صور الصفحة
PDF
النشر الإلكتروني

fullständige läroverken," and "högre realläroverken ") numbered 78, with 14,030 pupils. (VI, pp. 81–83; IX; X; XVIII, p. 21; xxix, p. 952). The "pedagogier" or schools in smaller cities furnishing instruction above the "folkskola," numbered 18, with 355 pupils. (XVI, p. 2837; XXIX, p. 952; XXXIII, p. CCXCIV.)

For normalt training there were 7 schools for men in 1887, with 722 pupils, and 5 "normalskolor" for women, with 510 pupils, and 2 mixed schools. (IV, p. 4; XVII, p. 1201; XIX, p. 544; XXII, p. 715.)

Higher education.-For higher education there are the two universities at Upsala and Lund, and the Medico Surgical Institute at Stockholm. In 1888-89 there were 1,816 students at Upsala University. Divided as to faculties: theology, 216; law, 457; medicine, 232; philosophy, 911. Number of students in 1888-89 at Lund, 872. A free university at Stockholm is reported, and in 1887 a movement was on foot to found a free university at Göteborg, a large sum of money having been subscribed for that purpose. (XIV, p. 63; XVI, p. 2839; XXIX, p. 952.)

Technical instruction is given in 2 high and 4 elementary technical schools. Statistics wanting for 1888. In the Kongl. Tekniska Högskola i Stockholm in 1888 there were 236 pupils. Included under higher grade of instruction were 9 navigation schools with 438 pupils, also military schools, veterinary, and other schools. The 2 agricul tural schools near Lund and Upsala receive state subsidies, and are under the direct control of the Academy of Agriculture in Stockholm. Statistics of institutions and schools for deaf-mutes will be found under supplementary institutions. (VIII, p. 37; XVII, p. 1202; XXIX, p. 952.) Length of school year.-The length of the school year is 36 weeks, divided into autumn and spring terms; the autumn term begins at the end of August and ends about the middle of December, that is, 16 weeks; the spring term continues 20 weeks from the middle of January to the middle of June. (XXVI, p. 148; XXIV, p. 347; xxv, p. 11–12.)

Average attendance of each pupil in school year.-Average attendance of each pupil in school year not known.

dary grade for boys are found in the larger towns. Where they are complete schools they are privileged to hold examinations similar to the public schools; if incomplete, the course is less practical. In addition to the national schools and seminaries and schools for special purposes (such as industrial arts, drawing, music, etc.) there are in most of the towns private or boarding schools for girls, only a few of which are supported by the state." (VI, pp. 80-85; xxv1, pp. 164-165; XXVII, p. 802.)

* The "pedagogier" are divided into 9 one-class and 9 two-class schools. They are found in the smaller cities; the instruction given is above that of the "folkskola," the main difference being that the subjects taught are not restricted by the plan of instruction in elementary schools. (XXVI, p. 164; VI, pp. 80-85; xx11, p. 714; XXXIII, p. ccxciv.)

tAccording to the decree of December 1, 1875, and of May 31, 1878, there was to be a normal school for men and one for women in each diocese-that is, 24 of these schools for the training of teachers; but in 1886 there were only 7 normals for men, 5 for women, and 2 mixed schools; pupils, 1,232. Since 1878, a centralization of such training has been made, and the number of these schools has greatly diminished, as will be seen by the numbers given above. (XIX, p. 544; xvii, p. 1201; xxи, p. 715.)

School age. The school age is seven to fourteen years, and school attendance is compulsory for children who have attained the age of nine years. (XXV, p. 9; XXVI, pp. 145-146.)

III.-FINANCES.

Income. The income of schools is derived from general, district, and personal taxation, with state subsidies given under certain conditions. As the elementary school is an establishment of the commune (each rural parish, and each town, forms a commune), each parish is presumed to maintain its schools of that grade, but since 1842 state subsidies aid in the school support.

A general tax ("folksskoleafgift") is contributed by every tax-payer for himself and household, this tax being levied on the principle that each member of the community able to work should pay for the education of poor children. Each school district can also impose a personal tax, which is not to exceed 11.3 cts. annually. In addition to this taxation the state gives its help on condition that the parish pays for the schools a sum equal to the above-mentioned school tax, and the parish must also contribute a certain sum for each kind of support from the state. The conditions are as follows: While the state pays two-thirds to the higher elementary schools, the parish pays one-third. The state pays one-half of the teacher's income, the parish the other half; the state one-third for preparatory schools, the parish two-thirds. The payment of inspectors for elementary education and the normal training of teachers are included in the state subsidy. There are also state subsidies for the purchase of school material in poor communities and for the pensioning of teachers. The receipts for school purposes are also increased by donations for the promotion of public instruction, which gifts vary from year to year. (XVI, p. 2838; XVII, p. 1102; XVIII, p. 20; XXV, pp. 22-25; XXVI, p. 158.)

Expenditure. The above statement indicates how much of the fund for public elementary schools is accredited to the district or parish and how much to the state. The subsidies for the payment of teachers in higher elementary grades reach a maximum of $320; for certificated lower elementary teachers, at work during 8 months of the year, the maximum is $127, and for other teachers $40. The state expenditures for schools include public secondary schools and a few private schools of like grade. They include payments for the education of teachers, certain funds set aside for university, medical, and technical instruction, and special subsidies for instruction in Slöjd, for industrial training, and for the expenses of persons travelling with a view of obtain

*The following specific statements as to distribution of school funds were presented in 1871. Modifications may have occurred since that date, but careful research fails to find any marked change, except that since 1876 the subventions were to cover twothirds of the teacher's salary. (XXVI, p. 159.)

ing knowledge in regard to industrial and technical education. In 1887 the total expenditure for elementary education, including amount raised by taxation in the districts, was $3,127,102; the state subsidy was $859,000.

In 1886 the state subsidies were divided as follows:

Normal schools

Scholarships for normal pupils

Inspection of elementary schools.

School apparatus.............

Subsidies for

Higher elementary grades......

Educating Finns in northern sections of Sweden...

Teachers' wages in elementary and preparatory schools.

Higher people's schools.......

Schools for working classes...

Continuation schools.....

Industrial education

Education of deaf, dumb, and blind...

The state expenditure for secondary and higher schools at same date was.

[blocks in formation]

$92, 949

20,100

25,460

4,020

5,360

3,216

771,840

14,740

4, 020

8, 640

6,700

88,976

$1, 146, 021

870,884 20,806

12, 462 18,760

235,715

105,967

$1,263, 594

Total for elementary and secondary education

$2,409, 615

The amount received from other sources is not presented. (XVI, p. 2838; XVIII, p. 21; XXIX, p. 952.)

IV.-SUPERVISION AND ADMINISTRATION.

Education is under the control of both state and local authorities. State. The state supervision is vested first and foremost in the King, who exercises the highest functions of the office through the ministry of ecclesiastical affairs and education. The ministry has a special division for all affairs appertaining to public instruction, including the general inspection of elementary schools. The chief of that division has special charge of normal schools or seminaries for the education of elementary teachers, but the supervision of these schools is exercised in part by the chapter* of the diocese in which they are situated. Special inspectors are appointed by the King to take charge of elementary schools in each diocese. These inspectors are each appointed for a term of five years to supervise the schools in their respective districts according to

The chapters consist of the bishop, as president, and, in most cases, of the dean or provost of the cathedral, and six teachers from the elementary schools of the town. (XLI, p. 83.)

[ocr errors]

instructions issued by the department. They visit the schools in the districts to which appointed, and report to the district school board and consistory of the diocese as to the improvements needed in the schools. At the expiration of their term of office as state officers, they must furnish a complete review of school affairs in their district to the depart ment of ecclesiastical affairs and public instruction. The inspectors receive an annual salary, and also allowance for travelling expenses and board. A special division of the ministry has charge of secondary and higher institutions, all matters pertaining to secondary schools being arranged by the bureau having charge of this grade of schools. The chief of the bureau acts as inspector-general of all secondary schools in the kingdom, and must visit them from time to time. The universities come under direct charge of a board of council, with the chancellor of the university as chief officer. (XVI, p. 2835; XXVI, pp. 144–145 ; XXVII, p. 802; XVIII, p. 20; XXII, p. 702; xxv, pp. 6-8; XLI, pp. 71-72, 87.) Local. There is a school board for every school district-the school district may be one or several parishes. This school board is composed of the minister of the parish as chairman, and at least four members of the parish, who are elected for four years. The board * superintends all the elementary and preparatory schools, devises rules for schools with regard to methods of instruction, discipline, etc., but submits its report for approval to the chapter of the bishopric of the diocese. It also extends its supervision over private schools as far as discipline and instruction are concerned, and it presents to the board of the diocese an annual report in regard to schools of the district (XVI, p. 2835; XLI, p. 71). In connection with these local boards it may be stated that in March, 1889, women were made eligible to local school boards and boards of guardians, and that this new order of things is very generally carried out (XIII, p. 1; xxx, p. 458; XXXI, p. 45). The bishop and chapter (consistory) in every diocese exercise a careful supervision over all schools, watch over the management and development of the same, and every third year they send in to the King an opinion as to the state of education in the diocese, together with all necessary explanatory statements in regard to statistics, etc. Besides the school board of the district there are one or more inspectors for each diocese, who are appointed by the minister of education. (See state supervision.) (XXVI, pp. 144-145; XXV, pp. 6-8; XLI, pp. 71-72.) In the cities of Stockholm, Göteborg, Malmö, Jönköping, and Norrköping the schools are governed by special laws; and in each of the cities they are under the management of a board of education. (XXVII, p. 801.) The local management of secondary schools is under charge of the rector and council of teachers, who act as a board of

.

* One member of this board is to be a physician, whose duty it is to visit the schools once a month, and to report as to health and eyesight of pupils, and in regard to hygienic condition of the schools. This plan, if carried out, is an outgrowth of the investigations of the Swedish hygienic commission. (XXVIII, p. 16.)

school directors. The bishop as ephor of all the schools of the diocese stands above the council of teachers. It is his duty to see that the schools under his superintendence fulfil the purpose for which they were established, and that the teachers in them carry out their duties faithfully. All matters that can not be decided by these authorities must be submitted to the minister of education, and by the ministry to the King for final decision.

The normal schools are under the direct supervision of the chapter of the diocese in which they are situated, but the chief officer of one of the divisions of the department of ecclesiastical affairs has a higher controlling action over these schools.

The universities are under the charge of a chancellor, who has the chief management, but the immediate control is vested in the vice chancellor, the rector, and the academical consistory. (XXVI, pp. 144– 145; XXVII, pp. 801-802; XXV, pp. 6-8; XL, p. 87.)

V.-TEACHERS.

Preparation.-Teachers are prepared for positions in the elementary grades at normal schools, in several of which there are special classes to fit teachers for the "småskolor" or preparatory divisions of elementary schools.

In order to be admitted to the normal school the candidate, who must be from 16 to 26 years of age, must pass an examination before a board of admission composed of the directors and professors of the school. He must also have a certificate of vaccination and be in good physical condition, and must be provided with a certificate from the pastor of his parish showing that he has been confirmed, and that he is of good moral character. The examination is especially severe in religious matters. Normal schools for men, at date of 1887, were situated at Karlstadt, Göteborg, Lund, Vexjö, Linköping, Upsala, Hernösand; for women at Skara, Kalmar, Stockholm (higher normal school), Falun, and Umeå. There was also one at Haparanda on the Gulf of Bothnia, to prepare teachers for the "småskolor" among the Finns, and one for the Laplanders at Jokmok ("Laponie de Lulea "). The Swedish language is taught in the last mentioned schools, but pupils of the Finnish and Lapland schools who desire to obtain a complete diploma as instructor must pass a year in the Swedish normals, the men at Hernösand and women at Umeå.

Normal schools are under the direct supervision of the chapters of the diocese through their principal or through their special inspector. They have as teachers a "rektor" or director, who is assisted by four "adjunkten" or professors. These teachers are university graduates, and are supposed to have the grade of candidate in philosophy or theology, equivalent to licentiate in letters. Many of them possess the degree of Ph. D. (XLI, pp. 76-77; XXVI, p. 156; XIX, pp. 545-547; XXV, pp. 20-23.)

« السابقةمتابعة »