published in the next year a volume of "Miscellanies," consisting of Poems, Letters, Essays, &c., some serious, others sportive, and in general lively and amusive. His comedy of "The Inconstant, or the Way to win him," was acted in 1703. It was well received, though in great part borrowed from one of the plays of Beaumont and Fletcher. He married, about this time, a lady who is said to have been violently in love with him, and for that reason to have ventured upon the stratagem of passing herself off for a great fortune. It is to the credit of his temper, that when he discovered the deception, he forgave it from its motive. Perhaps he was too genuine a votary of comedy to be seriously offended with a comic incident. This connection, however, brought upon him an addition of care, which perhaps contributed to shorten his days. A farce entitled "The Stage Coach," in which he was a partner with Motteux, and his fifth comedy, "The Twin Rivals," were produced at an uncertain date, but in some of these years. His official employment in raising recruits, which he for some time carried on in Shropshire, is supposed to have suggested the subject of his next comedy, "The Recruiting Officer," acted in 1706. This has proved one of his most popular plays; the humour of serjeant Kite, with the incidents of the captain in country quarters, being level to all auditors. It is accordingly one of those acted most frequently in provincial theatres. He closed his career with "The Beaux Stratagem;" which, though composed, it is said, in six weeks, and under the depression of a rooted illness, is usually reckoned the author's master-piece. His necessities obliged him to part with his commission; and, under the painful reflection of leaving two unprovided daughters, he died in April, 1707, before he had completed his 30th year, and during the successful run of his last performance. If Farquhar does not rank among our first dramatic geniuses, yet to have produced in so short a life several pieces which have kept their place on the stage, and at the distance of a century still never fail to give entertainment, must be regarded as a proof of considerable talents. His comedies do not add much to the delineation of real character; nor can they compare in wit to those of Congreve; but they are sprightly, pleasant, and natural; interesting, though not always probable, in their plots, and easy' in their dialogue. They are deeply tainted with the licentiousness which characterised almost all the English comedies of that period; and though less gross in the language than some

others, are equally calculated to promote libertinism. Biogr. Britan.-A.

FAUCHET, CLAUDE, a writer of French history and antiquities, was born at Paris about 1529. He obtained the post of president of the Cour des Monnoies, but he appears to have been in indifferent circumstances, as his place was sold to pay his debts. Henry IV. gave him a pension, with the title of historiographer. He died in 1601. His principal works were, "Antiquités Gauloises & Françoises," in two parts; the first bringing down the history of Gaul to the arrival of the Franks; the second, from Pharamond to Hugh Capet. "A Treatise on the Liberties of the Gallican Church." "A Treatise on the Origin of Knights, Coats of Arms, and Heralds." "Origin of the Dignities and Magistrates of France." In all these works are many curious particulars not to be readily found elsewhere, but related in a rude and barbarous style, and without any skill of composition. It is said that Fauchet's History of France gave Lewis XIII. a disgust to reading. The author was, in language and manners, a sample of the antiquity of which he treated. All his works were printed together at Paris in 1610, in 4to. Bayle. Moreri.-A.

FAUCHEUR, MICHAEL LE, an eminent French protestant minister in the seventeenth century. He particularly excelled as a preacher ; in which capacity he first distinguished himself at Montpellier, whence his increasing reputation occasioned his being invited to the church at Charenton. In this situation he was as much admired and followed by the Parisians, as he had been formerly at Montpellier. His discourses contained a happy mixture of solidity and pathos, and were recommended by the charms of an animated and eloquent delivery. It is reported, that he preached one day with such energy and weight of reasoning against the practice of duelling, that the marshal de la Force, who was one of his audience, declared in the presence of some military men, that if a challenge were sent to him he would not accept it. He was not satisfied, however, with exhibiting proofs of his talents in pulpit compositions, and as a public orator, but determined to convince the world that he was capable of undertaking works which required more extensive knowledge, and a larger fund of literature. With this view he drew up a learned treatise upon the "Eucharist," in answer to the great work of cardinal du Perron; which was considered to be of such importance in the controversy, that it was printed at Geneva in 1635, folio, at the expence of the reformed churches,

and by order of the national synod. His other works were, several volumes of "Sermons on different Texts of Scripture," 8vo.; "Christian Prayers and Meditations," 8vo.; and "A Treatise on the Action of an Orator," 12mo. which was falsely attributed to Mr. Conrart.Mr. Faucheur died at Paris in 1657, having maintained a high character for integrity as well as abilities, and equally regretted by Catholics and Protestants. Bayle. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M. FAVORINUS, a celebrated Platonic philosopher and rhetorician, who flourished under the reigns of the emperors Trajan and Adrian, was a native of Arles in Gaul, and studied under the instructions of Dio Chrysostom and Epictetus. Suidas speaks in high terms of the extent of his literary acquirements, and pronounces him profoundly skilled in philosophy; but adds, that he chiefly applied himself to the rhetorical art. He says also, that he emulated the labours of Plutarch of Charonea, in numerous books which he wrote on philosophical and historical subjects; none of which are now extant. According to some writers, he was an hermaphrodite; but, according to others, an eunuch. He taught with great reputation at Athens, and afterwards at Rome. The emperor Adrian respected him for his learning and eloquence, and, in his usual manner, would frequently enter into disputes with him on literary and philosophical subjects. In our life of that prince we have taken notice of the preeminence which he was so weak as to affect, in learning and science, as well as power, and the petty jealousy which he shewed of men eminent for their abilities and reputation, which made it unsafe for them to contradict, or surpass him. To many, who were inclined to do justice to their own talents, and who were not sufficiently courtly to yield to the potency of his imperial reasoning, such disputes proved injurious, and to some even fatal. Favorinus, however, as he was aware of the emperor's foible, prudently managed his debates in such a manner, that the pride and vanity of Adrian were not offended. Upon being once reproached by a friend, for having tamely given up the point in a debate concerning the meaning of a certain word, when he knew that his sense of it was supported by the best authorities, he replied, Are you surprised then, that I submit to the superior learning of one who is master of thirty legions?" Favorinus is said to have expressed his wonder at three things: that being a Gaul, he could speak Greek so well; that being an eunuch, he should have been accused of adultery; and that being a subject of envy

and jealousy to the emperor, he should be permitted to live. Suidas. Fabricii Bibl. Græc. vol. II. lib. iii. cap. 3. Moreri. Enfield's Hist. Phil. vol. II. book iii. chap. 2.-M.

FAVORINUS, VARINUS, a learned Italian. divine and lexicographer, who flourished in the sixteenth century, was born at the castle of Favera, near Camerino, a ducal town of Umbria. His family name was Guarino, which he latinised into Varinus, and took his surname, by which he is chiefly known, from the place of his birth. He studied under Angelo Politian, and John Lascaris at Florence, and was patronised by Lorenzo the Magnificent. Having determined to embrace the ecclesiastical life, he became a benedictine monk of the Sylvestrine congregation, which is a branch of that of Vallombrosa, and was appointed preceptor to John de Medici, who was afterwards pope Leo X. In the year 1512 he was appointed keeper of the Medicean library at Florence; and in the year 1514 his former pupil, who had now ascended the papal throne, nominated him bishop of Nocera. In that capacity he assisted at the Lateran council, held in 1516, and was greatly respected and esteemed by the people of his diocese until his death, which took place in 1537, when he had arrived at a very advanced age. In the year 1523 he published, at Rome, a very copious Greek lexicon, entitled "Magnum Dictionarium, seu Thesaurus Linguæ Græcæ," &c. folio, dedicated to Julio de Medici, who was then a cardinal, and afterwards pope under the name of Clement VII. It is drawn up wholly in Greek, and furnishes scholars with the various explications of words which are to be found in the lexicons of Suidas, Phrynicus, Hesychius, Harpocration, the Etymologicum Magnum, and other lexicons, and in the notes of Eustathius, and the ancient scholiasts. Fabricius presents us with the names of several illustrious literary characters, who have bestowed high praise upon it as a very laborious and valuable work, notwithstanding that it is chiefly a compilation; but subsequent publications have in a considerable degree superseded its use in modern times. It has gone through various editions, of which the most correct, and also beautiful, is that printed by Anthony Bartoli, at Venice, 1712, folio. Favorinus also sustained a leading part in forming the judicious collection of grammatical precepts by ancient Greek authors, which was published by Aldus Manutius in 1496, folio, under the title of "Cornu Copiæ & Horti Adonidis," &c.; and he published a Latin translation of the apophthegms, collected by Stobæus from various

authors, to which is prefixed a dedication to pope Leo X. Fabricii Bibl. Græc. vol. X. lib. v. cap. 40. Landi's Hist. de la Lit. d'Italie, val. IV. liv. xii. Moreri.-M.

FAUR, GUY DU, lord of Pibrac, an eminent lawyer and man of letters, was born of a distinguished family at Toulouse in 528. He was early instructed in polite literature, and after studying at Paris, visited Italy in order to perfect himself in the science of jurisprudence. On his return, he appeared with lustre in the parliament of his native city, in which he had a counsellor's place, and was chosen a deputy to the states of Orleans in 1559, at which he presented to the king the memorial of grievances, of his own drawing up. He was sent by Charles IX. as one of his embassadors at the council of Trent, where he supported the rights of the Gallican crown and church with a spirit which gave much offence to the partisans of Rome. At the recommendation of the chancellor de l'Hopital he was nominated, in 1565, advocate-general in the parliament of Paris; and in 1570, counsellor of state. It was, doubt less, in his official capacity that he composed an apology, in Latin, for the execrable massacre of St. Bartholomew's. He accompanied the duke of Anjou (afterwards Henry III.) when he went to take possession of the crown of Poland, and incurred some danger when left behind, after that prince had secretly returned to France on the news of his brother's death. He was afterwards sent to Poland to endeavour to preserve that crown to Henry III. but ineffectually. He next mediated a peace between the court and the protestants, as a reward for which he was made president à mortier, and also chancellor to the queen of Navarre, and the duke of Alençon. He has been charged with the weakness of suffering himself to be entangled in an amorous passion for that queen, who played off in her own person the same arts of seducement which Catharine de Medicis employed by the ladies of her train; and he is said in consequence to have betrayed the interests of the French court in his negociations with that of Navarre but others have treated this as a calumny. Pibrac died in 1584, at the age of fifty-six, his death being hastened, according to de Thou, by chagrin at the mal-administration of public affairs, and the disgrace suffered by Alençon at Antwerp. He published "Pleadings and Harangues," and a "Discourse on the Soul and the Sciences;" but his name is now chiefly remembered for his "Quatrains," which are a series of moral maxims in French verse, written with elegance and purity for the

time, and which became extremely popular. They were universally read and recited, went through a number of editions, and were translated into Greek, Latin, and various modern languages. Thuanus. Moreri. Nouv. Dict Hist.-A.

FAVRE, ANTONY (Lat. Faber), an eminent lawyer, was born of a good family at Bourg-enBresse in 1557. He studied at Paris and Turin, and having graduated in his profession, was raised by the duke of Savoy to the posts of first judge of the provinces of Bresse, Bugey, &c. first president of the senate of Chamberi, and, finally, of governor of Savoy and all the provinces beyond the mountains: he was also president of the council of the Genevois for the duke of Nemours. His character, as well for professional knowledge and capacity, as for integrity and worth, was extremely high; and Lewis XIII. would gladly have settled him in France, had he been willing to have quitted the service of the duke of Savoy. He lived in great intimacy with St. Francis de Sales, whom he joined in establishing an academy at Annecy for the propagation of the Roman-catholic religion, to which he was zealously attached. He died in 1624. His works in jurisprudence were published in ten volumes folio: one of these, entitled "Codex Fabrianus," has been cited with applause in all the parliaments of France. He also composed a tragedy, entitled "Les Gordians & Maximins, ou l'Ambition ;" and a work on Devotion, which contains a century of quatrains, sometimes printed with those of Pibrac. Moreri.-A.

FAVRE, CLAUDE, lord of Vaugelas, by which title he is usually known, son of the preceding, was born at Bourg-en-Bresse in 1585. He was early brought to court, and was made gentleman in ordinary, and afterwards chamberlain, to Gaston duke of Orleans, whom he followed in all his retreats from the kingdom, to the ruin of his fortune and prospects. He was a distinguished member of the French academy, and devoted his whole leisure to the study of his native language, by which he has perpetuated his name. His principal works were "Remarks on the French Language ;" and a "Translation of Quintus Curtius." On this last performance he was employed thirty years, touching and retouching it continually, in order to ren der it a model of purity and correctness. It accordingly obtained great reputation, though it was not free from the stiffness natural to a work composed with so much study. A pension which had been settled upon his father and his family by Lewis XIII. but of which the pay.

ment had ceased, was restored to Vaugelas by cardinal Richelieu, for the purpose of engaging him in the compilation of the dictionary of the academy. On this occasion, when the writer waited on the minister to return thanks, Richelieu said to him (not very delicately), "I hope you will not forget the word pension in your dictionary."-" No, my lord," replied Vaugelas, "and still less the word gratitude." Notwithstanding this patronage, he died insolvent in 1650. He was a man of amiable character, agreeable in person and manners, mild and polite, and seems to have deserved a better fate. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

FAUST, or FUST, JOHN, a goldsmith of Mentz, was one of those three artists to whom the invention of printing is generally ascribed, the other two being Guttemberg and Schæffer. It is, however, uncertain whether he had any other share in the invention than that of furnishing money to Guttemberg, who had made some attempts at Strasburgh, with carved blocks, before he went to Mentz. In regard to Schaeffer, who was a writer by profession, and who afterwards married Faust's daughter, he must be allowed the honour of having invented punches and matrices, by means of which this admirable art was carried to perfection. The first fruits of this new process, which constitutes the origin of the true typographic art, was "Durandi Rationale divinorum Officiorum," pub. lished by Faust and Schæffer, in 1459, which was followed, some years after, by the "Catholicon Joannis Januensis." The next work was "The Bible," so much sought for by those fond of early specimens of typography, and which appeared in 1462. These three works had been preceded by two editions of the "Psalter," the first in 1457, and the second in 1459; but both executed with characters engraved on wood, and by a mechanism which Faust and Scheffer possessed in common with Guttemberg. These two editions of the Psalter, so exceedingly rare, are master-pieces of typography, and astonish connoisseurs, both on account of the boldness and precision with which the industrious Schaffer cut the characters, which are an imitation of the finest writing of the time; of the beauty and elegance of the initial letters, printed in three colours, blue, red, and purple, and of the accuracy and neatness of the impression. Some works, however, are accounted to be older than those above mentioned, though neither the place nor the name of the printer is indicated. Of this kind are, a Bible, in two volumes folio, which was preserved in the Mazarine library at Paris;-" Spe

culum Vite Humanæ," in fifty-eight prints ;"A History of the Old and New Testament," represented in forty figures engraved on wood, with Latin explanations engraved on the same blocks;-" A History of St. John the Evangelist," on forty-eight prints of the same kind; "Ars Moriendi," in twenty-four cuts, printed only on one side each page consists of a wood-cut, representing an example of the miseries of human life, with some explanations engraved on the same print; the leaves are pasted together, two and two: this work was sold for forty pounds sterling at the sale of the collection of M. Mariette, in 1775. The last three works were certainly prior to printing with moveable types, and may be as old as the year 1440. The Bible must have been printed between 1450 and 1455. It has been stated in different works, and often repeated, that Faust went to Paris to sell a part of the second edition of his Bible of 1462, and having sold the copies at a low price, in comparison of what was then given for manuscript Bibles, and also at different prices, was prosecuted by the purchasers under a pretence of their having been overcharged. It is even asserted, that being accused of magic, in consequence of the perfect resems blance observed in the characters, he waobliged to fly from the country. It is probable that Faust may have sold as manuscripts, at Paris, copies either of the above Bible, or of that preserved in the Mazarine library; that he may have sold them at different prices, and that some of the purchasers may have complained of being overcharged; but in regard to the accusation of magic, it is a mere fable which deserves no credit. However, there can be no doubt that Faust never appeared at Paris after the year 1466: he was there at that period, as is proved by a copy of "Cicero's Offices," published that year by him and Schæffer, his sonin-law, which is still to be seen in the public library of Geneva, and at the end of which is a note, written by the first possessor,_stating, "that it was given to him by John Faust at Paris, in the month of July, 1466." There is reason to believe that Faust died that year of the plague, which carried off 40,000 of the inhabitants in the months of August and September, especially as the name of Schæffer. aone is found inscribed on books printed after that time at Mentz. Nouveau Dictionnaire Historique.-J.

FAUST, JOHN, better known by the name of Dr. Faustus, a pretended magician, whom we introduce into this work merely because some men of learning have confounded him.