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The Naturalist's Diary

For JANUARY 1821.

How faint the light! how thick the air!
Lo, armed with whirlwind, hail, and frost,
Fierce WINTER desolates the year.

The fields resign their cheerful bloom;
No more the breezes waft perfume;
No more the warbling waters roll:
Deserts of snow fatigue the eye,

AKENSIDE.

Black storms involve the low'ring sky,
And gloomy damps oppress the soul.
DELIGHTFUL as is the aspect of nature, under the
warmth, and splendour, and genial influence of a
summer sun, most persons look forward with plea-
sure to those seasons, when the falling leaf or drift-
ing snow draws closer the family circle, and ushers
in that social and intellectual intercourse which con-
stitutes the dearest charm, and, next to religion, the
highest privilege of human existence. When all with-
out is wrapped in darkness, and the freezing blast
howls eager for entrance round your dwelling, with
what enjoyment do its inmates crowd to the cheerful
hearth, and, as the flame grows brighter on their
cheeks, listen, with a sensation of self-gratulating
security, to the storm that shakes their solid roof. It
is here that the power of contrast is experienced in
all its force; not only in reference to the exposure,
fatigues, and hazards, which may have been actually
incurred ere the daylight closed; but imagination is
at work to paint the lot of those less fortunate than
ourselves, and who, still exposed to all the horrors
of the storm, feel the bitterness of their destiny aug-
mented by intrusive recollections of domestic ease
and fire-side enjoyments.

Ill fares the traveller now, and he that stalks
In ponderous boots besides his reeking team.
The wain goes heavily, impeded sore
By congregated loads adhering close

To the clogged wheels; and in its sluggish pace
Noiseless appears a moving hill of snow.

1

The toiling steeds expand the nostril wide,
While ev'ry breath, by respiration strong
Forced downwards, is consolidated soon

Upon their jutting chests. He, formed to bear
The pelting brunt of the tempestuous night,
With half-shut eyes, and puckered cheeks, and teeth
Presented bare against the storm, plods on.

COWPER.

The pleasures and gratifications which flow from the FIRE-SIDE, may be considered as almost peculiar to these islands. In warmer climates the aid of fire is demanded for little else than culinary purposes; whilst in the northern regions of continental Europe, the gloomy and unsocial stove forms, in general, the only medium through which the rigours of their intense winter are mitigated. To the enlivening blaze, and the clean swept hearth, and to all the numerous comforts, which, in this country, so usually wait upon their junction, they are perfect strangers. WINTER, thou daughter of the storm, I love thee when the day is o'er, Spite of the tempest's outward roar; Queen of the tranquil joys that weave The charm around the sudden eve; The thick'ning footsteps thro' the gloom, Telling of those we love come home; The candles lit, the cheerful board, The dear domestic group restored; The fire that shows the looks of glee, The infants standing at our knee; The busy news, the sportive tongue, The laugh that makes us still feel young; The health to those we love, that now Are far as ocean winds can blow; The health to those who with us grew, And still stay with us tried and true; The wife that makes life glide away, One long and lovely marriage day. Then music comes till-round us creep The infant list'ners half asleep; And busy tongues are loud no more, And, Winter, thy sweet eve is o'er.

ANONYMOUS *.

'See an excellent paper on the moral and domestic happiness of an English Fire-side, in Dr. Drake's very pleasing Winter Nights,' vol. i, P. 1, et seq.

The winter of 1819-20 was very early in its commencement, rigorous in its season, and severe in its termination, such as for several years has not visited our region of the earth: deep snows, and of long continuation, destroyed a portion of the smaller birds. The little wren seems to have suffered greatly; the goldfinch was also as severe a sufferer. This bird (we believe) lives almost exclusively upon seeds of plants of the syngenesious order; in the wintry months it frequents our gardens and cultivated fields, feeding on the groundsel (senecio vulg.) which generally abounds in these places, where it commonly vegetates through every season; but this supply of food was hidden from him by the snow, and the sharp winds of February and March, which succeeded the dissolution of it, cut it down, and many of these poor birds perished from want. The young sportsmen made unusual havock among the race of turdi, that scarcely a field-fare or red-wing was seen in the spring, and the song of the black-bird was only partially heard.

The accumulation of snow, however, tended to the destruction of a considerable portion of the smaller beasts of prey, by betraying their haunts. Of all our animals called vermin, none seem more admirably fitted for their predatory life than the martin cat (mustela martes); it is sufficiently strong in body, remarkably quick and active in all its motions, with an eye so clear and perceptive, and so moveable in its orbit, that nothing can stir without detection; and is apparently endowed with a sense of smelling as acute as its other faculties. Its feet are beautifully formed, not treading upright on the ball, like the domestic cat, or fox, but sloping to the ground, having the balls deeply embedded in the softest and most elastic hair, that the tread of the animal, even upon decayed leaves, is hardly audible; and it steals upon its prey without any noise betraying its approach. The fur is remarkably fine, apparently filled

with a medullary matter; the skin unusually thin and flexile, impeding none of its agile movements, and all combining to render the martin a most destructive creature. In winter it lives in hollow trees, warmly imbedded in dry foliage: in the more genial seasons he often sleeps by day in the old nest of a kite or buzzard, where his dormitory is occasionally betrayed by the chattering of magpies and crows. Their numbers are but small, our woods in England being too easily penetrated to afford the martin any thing like permanent shelter; and the race is only continued, with probably an annual diminution. We have heard that the sum of three shillings has been offered for his pads only! probably to be used by the gilders. The scenery of this month in the past year (1820) has been faithfully described by the poet:

Chill is the air; the spirit of the frost

Reigns, with his icy sceptre; vale and field
Are sprinkled o'er with snowy offerings;

And from each leafless bough-what time the wind
Low-toned sighs past-a thousand glimmering shreds
Descending, tinkle on the ground beneath.
Chained are the sluggish waters to the shore;
And icicles, from overhanging shrubs,

Gleam in the sunshine with a sparry light.

Of the uses of snow, we have spoken at large in our former volumes; of its beautiful appearance, and of its attendants, frost and ice, we will now add the description in the language of an elegant writer. The very frost itself is a world of pleasure and fairy beauty. The snow dances down to earth, filling all the airy vacancy with a giddy whiteness; and minutely inspected, every particle is a crystal star. The ice (hereafter destined to temper dulcet creams for us in the heat of summer) affords a new and rare pastime for the skaiter, almost next to flying; or suddenly succeeding to rain, strikes the trees and the

1 See also an account of the phenomenon of crimson snow, and rosecoloured rain, in our last volume, pp. 36-39. C

grasses into silver. But what can be more delicately beautiful than the spectacle which sometimes salutes the eye at the breakfast-room window, occasioned by the hoar frost or frozen dew? If a jeweller had come to dress every plant over night to surprise an Eastern sultan, he could not produce any thing like the pearly drops, or the silvery plumage. An ordinary bed of greens will sometimes look like crisp and corrugated emerald, powdered with diamonds

In January, the numerous tribes of birds quit their retreats in search of food. The red-breast (sylvia rubecula) begins to sing; larks (alauda arvensis) congregate, and fly to the warm stubble for shelter; and the nut-hatch (sitta europaea) is heard. The shell-less snail or slug (limax) makes its appearance, and commences its depredations on garden plants and green wheat. The missel thrush (turdus viscivorus) begins its song. This bird sings between the flying showers, and continues its note till the beginning of August.

The hedge-sparrow (sylvia modularis) and the thrush (turdus musicus) now begin to sing. The wren, also, 'pipes her perennial lay,' even among the flakes of snow. The titmouse (parus) pulls straw out of the thatch, in search of insects; linnets (fringilla linota) congregate; and rooks (corvus frugilegus) resort to their nest trees. Pullets begin to lay; young lambs are dropped now.

The house sparrow fringilla domestica) chirps; the bat (vespertilio) appears; spiders shoot out their webs; and the blackbird (turdus merula) whistles. The fieldfares, red-wings, skylarks, and titlarks, resort to watered meadows for food, and are, in part, supported by the gnats which are on the snow, near the water. The tops of tender turnips and ivy-ber

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Literary Pocket Book for 1819, p. 10; see also an entertaining article in the Indicator (No. xv, p. 117) entitled Getting up on cold Mornings.'

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