Evolution and Human Behavior: Darwinian Perspectives on Human NatureMIT Press, 2000 - 376 من الصفحات The past decade has seen an upsurge of interest in the application of evolutionary thinking to the study of human behavior. This introductory book provides an overview of the key theoretical principles of human sociobiology and evolutionary psychology and shows how they illuminate the ways humans think and behave. The book takes as one of its main premises the idea that we think, feel, and act in ways that once enhanced the reproductive success of our ancestors. The book covers fundamental issues such as the origins and function of sexual reproduction, mating behavior, human mate choice, patterns of violence in families, altruistic behavior, the evolution of brain size and the origins of language, the modular mind, and the relationship between genes and culture. It also examines the larger implications of Darwinism for how we view ourselves as a species and our sense of ourselves as a moral animal. The book includes a valuable historical introduction to evolutionary theories of behavior and concludes with an examination of the social and political ramifications of evolutionary thought. It contains numerous diagrams and illustrations, comprehensive references, summaries, and suggestions for further reading. |
المحتوى
Historical Introduction Evolution and Theories of Mind and Behaviour Darwin and After | 1 |
11 The origin of species | 2 |
111 New foundations | 3 |
the 19thcentury origins | 4 |
122 Ethology and comparative psychology in the 20th century | 6 |
123 Interactions between comparative psychology and ethology | 14 |
Darwin and after | 16 |
132 Herbert Spencer 18201903 | 17 |
614 Phytogeny of the Homlnoidea | 165 |
62 Intelligence in humans and other primates | 167 |
622 Brain size in humans and other mammals | 171 |
623 Origins of primate intelligence | 177 |
testing the theories | 183 |
Summary | 190 |
Language and the Modular Mind | 192 |
71 The modular mind | 193 |
Morgan Baldwin and James | 19 |
134 Galton and the rise of the eugenics movement | 20 |
14 The triumph of culture | 21 |
142 The revolt against eugenics | 24 |
15 The rise of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology | 25 |
Summary | 30 |
Further reading | 31 |
Darwins Legacy | 32 |
211 The ghosts of Lamarcklsm | 34 |
212 The central dogma in a modern form | 35 |
22 Darwins difficulties | 36 |
221 The problem of altruism | 37 |
dilemmas over sex | 38 |
23 Testing for adaptive significance | 39 |
232 The testing of hypotheses | 42 |
then and now | 44 |
241 Evolutionary psychology or Darwinian anthropology? | 45 |
242 Orders of explanation in evolutionary thinking | 52 |
Summary | 54 |
Further reading | 55 |
The Selfish Gene | 57 |
31 Some basic principles of genetics | 58 |
some warnings | 68 |
32 The unit of natural selection | 72 |
replicators and vehicles | 73 |
33 Kin selection and altruism | 74 |
331 Hamiltons rule | 75 |
332 Coefficient of relatedness | 76 |
333 Application of Hamiltons rule and kin selection | 77 |
34 Kin recognition | 80 |
incest taboos and the Westermarck effect | 82 |
35 Reciprocal altruism | 84 |
352 Reciprocal altruism or timedelayed discrete mutualism | 86 |
genes and vehicles revisited | 88 |
Summary | 89 |
Further reading | 90 |
Mating Behaviour From Systems to Strategies | 91 |
41 Why sex? | 92 |
411 The costs of sex | 93 |
412 The lottery principle | 95 |
413 The tangled bank hypothesis or spatial heterogeneity | 96 |
414 The Red Queen hypothesis | 97 |
415 The DNA repair hypothesis | 98 |
42 Sex and anisogamy | 100 |
systems and strategies | 101 |
44 Factors affecting expressed mating strategies | 104 |
442 Ecological conditions | 106 |
conflicts between rival strategies | 112 |
Fisher and after | 116 |
453 Testing and extending Fishers argument | 118 |
454 Empirical tests of the TriversWillard hypothesis | 120 |
Summary | 122 |
Further reading | 123 |
Sexual Selection | 124 |
512 Inter and intrasexual selection | 125 |
52 Consequences of intrasexual selection | 126 |
522 Variance in reproductive success Batemans principle | 129 |
53 Parental investment reproductive rates and operational sex ratios | 131 |
humans and other animals | 132 |
533 The operational sex ratio | 134 |
534 The operational sex ratio and humans | 135 |
54 Postcopulatory intrasexual competition | 137 |
542 Anisogamy and sperm warfare | 138 |
55 Intersexual selection | 140 |
Fisher and runaway sexual selection | 142 |
553 Good genes and indicator mechanisms | 145 |
554 Good resources and good behaviour | 147 |
the peacock and the widowbird | 148 |
some questions | 152 |
Summary | 155 |
Further reading | 156 |
The Evolution of Brain Size | 157 |
61 Humans and the great apes | 158 |
the 16 per cent advantage | 162 |
cognitive adaptations for social exchange | 198 |
72 Language | 202 |
culture anatomy and grooming | 205 |
Summary | 210 |
Further reading | 211 |
Understanding Human Sexual Behaviour Anthropological Approaches | 212 |
811 Cultural distribution of mating systems | 213 |
812 Huntergatherer societies | 214 |
82 Sex and history | 216 |
83 Physical comparisons between humans and other primates | 218 |
832 Testis size | 219 |
833 Testfs size and bodily dimorphism applied to humans | 220 |
84 Concealed ovulation | 224 |
843 Testing rival hypotheses of concealed ovulation | 228 |
844 Menstruation | 231 |
Summary | 232 |
Further reading | 233 |
Human Mate Choice The Evolutionary Logic of Sexual Desire | 234 |
some expectations and approaches | 235 |
92 Questionnaire approaches | 236 |
922 Urgency in copulation | 238 |
93 The use of published advertisements | 240 |
evolutionary psychology or structural powerlessness | 243 |
942 Female assessment of men | 247 |
95 Fluctuating asymmetry | 249 |
96 Male preference for youth the female menopause and longevity | 251 |
averageness symmetry and honest signals | 253 |
972 Faces as purveyors of information | 255 |
Summary | 259 |
Further reading | 260 |
Conflict within Families and Other Groups | 261 |
some basic theory | 262 |
102 Maternalfetal conflict | 266 |
1022 Conflicts over decision to miscarry | 267 |
1023 Conflicts over blood supply | 268 |
103 Human violence and homicide | 269 |
a paradox? | 270 |
1032 Infanticide | 271 |
104 Human sexual conflicts | 278 |
control of female sexuality | 279 |
1042 Jealousy and violence | 282 |
1043 Divorce and remarriage | 283 |
Summary | 285 |
Further reading | 286 |
Altruism Cooperation and the Foundations of Culture | 287 |
111 Game theory and the origins of human altruism | 288 |
1112 Applications of game theory | 295 |
emotion and morality | 301 |
1122 Biological morality and induced altruism | 302 |
inheritance and kin Investment in human culture | 303 |
1131 Inheritance rules and marriage systems | 304 |
practice in a contemporary Western culture | 305 |
genes and memes | 307 |
1141 Culture as autonomous | 308 |
culture is a programme for fitness maximisation | 309 |
1143 Geneculture coevolution | 311 |
1144 Cultural evolution as the natural selection of memes or part of genememe coevolution | 312 |
Summary | 318 |
Epilogue The Use and Abuse of Evolutionary Theory | 320 |
1211 Race IQ and intelligence | 325 |
122 Social Darwinism and eugenics | 327 |
1222 Eugenics | 328 |
123 Evolutionary biology and sexism | 330 |
124 Evolutionary biology and racism | 334 |
125 The limits of nature | 337 |
1252 The perfectibility of man | 338 |
126 So human an animal | 339 |
1262 Retrieving our humanity | 341 |
Summary | 343 |
Glossary | 344 |
References | 356 |
371 | |
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عبارات ومصطلحات مألوفة
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