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a The items in this column are estimates for the year 1888, furnished by the government. Annnal intere⚫t.

e Eighteen per cent. of this sum is contributed by the state.

€62, 702, 200

dThere are in Prussia a great number of special schools, both state or communal and private. Where the state is unable to give pecuniary support, it aids these institutions morally and solicits the aid of those of its citizens interested in their existence. Prussia has the greatest variety of special schools, bat no definite statistics are available. From the largo sum spent for the maintenance of such schools it is obvious, however, that the statement made by an American author, to wit, "Prussia has the greatest number of educational experimental stations of any nation on the face of the globe," is not an exaggeration.

e31.05 per cent. of this sum total is contributed by the state, 46.19 per cent. by communities, 22.76 per cent. are raised by tuition fees aud obtained from sundry other sources.

The expenditure for educational purposes in 1888 in Prussia was $1.86 per capita of the population. (Compare Switzerland, where the per capita was $1.88, and Hungary where it was 42 cents.) *Not stated.

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The state

a By state only. The Austrian official reports are silent on the question of expenditures. ment in the foregoing column is made upon the authority of private information (see Annual Report of the Bureau of Education for 1884-85), and includes only state appropriations. Including art schools and theological seminaries.

cIncluding normal, commercial, industrial, music, agricultural, mining, nautical, and other special schools.

The ratio of school population to the entire population in 1885-87 was 12.9 per cent. (Compare Prussia, 19.5 per cent., Switzerland, 18.2 per cont., and Hungary, 11.5 per cent.

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NOTES. (a) Expenditures by state; (b) by communities; (c) by the church for school purposes. In school affairs the church is a co-ordinate power in Hungary.

While in 1887 the ratio of children of school age was 17.3 per cent. of the population, only 11.5 per cent. were enrolled. (Compare Prussia, 19.5 per cent.; Switzerland, 18.2 per cent.; and Austria, 12.9 per cent.)

The average salary of teachers in the lower schools of Hungary in 1887 was 4713 florins, or $157.28. (In Budapest $365.00; in Kükülö $74.00.)

The expenditure for educational purposes per capita of the population in Hungary was 42 cents. -(Compare Switzerland $1.88, and Prussia $1.85.)

The foregoing figures concerning universities are somewhat misleading if compared with other conntries. They include all theological and law schools of the country. There are in fact only two universities, and one polytechnic school.

ED 89--12

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NOTES. (a) Expenditures by cantonal governments; (b) by communities, including tuition fees; by federal government exclusively.

(d) One hundred and sixty-one of the students in the universities are women; 866 are foreigners Of the pupils below the universities 96.8 per cent. attend elementary, 3.2 per cent. attend seconda schools.

The ratio of school population (below the universities) to the entire population was 18.2 per ce (Compare Prussia, 19.5 per cent.; Austria, 12.9 per cent; and Hungary, 11.5 per cent.)

The expenditures for educational purposes per capita of the population in Switzerland was $1 (Compare Prussia, $1.86.; Hungary, 42 cents) The per capita of the school population was $7.00.

Memorable dates in the history of the Prussian people's or elementary schools.

1717. Royal order that parents should send their children to school. 1763. General School Regulations, issued by Frederick the Great.

1794. Adoption of the Prussian "Landrecht" (Code of Laws), in which the scho found complete recognition: Part II, Title 11, sections 217, 218, referring funds; Title 12, sections 4 and 53, laws referring to the public schools; tions 3 and 8 referring to private schools.

1806. Beginning of reconstruction of all governmental institutions of the Kingdo after the disastrous defeat at Zena; general obligation to army service a school attendance.

1808. Queen Louise introduces Pestalozzi's principles.

1825. Cabinet order referring to compulsory attendance and discipline.

1833. Royal order concerning abolishment of tuition fees (only partially carried ou 1834. Cabinet order concerning supervision of schools.

1850. Adoption of the constitution. Articles 21 and 26 containing the famous se tence, "Science, and the teaching of science, are free."

1854. Three regulations (Muehler's) for elementary schools. 1872. General Regulations (Falk's) for Elementary Schools. 1875. Vaccination law.

1882 and 1835. Law regulating pensions for teachers and their widows and orphar 1888. Laws contemplating the final abolition of tuition fees.

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