a critic was modest, and free from the pride and pedantry which too often accompany this character. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A. GRAFFIGNY, FRANCES D'ISSEMBOURG D'HAPPONCOURT DE, a literary lady, daughter of a major of the gendarmerie of the duke of Lorrain, was born at Nanci about 1694. Her husband, De Graffigny, chamberlain to the duke of Lorrain, was a man of such a violent and brutal disposition, that after living many years with him she obtained a legal separation from him. She then went to Paris with mademoiselle de Guise, who was espoused to marshal Richelieu, and soon made her merit known to the wits of that capital. She first appeared as an author in a Spanish novel in 1745. This was followed by the "Lettres d'une Peruvienne," two volumes 12mo., which were very much read and admired, notwithstanding some affectation in the style, and too metaphysical a manner of treating the passion of love. It is accounted to enter with great art into all the delicacies and intricacies of the feelings, and to describe with much force and vivacity. A dramatic piece by madame de Graffigny, in five acts in prose, entitled "Cenie," was regarded as one of the best specimens of sentimental or pathetic comedy. Another of a similar kind named "La Fille d'Aristide," obtained less applause. This authoress was of a very estimable character in private life, and had many respectable friends. The emperor and empress honoured her with their friendship, and made her frequent presents. She was an associate of the academy of Florence. She died at Paris in 1758, at the age of sixty-four. Nouv. Diet. Hist.-A. GRAIN, or GRIN, JOHN-BAPTIST LE, a French historian, descended from an ancient family in the Low-countries, was born at Paris in 1565. He was educated with care, and in his youth attended on the court, where he attached himself to the service of Henry IV. That prince, on the establishment of the household of his queen Mary de Medicis; appointed Le Grain to the office of her counsellor and master of requests in ordinary. His principal employment, however, was in writing, and in attending to the education of his children. It was on their account that he drew up memoirs relative to the history of France, which remained in MS. till his relation, the chancellor De Sillery, persuaded him to publish a part of them. His first publication, which he printed in his own house, was entitled "Decade contenant l'Histoire de Henri le Grand Roi de France & Navarre, IV. du Nom," folio, 1614, in ten books: it comprises the period from the peace of Cambray in 1559, to the king's death in 1610. This was written with a freedom which pleased the young king Lewis XIII. to whom it was presented; and by his order he published a second decade in 1618, giving the history of that king's reign from 1610 to 1617. The honesty of his narration and candour of his sentiments raised a storm against his work, and several attempts were made to procure a censure upon it from the Sorbonne, but without success; that body declaring that they found nothing in it deserving of censure. The real grounds of the objections made to it were, that the author had spoken favourably of Dr. Richer and his works, that he had supported the liberties of the Gallican church, that he had censured the attempts to introduce into France those articles of the council of Trent which had been rejected, that he disapproved the establishment of new religious orders, and was not favourable to the persecution of heretics. Though all this only proved him to be a good Frenchman, yet his enemies had influence enough to procure from the king letters for the suppression of the sale of those copies of his work which remained in his hands. He has left in MS. a kind of manifesto relating all the proceedings respecting his book, which sufficiently displays the discouragements attending honest historians under an absolute monarchy. He left in MS. a third decade of his history, and some other pieces on historical and chronological topics. His writings are only valuable for their facts, the style being very disagreeable, and the narration interrupted by impertinent matter. The treatment he met with disgusted him with the court, and he spent his latter years in retirement on his estate of Montgeron, where he died in 1642. In his testament he enjoined his descendants never to entrust the education of their children to the Jesuits. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A. GRAINGER, JAMES, M.D. a poetical and medical writer, was born in 1724, at Dunse in Berwickshire, whither his father had removed, as an excise officer, after selling his estate of Houghton-hall, in Cumberland. James received a classical education at North Berwick, and was`· then put apprentice to a surgeon in Edinburgh. He attended the medical lectures in the university, and then entered the army as a regimental surgeon, in which capacity he served both at home and abroad. On the peace of 1748 he took the degree of doctor of physic, and settled in the practice of his profession at London. His taste for elegant literature made him known to several of the wits and poets of the time, and the them. Neither this nor the Sugar-Cane reached a second edition. The doctor's medical writings were, "Historia Febris Anomalæ Batavæ, Ann. 1746-47-48," 8vo.; and a "Treatise on the more common West-India Diseases," 8vo. 1764. In Diseases," 8vo. 1764. Life, in Anderson's British Poets.-A. publication of his Ode on Solitude in Dodsley's collection gave him a respectable rank among them; but his professional encouragement was probably inconsiderable, since we find him engaged as tutor to a young man of fortune at a salary of two hundred pounds per annum. In 1759 he published his translation of Tibullus, which he had completed many years before. It was dedicated to his pupil, whom, in the following year, he accompanied to the West Indies. He settled at Basseterre, in the island of St. Christopher, married the daughter of the governor, and pursued the practice of physic with great success. At the same time he did not desert the amusement of poetry, but composed his principal work, on a subject dictated by his situation, a didactic poem on the culture of the sugar-cane. This he published in 1764, after revisiting England, and submitting the MS. to the criticism of his friends. He then returned to Basseterre, where he died in December 1767, much esteemed and regretted. Of his private character nothing need be added to the encomium of his friend Dr. Percy: "He was not only a man of genius and learning, but had many excellent virtues; being one of the most generous, friendly, and benevolent men I ever knew." Dr. Grainger in his poetical capacity stands highest as the writer of the " Ode on Solitude," the fine exordium of which Mr. Roswell tells us that Dr. Johnson repeated with great energy, adding liberal praise to the whole. Another short piece, entitled "Bryan and Pereene," printed in Percy's Reliques, is a beautifully pathetic and descriptive ballad. His "Sugar-Cane" will be admired only by those who can bear prosaic matter raised upon the stilts of blank-verse. It is, however, not without some of those addresses to the imagination which the climate and scene copiously furnish in the walks of natural beauty and sublimity; but they are scarcely equal to what might have been expected from the author of the Ode on Solitude. Indeed, they are injured by the medium of a stiff and constrained diction. His translation of the elegies of Tibullus is respectable, but not eminently happy. He has not shackled himself with a close adherence to the original, yet he fails of attaining the ease and tenderness of Hammond's imitation. The work was printed with the original Latin, and with copious and learned explanatory notes. It was animadverted upon by Dr. Smollett in the Critical Review with a severity which caused an appeal to the public on the part of Dr. Grainger, and entirely broke the friendship between VOL. IV. GRAMAYE, JOHN-BAPTIST, a writer of history, was a native of Antwerp. He studied at Louvain, and taught rhetoric in that university. He was afterwards made historiographer to the Low-countries, provost of Arnheim, and apostolical prothonotary. He travelled through Germany and Italy; and proceeding from the latter country to Spain, he was made captive by an Algerine corsair, and carried into Africa. This opportunity of seeing another part of the world was not unimproved by him, as will appear from the list of his writings. After returning to his native country, he travelled into Moravia and Silesia, and in the latter province was placed by cardinal Dietrichstein at the head of a college. He died upon a journey at Lubeck, in 1635. Gramaye was a man of learning, and composed Latin works both in prose and verse. Of the former are," Africæ illustratæ, Lib. X," 4to., 1622; containing a history of Africa from the remotest periods to his own times, with some geographical details: " Diarium Algeriense;" the result of local observations during his captivity: " Peregrinatio Belgica," 8vo. :" Antiquitates Flandriæ," 1608, folio: "Historia Namurcensis." Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A. GRANCOLAS, JOHN, a French divine and writer in ecclesiastical antiquities and controversy in the seventeenth and former part of the eighteenth century, was a native of Paris, where he died in the year 1732. He was admitted to the degree of doctor by the faculty of the Sorbonne, in the year 1685, on which. occasion he kept his act with great applause. He was made chaplain to the duke of Orleans, the regent, and after his death chaplain of St. Bennet's. Becoming attached to the study of ecclesiastical rites and usages, he made large collections from the fathers, and other ancient authors, the canons, liturgies, &c. and published a great number of treatises, from the year 1692 to 1728, which, though chiefly compilations, serve to throw light on the discipline and cere monies of the Greek and Latin churches. For the titles of his smaller pieces of this description, as well as of his controversial and devotional treatises, we refer our readers to Moreri. His principal works, besides a translation into French of "The Works of St. Cyril," 1715, 3 R 4to., were," A Treatise on Liturgies, or, the Manner of celebrating Mass, in every Age, both in the Eastern and Western Churches," 1698, 12mo. ; "The ancient Sacramentary of the Church," 1699, containing the ancient forms observed in the administration of the sacraments, both among the Greeks and Latins; "An Historical Commentary on the Roman Breviary," 1727, in two vols. 12mo.; "A Critique on Ecclesiastical Authors," in two vols. 8vo.; and "A Concise History of the Church in the City of Paris," in two vols. 12mo. The last-mentioned work was suppressed, in consequence of the complaints made by cardinal de Noailles, who was roughly treated in it. The above productions deserve reading, on account of the value of the materials to be found in them; but they are greatly defective in point of arrangement and perspicuity, and are written in a wretched style. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M. GRAND, ANTHONY LE, a French cartesian philosopher in the seventeenth century, who is called by some writers the abbreviator of Descartes, was a native of Douay, concerning whose life we find no particulars recorded. He was the author of various works, of which the principal were, "Institutio Philosophiæ secundum Principia Ren. Descartes," 4to.; "Curiosus Naturæ Arcanorum Perscrutator," 1673, 8vo. ; notes upon "The Physics" of Rohault, which have been frequently printed; and "Historia Sacra a Mundo condito ad Constantinum Magnum," 8vo., which is his best performance. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M. GRAND, JOACHIM LE, a political and historical writer, was born in 1653, at Thorigny in Normandy. He entered into the congregation of the Óratory, which he quitted in 1676, and went to Paris, where he engaged in the education of two young men of rank, and at the same time applied to historical studies under the direction of father Le Cointe. He first appeared as a writer in 1688, when he published "A History of the Divorce of Henry VIII. and Catharine of Arragon," three vols. 12mo. In this he attempts to justify the Jesuit Sanders, and to refute the two first books of Burnet's History of the Reformation. The controversy between him and that prelate was some time continued; but it will now be thought that the cause of the Reformation in England is little concerned with the merits of that measure. He also, in 1691, addressed three letters in a 12mo. volume to bishop Burnet, on his critique of Bossuet's History of the Variations of Protestant Churches. He was taken from his literary pursuits by the appoint ment of secretary to the abbé d'Estrees, in hist embassy to Portugal, in 1692, which continued till 1697. Some translations of Voyages and Travels from the Portuguese were part of the fruits of this employ. In 1702 he accompanied the same minister in Spain, where he remained as secretary till 1704. The marquis de Torci, minister of state, took him into his service in 1705, and employed his pen in several memorials concerning the succession to the Spanish monarchy, and other political topics, in which he acquitted himself with great ability. He was afterwards applied to in other matters relative to French history, for which purpose he drew up several valuable memoirs. His last printed work was a treatise "On the Succession to the Crown of France, by Agnates (direct male Heirs)," 1718, 12mo.; which is reckoned a curious and useful performance. He died at the age of eighty, in 1733. He was possessed of two priories, and had been for a time censorroyal of books. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.— A. GRAND, LEWIS LE, a learned French ecclesiastic, was born at Luzigni, in the diocese of Autun, and died in the year 1780. He was educated in the seminary of St. Sulpice, at Paris, and admitted to the degree of doctor by the faculty of the Sorbonne. The whole of his time which was not taken up in the discharge of his clerical functions he devoted to close study. He published "Prælectiones Theologica de Deo," in two vols. 12mo.; "De Incarnatione Verbi Divini," in two vols. 12mo.; and a treatise "De Ecclesia Christi," 8vo. His writings are esteemed for their perspicuity, and the excellence of their arrangement. Nouv. Dict. Hist.—M. GRANDET, JOSEPH, a pious and worthy French priest, known by his biographical accounts of several religionists, was descended from a respectable family, and born at Angers, in the year 1646. Having embraced the ecclesiastical life, he spent some years in the seminary of St. Sulpice, at Paris, whence he returned to his native place in the year 1674. He there was admitted into orders, and was appointed superior of the seminary in that city. In the year 1685 he was presented to the church of the Holy Cross at Angers, where he continued his ministerial functions for thirty-two years, beloved and respected by his parishioners, to whom his memory was rendered dear, not only by his fidelity and diligence in the pastoral office, but by his friendly conciliating manners, and his numerous acts of benevolence and charity. He died in 1724, when in the seventyninth year of his age. He was the author of several lives of persons eminent for their sanctity, which have been much read by pious Catholics. liberality, however, gave offence to the bigots For their titles we refer to Moreri and the Nouv. of his community; and as he was at this time Dict. Hist.-M. abbot of St. Michael at Pisa, he was deposed from that dignity in a general chapter of the order. Upon this the grand-duke Cosmo appointed him his professor of mathematics in the university of Pisa; and not long afterwards he appears to have removed the prejudices of his weak brethren, and to have been reinstated in his abbacy, which he retained until his death. In the year 1683, Dr. Narcissus Marsh, archbishop of Armagh, having presented to the Royal Society in Dublin some difficult problems for the improvement of acoustics, father Grandi was requested by his friend, count Laurence Magalotti, to resolve them; which task he accomplished, and his performance was transmitted by the British minister at the court of Florence to the Royal Society at London. One of our mathematician's principal works was his treatise "On Series and Infinitesimals." In this work he attacked M. Varignon on parts of his system of new mechanics, by which means he became afterwards involved in a controversy with that gentleman. Father Grandi undertook the defence of Galileo's doctrine respecting the earth's motion, against all opponents, and was attacked by different authors, over whom he soon obtained a complete victory. He also ably defended the doctrine of infinites, which was attacked by Marchetti. In the mean time M. Varignon had replied to his strictures, in a Memorial. which was delivered in to the French Academy of Sciences, and published in the Leipsic Journals. This reply produced a rejoinder from our author, in which he renewed his attack upon M. Varignon, principally on the subjects of tangents and the angle of contact in curves, such as they are received in the geometry of infinitesimals. Mr. Varignon's death terminated this contest. Father Grandi's talents were also employed on matters of political economy. him were referred various disputes respecting the rights of fishery and tolls on the rivers; and he was employed on a joint commission from the grand-duke and the court of Rome to settle the differences between the inhabitants of Ferrara and Bologna, concerning the necessary works to preserve their territories. from inundation. These services he performed to the satisfaction of all parties, and was liberally rewarded by his illustrious employers. Afterwards father Grandi was engaged in a contest with father Le Ceva, on the subject of the philosophy of the ancients and moderns, occasioned by a preface to a Latin poem of the GRANDI, FRANCIS-LEWIS, an Italian abbot, philosopher, and mathematician, who flourished in the latter end of the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth century, was born at Cremona, in the year 1671. As he early possessed a studious inclination, he determined to embrace the ecclesiastical life for the sake of freely indulging it. Accordingly, when he was about sixteen years of age, he entered into the order of Camaldules or Camaldolites, at Ravenna; on which occasion, in compliance with the usage of the order, he relinquished his christian name, and received that of Guy. He soon distinguished himself by his proficiency in the different branches of literature and science; and becoming in the course of his enquiries dissatisfied with the peripatetic philosophy which then prevailed in the schools, was ambitious of contributing to introduce a more rational system. With this design he offered himself a candidate for a vacant chair of philosophy in the school of Florence, and obtained his object, though not without much opposition from the prejudiced adherents to the old opinions. In this new situation he diligently applied himself to exterminate the aristotelian dogmas, and to introduce in their room the philosophy of Descartes; while at the same time he became zealously attached to mathematical studies. The works of Torricelli, Wallis, and Gregory de St. Vincent, were his favourite companions. Having published a treatise intended to resolve the problems of Viviani, relative to the construction of arches, which he dedicated to the grand-duke Cosmo III., that prince was so well pleased with it, that he appointed the author professor of philosophy in the university of Pisa, From this time father Grandi applied more closely than ever to the study of pure mathematics, particularly of the higher kinds of geometry and analysis; and he had the honour of ranking among his friends and correspondents Leibnitz, Newton, Bernouilli, Baglivi, and Magalotti. But in the midst of his scientific studies he paid due attention to history, criticism, and ecclesiastical antiquities. When, in the year 1702, a Life of St. Peter Damiano was published, in three large volumes, father Grandi freely exposed the absurdities and superstitions contained in it. Afterwards he examined with a critical eye the legends of St. Romauld, the founder of his order, and pruned them of many fables which pious fraud had introduced into them. His latter, in which he maintained that none but heretics would renounce the philosophy of Aristotle. The rest of his days our author spent in mathematical pursuits, and publishing a vast number of books in that science. For their titles we must, after the example of our authority, refer to the list annexed to M. Bandini's eulogy, entitled "Guidonis Grandi Abbatis Camadulensis & Mathematici Præstantissimi Elogium," 1745. Our author died in 1742, when about seventy-two years of age. Moreri.-M. GRANDIER, URBAN, a French priest, who by the basest arts was condemned for the pretended crime of magic, and burnt alive in the year 1634, was the son of a notary-royal at Sablé, and born at Bovere, near that town, but in what year is not known. He was educated under the Jesuits at Bourdeaux, and soon-recommended himself to the friendship and esteem of those fathers by the dawnings of a fine genius, and his proficiency in his studies. On appreciating his talents, they conceived that he would be of more use to them in the world than if transplanted into their society; and after he had gone through his regular course of study, and had taken orders, they collated him to the living of St. Peter, at Loudun, of which they were the patrons, and also procured for him a prebend in the church of the Holy Cross. These benefices made him the object of envy with the ecclesiasties, which was still farther heightened by his great accomplishments. His person was handsome, and he took care to adorn it by studying great delicacy and neatness in his dress. In conversation he possessed an equal fluency of expression and elegance of language. He often appeared in the pulpit, where his talents as a preacher procured him numerous admirers. He incurred the odium of the monks, for two reasons: because he preached against fraternities, and those who did not frequent parochial mass, and confess to the parish priest; and because he preached much better than they. With his friends he was easy, facetious, and agreeable; but extremely haughty and disdainful towards his enemies. He resented injuries so keenly, that those who were once his enemies were always so, and the number of them was considerable. Some of his brethren of the clergy he had highly exasperated, by the arrogance with which he triumphed over them, upon gaining some suits against them in the episcopal court; and he raised a host of foes by his successful gallantries with the ladies, which created a league against him of disappointed rivals, incensed fathers, and enraged husbands. His most formidable enemy was Trinquant, the king's attorney, who had a handsome daughter, whom he suspected Grandier of having de bauched; and he was joined by Menuau, the king's advocate, who had the misfortune to be in love with a lady who favoured Grandier more than him. These various enemies entered into a combination to compass the ruin of Grandier, or at least to drive him entirely out of Loudun. Accordingly, in the year 1629, they procured an information to be lodged against him in the bishop's court at Poictiers, in which he was accused of having seduced maids and married women, and also taxed with impiety and irreligion. This information, notwithstanding that Grandier cannot be acquitted of criminality, was supported in a very lame and insufficient manner; but the bishop, who saw only with the eyes of Grandier's enemies, was so biassed against him, that he suspended him from his functions, and condemned him to resign his benefices, and to the practice of severe penance and mortification. From this sentence Grandier made an appeal to the archbishop of Bourdeaux; and after his enemies, in order to harass him, had removed the cause to the parliament of Paris, who remitted it to the presidial of Poictiers, he was acquitted by that tribunal, and allowed to sue for damages, and the restitution of the profits of his benefices during his suspension. The archbishop of Bourdeaux, who valued Grandier for his great parts, knowing that he was surrounded with enemies who were bent upon his ruin, advised him to change his living, and to remove to a distance from Loudun: but he was not of a temper capable of following such wholesome counsel, and relished too much the sweets of revenge to renounce that darling passion. He accordingly returned to Loudun with an air of triumph, bearing a branch of laurel in his hand, and resolved to prosecute his enemies before the parliament for reparation and damages. The disappointment which his acquittal created to his enemies, determined them to compass his destruction by some other method. One Mignon, a priest, and an implacable foe to Grandier, soon devised a scheme, which ultimately enabled them fully to gratify their malignity. He trained up the nuns in the Ursuline Convent at Loudun to act the part of women possessed; and though the scandalous farce was too clumsily played to impose upon any but the most credulous, yet it was in the end connected with other circumstances which led to Grandier's ruin. The rumour of the nuns being possessed beginning to be whispered through the town, Mignon and |