, universally esteemed and beloved, having managed an originally weak constitution so as to reach his 81st year. His cabinet of antique monuments was placed in the old palace of the dukes of Urbino. Tiraboschi. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A. FABRI, HONORIUS, a French Jesuit, and voluminous writer, was born in the diocese of Bellay, in the year 1606 or 1607. He entered into the order in the year 1626, and discharged for a long time the office of professor of philosophy in the college of the Trinity at Lyons. Besides philosophy and theology, he devoted a considerable part of his time to the study of the mathematics, natural history, and medicine, and published various treatises in those respective sciences. He died at Rome, in the year 1688, after having for some time held the office of penitentiary in that city. It is pretended, although we are not furnished with any evidence of the fact, that he had discovered the circulation of the blood before the celebrated Harvey. He was the author of " Physica, seu rerum corporearum Scientia," published at Paris and Lyons in six volumes 4to. 1667; Synopsis Optica," 4to. Lyons, 1667; " De Plantis, de Generatione Animalium, & de Homine," 4to. Paris, 1666; Summula Theologiæ," 4to. Lyons, 1669; "Hermanni Conringii Concussio excussa, & Romanæ Fidei Firmitas inconcussa," 8vo. Augsburg, 1664; " Note in Notas Willelmini Wendrokii," inserted in the "Grand Apology for the moral Doctrine of the Society of Jesus," folio, Cologne, 1672; and numerous other treatises, either printed or left in M.S. for the titles and subjects of which we must refer to our authorities. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

FABRI, JAMES, see FEVRE. FABRICIO, JEROM, usually called ab Aquas pendente, from the town of that name at the foot of the Apennines which was his birthplace, a celebrated surgeon and anatomist, was born of a noble but indigent family, about 1537. He was sent to study at Padua, where he obtained the patronage of some Venetian nobles of the family of Loredano. He was a disciple of the famous anatomist Fallopius, at whose death, in 1563, he became anatomical demonstrator. In 1565 he was made professor of surgery, with the obligation of still teaching anatomy; and in 1571, the chair of anatomy, which had hitherto been only an appendage to that of surgery, was declared primary, and Fabricio was enjoined to teach that science in the spring months, and surgery the rest of the year. On this occasion his salary was raised

to 600 ducats, which was afterwards successively augmented to 1100; and after he had filled the chair thirty-six years, an annual pension of 1000 crowns for his life was assigned him, under the obligation of not quitting the territories of the republic. He received various other proofs of the approbation of the Venetian state, consequent upon the fame which he acquired. All the honours and privileges belonging to the ordinary professors of medicine were granted. him, with precedence over the lecturers in philosophy; and he was made a citizen of Padua, and honoured with the distinctions of a cavalier of St. Mark. It was also in compliance with his desire that the public theatre of anatomy was erected in 1594. Wealth flowed in upon him at an equal rate with honour. Besides his stipend, he received large sums from patients who came to him from the different parts of Italy, and from foreign countries. Yet he was not greedy of fees, and often refused the recompence due to him. This moderation, however, caused many rich presents to be sent him, which he collected in a cabinet, bearing the inscription "Lucri neglecti lucrum." He expended his money freely upon his friends and men of letters, whom he magnificently entertained at a country-house near the Brenta, named Montagnuola, since in possession of the Benzi family of Padua. He did not pass through life, however, without contentions, and he had particularly a sharp controversy with the anatomist Eustachio Rudio. The illustrious Galileo proposed, in 1606, to the grand-duke of Tuscany to invite Fabricio to Pisa, but the treaty did not take place. He died at Padua in 1619, leaving to a niece an inheritance which is said to have amounted to 200,000 ducats.

Fabricius ab Aquapendente was a consider able author, though he did not begin to publish till he was advanced in years. His works are chirurgical and anatomical. His "Prælectiones Chirurgica," or "Pentateuchos Chirurgicus," were published without his approbation by Beyer at Frankfort, 1592. He himself published first in 1613 his "Opera Chirurgica in duas partes divisa: 1. Operationes Chirurgica; 2. Pentateuchos;" folio, many times reprinted. The style of this work is concise; the matter valuable for many practical observations, though he is accused by Severinus of accelerating the disuse of the old vigorous surgery, which freely employed fire and steel. He copies frequently from other authors, often without acknowledgment; yet several improvements in practice appear to be of his own invention. As an anatomist, he is principally distinguished for his description of

the valves of the veins, which, if he did not first discover (see CANANI), he first accurately examined, though without comprehending their use in the circulation of the blood. His discovery of these organs is dated as far back as 1574, but his work " De Venarum Ostiolis" did not appear till 1603. His other anatomical works are: "De formato Fetu," 1600, a splendid performance, with many plates, and much comparison of human with brutal anatomy: "De Visione, Voce, & Auditu," 1600: "De Locutione & ejus instrumentis," 1603: "De Brutorum loquela," 1603: "De Musculi officio, Ossium dearticulationibus, &c." 1614:"De Respiratione & ejus instrumentis," 1614: "De Motu locali animalium secundum totum," 1618, 4to.; this is one of his most curious works, treat ing largely on all kinds of progressive motion in animals, and especially in man: "De Gula, Ventriculo, & Intestinis," 1618: "De totius Animalis Integumentis," 1618. A posthumous work of his," De formatione Ovi & Pulli," was published by Prevot in 1621. All the preceding works went through several editions, and were collectively published by Bohn, Lips. 1687, folio, and at Leyden with a preface of Albinus, 1737, folio. Haller Bibl. Anat. & Chirurg. Tiraboschi.-A.

FABRICIUS, ANDREW, a learned catholic divine in the sixteenth century, was a native of a village in the vicinity of Liege. Having distinguished himself by his progress, in the study of philosophy and theology, he was appointed to teach those sciences in the university of Louvain. The abilities which he displayed in this situation attracted the notice of Otho, cardinal bishop of Augsburg, who engaged him in his service, and sent him to Rome to manage his concerns at that court, where he continued for six years under the pontificate of Pius V. On his return, he was appointed counsellor to the dukes of Bavaria, who procured for him the provostship of Ottingen in Suabia, where he died in the year 1581. He was the author of "Harmonia Confessionis Augustana," in folio, which was not published till after the author's death, in 1587; and other pieces distinguished by erudition. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

FABRICIUS, CAIUS, surnamed Luscus or Luscinus, a Roman commander distinguished for integrity and magnanimity, was consul the first time B.C. 282, when he gained a complete victory over the allied Lucanians, Brutians, and Samnites. He forced the enemy's camp, and gained so great a booty, that after largely rewarding his soldiers, he brought four

VOL. IV.

hundred talents to the public treasury on the day he triumphed, and this glory was all the recompence he reserved for himself. Two years afterwards he was one of the embassadors sent to Pyrrhus king of Epirus, in order to treat of the ransom of prisoners. On this occasion the king, informed of his poverty, tempted him with a large sum to become his friend, but Fabricius was proof against such offers. Pyrrhus then tried his courage by ordering a curtain to be suddenly drawn which separated him from a huge elephant, an animal he had never yet seen the beast was at the same time urged to roar, and to place his trunk upon the Koman's shoulder. Fabricius, perfectly unmoved, turned to the king, and asked him, if he thought that the man who could withstand his offers, would be shaken by the braying of a beast? The admiration of Pyrrhus was redoubled, and he invited Fabricius to dinner. The conversation turned upon the Epicurean philosophy, which Cyneas explained as teaching that pleasure was the sovereign good. "Would to heaven (cried the Roman) that Pyrrhus and the Samnites might adopt this principle!" Fabricius was a second time consul B.C. 278, and in conjunction with his colleague Æmilius Papus, carried on the war with Pyrrhus in the territory of Tarentum. He received at this time a pro posal from the physician of that king, to carry him off by poison, upon promise of a suitable reward. The virtuous consul, abhorring such treachery, communicated the affair to his colleague, and, as some affirm, to the Roman senate; and a letter was sent to Pyrrhus, warning him of his domestic danger, and expressing a detestation of employing such modes of warfare against an enemy. In the year B.C. 275, Fabricius served the office of censor, and displayed that rigour against luxury which belonged to the ancient Romans. His contempt of riches continued during his life, and he died so poor, that a dowry was given to his daughter out of the public treasury. Through respect to his memory, a law of the twelve tables was dispensed with, prohibiting burials within the city. Plutarch. in Pyrrho. Plutarch. in Pyrrho. Bayle. Univers. Hist.-A.

FABRICIUS, GEORGE, a modern Latin poet and man of letters, was born at Kemnitz in Misnia in 1516. He distinguished himself by a great facility in writing Latin verse, of which he published twenty-five books of sacred poems, printed at Basil in two volumes 8vo. 1567; likewise odes against the Turks, &c. His poetry has been much praised by his countrymen for ease and purity of style, and con

ciseness without obscurity. He was so nice in his choice of words, that in his sacred poems he would not employ a term which referred to the pagan mythology;-perhaps a just attention to propriety, but which would deprive a Latin poet of so much common imagery, that we may wonder how he could make up his quantity of verse! He also wrote an art of poetry in seven books, frequently reprinted, and esteemed for its erudition. His other works were; "A Description of Rome, and Travels," in Latin prose: "Rerum Germaniæ magnæ & Saxoniæ universæ memorabil." two volumes folio: "Saxonia illustrata seu Origines Saxonice," two volumes folio: "Rerum Misnicarum, Lib. vii." folio. He also published a collection of the christian Latin poets, in which he took the liberty of making some alterations in the originals. This learned writer died in 1571. Baillet. Moreri.-A.

FABRICIUS, JAMES, a learned German Jutheran divine, was born at Coslin, a town in Pomerania, in the year 1593. As his parents were too poor to afford him the requisite assistance while pursuing his literary studies, he furnished himself with the necessary supplies by devoting a part of his time to the instruction of young people. He was thus enabled, accompanied by some of those who were entrusted to his care, to repair to the university of Rostock, where he acquired the esteem of the professors. Afterwards he became minister of Coslin, and was appointed preacher to the duke Bogislaus XIV. through whose recommendation he received the degree of doctor from the university of Gripswald. About that time Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, having undertaken his expedition into Germany, made Fabricius his confessor, and appointed him to the fuperintendency of the ecclesiastics in his army. After the death of that prince, at the battle of Lutzen, he was recalled by duke Bogislaus, and made superintendent of Upper Pomerania, in which post, after the death of the duke, he was confirmed by queen Christina. He was also appointed minister of the principal church of Stettin, and professor of theology in that city. He died in the year 1654. His literary productions were, "Disputationes in Genesim & in Epistolam ad Romanos;" "Probatio Visionum;" "Invicta Visionum Probationes," written in defence of the preceding against the attacks of some of the divines of Wittemberg; "Justa Gustaviana;" and several treatises written in the German language. Moreri.-M. FABRICIUS, JOHN ALBERT, a scholar of great eminence, was the son of an organist at

Leipsic, where he was born in 1668. He was left an orphan at an early age, but care was taken of his education, and at the age of sixteen he was sent to the school of Quedlinburg. Having borrowed from the master the Adversaria of Gaspar Barthius, he was so struck with the vast erudition displayed in the work, that he became inflamed with the ambition of rivaling the author in his learning. Returning to Leipsic in 1686, he entered upon the study of theology, and particularly attended to the works of the fathers and the ecclesiastical historians. As his reading extended, he began to conceive the project of his Greek and Latin Bibliotheques, and made collections for the purposc. At the age of twenty he gave the first fruits of his erudition, in a dissertation entitled "Miscellaneous Remarks on the Seventy Interpreters of the Old Testament." For several successive years he published learned pieces of philology, which proved his intimacy with scriptural and philosophical criticism. He preached several times at Leipsic, and held public disputations in theology. In 1693 he went to Hamburg, where he resided in the house, and superintended the library, of John Frederic Mayer. In this situation he remained five years, devoting his time to study and the labours of the pulpit. In 1697 he published the first edition of his "Bibliotheca Latina," in a single 8vo. volume. On the death of Vincent Placcius in 1699, Fabricius, who had been hitherto disappointed in his attempts to obtain an academical post, was elected to the vacant chair of eloquence in Hamburg. He took the degree of doctor in theology at Keil in that year; and in the next, married the daughter of the master of the school at Hamburg, to whose place he afterwards succeeded. He ever after continued in that city, the magistrates of which were so sensible of his merit, that they considerably augmented his salary upon an invitation he received from the landgrave of Hesse-Cassel to undertake the divinity professorship at Giessen. Notwithstanding the extent of his private studies, no man could be more assiduous in the instruction of his pupils, to whom during the first ten years of his professorship he devoted near ten hours a-day; and though he afterwards gradually abridged this portion of his time, yet it was always considerable. He finished his laborious life in 1736, in his 68th year. Fabricius was a modest man, of a mild disposition; and though one of his first controversial pieces was written with some acrimony, he afterwards corrected him self, and abstained from any harshness of re

mark. When any of his own faults were pointed out to him, he would say that, if necessary, he could himself exhibit others. Scarcely any man has surpassed him in the knowledge of books, insomuch that he well merited the epithet bestowed upon him by another learned man, of Bibliothecarius republica literaria. The works by which he has rendered the most service to scholars are: "Bibliotheca Græca," fourteen volumes 4to. published at Hamburg from 1705 to 1728 this is a very extensive and accurate account of the works, lives, &c. of Greek authors, with extracts or transcripts of some of their most rare and curious works. "Bibliotheca Latina," 1707, 1708, 1721, three volumes 8vo. reprinted at Venice in two volumes 4to. 1728: this is a similar work with respect to the Latin authors, but less perfect, though valuable. "Bibliotheca Latina ecclesiastica," Hamb. folio, 1718: a collection of Latin writers concerning ecclesiastical affairs." Codex apocryphus Novi Testamenti," Hamb.three volumes 8vo. 1719: a very curious compilation of all the false gospels, acts, and apocalypses, current in the early ages of christianity." Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti," two volumes 8vo. 1722, 1723: the same with respect to the Old Testament." Bibliotheca mediæ & infimæ Latinatis," five volumes 8vo. 1734, reprinted at Padua in six volumes 4to. 1754. "Bibliographia antiquaria,” Hamb. two volumes, 1760: a notice of all writers upon Hebrew, Greek, Roman, and ecclesiastic antiquities. Besides these voluminous publications, he gave editions of various learned works, and honoured the place of his residence with a copious account of its eminent men, entitled " Memoriæ Hamburgenses," seven volumes 8vo. since augmented by an eighth. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

FABRICIUS, JOHN LEWIS, a learned Swiss divine of the reformed communion in the 17th century, was born at Schaffhausen, in the year 1639. He commenced his education under the care of his father, who was rector of the college in his native town; whence he went for farther improvement to Cologne, and after. wards to Heidelberg, where a brother of his had obtained the chair of professor in history and the Greek tongue. In the year 1650 he removed to Utrecht, where he was permitted to engage in the office of tutor, in which capacity he accompanied the son of M. de la Lane, governor of Rees, to Paris in the year 1652, and continued in that city for three years. Returning to Heidelberg, he took the degree of M.A. in 1656; and in the following year was admitted to the exercise of the ministry, and created

professor-extraordinary of the Greek language. In the year last mentioned he was appointed by the elector to go to Paris, in the quality of governor to the baron de Rothenchild, whom in the year 1659 he conducted to the Hague, and in the following year to England, and afterwards to France, where they separated. In the course of his travels Fabricius had received at Leyden the degree of doctor in theology. Not long after he quitted his pupil he was appointed professor of theology at Heidelberg, superintendent of the college of wisdom, a professor in philosophy, and director of the studies of the electoral prince. The abilities, integrity, and prudence which he had displayed in the respective offices which he had filled, occasioned his nomination in the year 1664 to the honour of ecclesiastical counsellor to the elector, who made use of his talents in a political embassy to Schaffhausen, in the year 1666. The state of war in which the palatinate was some time afterwards involved, obliged Fabricius frequently to quit Heidelberg, and to retire sometimes to other cities in Germany, and at other times to Switzerland. In the latter country he was employed by William III. king of England, and the states-general, to assist the English envoy to the cantons, and to watch over the interests of the Dutch republic. These trusts he discharged to the satisfaction of his princi pals, and in such a manner as to gain universal esteem. He was also so happy as to succeed in negociating a reconciliation between the Vandois and the duke of Savoy, and an alliance between that prince and the states-general, who granted him a special commission for that purpose. Having completed the objects of his mission to Switzerland, he returned to Heidelberg, whence he afterwards retired to Frankfort, where he died in the year 1697. Besides. the reputation which he acquired in his political agencies, his theological and controversial treatises reflect credit on his talents and erudition. That he had much to learn, however, in the school of christian toleration and candour, was manifest from his conduct in the case of the unfortunate unitarian exiles, who were barbarously driven out of Poland because they were too conscientious to renounce their principles. For when the elector appeared disposed to allow them a peaceable settlement in Manheim, the opposition and remonstrances of Fabricius, together with those of the other' clergy, produced a change in his mind, and contributed to the cruel exclusion of those persecuted wanderers from the palatinate. Fabricius's works are entitled "De Viis Dei, an &