history, logic, and psychology; also modern languages. These studies. prepare for the degree of Bachelor of Arts.

The course of applied studies comprises linear and object drawing, mercantile arithmetic, and all branches connected with agriculture, arts, trades, commerce, and navigation. In 1878-79 there were 69,325 pupils undergoing the ordinary and special examinations; 9,247 were judged incompetent; 30,317 passable; 13,150 good; 9,184 remarkable; 7,427 superior; 659 prizes were distributed, and 396 pupils were honorably mentioned; 3,057 candidates received the diploma of bachelor.

The institutos offer the instruction which leads to the degree of bachelor, forming the preparation for university courses; a few institutos add to their programme preparatory courses in commerce and industry. "In order," says Sr. Ibañez," that Spain may be brought to the intellectual level of other countries in Europe, it will be necessary to multiply the institutos, to give a vigorous scope to technical instruction, to create everywhere schools of arts and trades. In this manner a large number of young people who do not devote themselves to a univérsity career will find a practical secondary instruction, preparing them to follow agricultural and commercial pursuits, arts, and industry; i. e., all vocations which form the veritable force of nations."

SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION.

Superior instruction is given in the universities and special schools. The universities are ten in number: each has a faculty of law; each except Oviedo a faculty of medicine; Madrid, Barcelona, Grenada and Santiago have schools of pharmacy; Madrid, Barcelona, Grenada, Salamanca, Seville and Saragossa faculties of philosophy and letters.

In 1888-89 these ten universities had 9,737 students in the regular courses and 573 special students; there were also 6,050 students following private university courses, or a total of 15,787 students in courses of letters, philosophy, law, etc., as against 16,874 in 1878–79.

The university faculties confer three degrees, viz: bachelor, licentiate, and doctor. The number conferred in 1878-79 was 2,257, of which 2,008 were licentiate degrees. Very few students take the degree of doctor, the largest proportion being found among the students of science. The number of students who continued their studies far enough to receive the higher degrees in the year specified was as follows:

Expenditures.-The State appropriates a sufficient sum to cover the expenditures of the universities and special public schools, the receipts from fees being passed over to the public treasury. Three faculties only make an exception to this rule, viz., the faculty of science and the faculty of medicine at Salamanca and the faculty of medicine at Seville, which are supported by the juntas (i. e., provincial and local councils). The expenses of the universities are in general much greater than their receipts from fees. The universities of Madrid and Barcelona appear to be the only exceptions. The total expenditures for the ten universities in the scholastic year 1878-79 was:

Receipts.-The receipts consist of tuition fees, examination fees, and fees for diplomas. In 1878-79 the amounts from the first-named source was $169,928; and from the last two, $327.308, or a total of $497,236. These details are not given in the report for 1888-89, but the total reached the sum of $372,219. On an average $40,000 are used every year for the purchase of scientific material, scholarships, books, and divers prizes for the pupils. This sum is taken from the university fees.

SPECIAL SCHOOLS.

Professional schools, i. e. technical, art, and trade schools, constitute a noticeable feature of the public educational provision of Spain. These schools are conducted in accordance with special decrees, prescribing the courses of study and the conditions of admission and graduation. The following statistics show the number of these schools and their attendance as reported in 1888-89:

The income of the professional schools in 1888-89 was $41,464, and their expenditures $127,395.

LIBRARIES.

In concluding, it may be added that Spain possesses many popular libraries; 678 of these establishments, containing 101,909 works, or 114,075 volumes, were opened from 1869 to 1880. The Government has also tried to instruct prisoners by means of libraries introduced in the reformatory establishments; 9,130 volumes are at present at the disposal of the prisoners.

CHAPTER IX.

EDUCATION IN BRAZIL.

AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.

I. Relatorio do Ministerio dos Negocios do Imperio, 1874, pp. 1-36. Anexo A-B;
Law Schools, pp. 11, 12; pp. 62, 63.

II. Camara dos Deputados. No. 224, 1882. Riforma do Ensino Primaria, pp. 1-366.

III. Actos e pareces do Congresso do instrucção, 1883, 24a Questa, pp. 26, 27.
IV. Annaes da Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto, p. 165.

V. Museu Escolar Nacional: Regulamento, I; Statutos, II; pp. 1-7, 1-9.
VI. L'Instruction Publique en Brésil-Perez de Almeida, pp. 267; 845-850; 748-
794; 1098, 1056; 1020-1053; 514-520; 786, 810-814, 852-860, 645, 646, 275,
803-807, 845-848, 971-973, XXIX-XXX, XXIV, 426, 750-752, 1006-1010, 3, 9-13,
22-45, 60-63, 96, 100-106, 132, 163-169, 177-180, 185-190, 195-197, 229–239, 248,
314-317, 1056–1096.

VII. Buisson, Dictionnaire de Pédagogie et d'Instruction Primaire, vol. 1, 1re partie, pp. 152, 278-9, 286.

VIII. Larousse, Dictionnaire Universel. Supplement 2, p. 657.

IX. Encyclopædia Britannica, v.: 4, Brazil, p. 238.

X. Brazil at the Centennial. Philadelphia, 1876, p. 164, 167, 201-206, 197.
XI. Interview with Senhor Borges, of the Education Commission to the United
States in 1883, as reported in the New England Journal of Education, March
22, 1883, p. 183.

XII. Evang. Luth. Schulblatt, 1886, No. 1, pp. 45, 46.

XIII. Letter from Senhor Amaral-Valente, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States of America.

XIV. Statesman's Year Book, 1890, pp. 391, 392, and 1889, pp. 573, 574.

XV. Bulletin Administratif du Ministère de l'Instruction Publique, 10 mars, 1883, pp. 540, 541.

XVI. Allgemeine Deutsche Lehrerzeitung, March 2, 1890, p. 94.

XVII. Haydn's Dictionary of Dates, pp. 109, 110.

XVIII. Portugal: Codigo administrativo annotado, 1863.

XIX. Diccionario de legislacion y jurisprudencia, por Don Joaquin-Escriche, 1847.
XX. Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Education, 1883-'84, p. CCLIX.
XXI. Le Petit Journal, 2 avril, 1887. (Scrap Book, v. 1, p. 113.)

The references in the following statement correspond in number to the foregoing. Brazil. Constitutional empire (republic' in 18S9-'90): Area 3,209,878 square miles; population, 14,002,335 (1888). Capital, Rio de Janeiro; population, 357,332 (in 1885). Minister of Education (under the Repub lic), General Benjamin Constant B. de Magalhaes. (XIII; XIV, pp. 391, 392.)

Declared a republic November 15, 1888.
Death reported January 22, 1891.

I.-GENERAL FEATURES OF THE SCHOOL SYSTEM.

The system of public instruction in Brazil includes elementary,' secondary, and higher schools in Rio de Janeiro and throughout the provinces, the organization in Rio serving as model for the provinces. (VI, p. 267; VII, pp. 278-9, 152.)

Elementary schools are subdivided into two grades, inferior and superior. The completion of the elementary course of study leads to the secondary grades, and these to the higher grades. Normal schools for the training of teachers, professional schools for technical and industrial education, and also special schools for the defective classes are found. (VII, pp. 278-9.) Supplementary to these institutions, as aids to intellectual growth, are school and public libraries and museums, while numerous societies have as their object the establishment of schools for the instruction of the masses in the ordinary school branches and for certain industrial pursuits. (VI, pp. 815-850, 748794.) The present educational system is based upon the constitution of 1824, and upon laws of 1851 and 1854, although later decrees have brought about modifications of those laws. Elementary instruction is gratuitous. (VII, p. 278.)

Control.-The schools are under the control of both state and local authorities, the central administration at headquarters being a branch of the Ministry of Postes and Telegraphs (Ministerio dos Negocios). Since the establishment of the republic a minister of education is in charge of educational affairs. As auxiliaries there are inspectors-general and a higher council of education. This central authority has control of elementary and secondary schools in the "Municipio Neutro" (Rio de Janeiro and its environs), and of higher education throughout the provinces. Each province has charge of its elementary and sec ondary schools, the provincial assembly arranging school affairs, except in the case of the higher institutions. (VII, pp. 152, 278; I, pp. 121; VIII, p. 267.)

The governor of the province fills the place of a provincial minister of education. He is aided by superintendents, inspectors, school committees, and local committees. (VII, p. 278.)

Maintenance. The schools in the Federal District are maintained by the Government, those in the provinces by the municipalities and provincial legislatures. Private schools are also under the supervision of the authorities, and can only be opened by their consent. For a more complete exposé of the system, see under the different heads below. (VII, p. 278; XIV, pp. 391, 392.)

II-STATISTICS.

With a population of 14,002,335 (in 1888) and a school population of 1,902,455 (in 1881) Brazil has only about 2 per cent. of its population

1By decree of April 19, 1879, each district of the "Municipio Neutro" (Rio and its environs) was to have a kindergarten.