ART. 9. The oral examination consists of interrogations, readings, corrections of scholars' work, exposition of a topic orally after a short time for preparation, etc. The school for men of the same kind, at St. Cloud, was established by the high council of public instruction, by the following order:

ART. 1. The studies of the higher normal school of elementary instruction at St. Cloud comprise the matters taught in the elementary normal schools.

ART. 2. The school receives boarders and day scholars, but the number of boarders is fixed at 40.

ART. 3. The students are divided in two sections-the section of sciences and that of letters. The courses of psychology, and of morals, civics and political economy, and contemporaneous history, school legislation and administration are common to the pupils of the section of letters and to those of the section of science. There shall be established a special course of composition and of French literature for the students of the section of science.

ART. 4. The director and the professors constitute the school council, which is convened and presided over by the director. The director pronounces upon the ability of the first-year students to pass into the second-year course, makes up the list of books that the students use, and in general directs the course the instruction shall pursue.

ART. 5. The examination for admission occurs annually, between the dates of September 15 and October 15.

ART. 6. In order to participate the candidates-

Must be at least 20 years of age and not more than 25 at the date of October 1 of the year they present themselves for examination.

Must have entered into the 10-year engagement to teach.

Must have obtained a brevet supérieur, a diplôme de bachelier ès lettres ou ès sciences, or a diplôme de bachelier de l'enseignement secondaire spécial. In addition they must have a certificate of a physician as to their ability to teach.

ART. 7. The conditions as to age are modified by the minister of public instruction on the proposition of the rector of an academy.

ART. 8. Applications [for admission] are received (in the departments, at the office of the inspector; at Paris, at the office of the minister of public instruction) 15 days at latest before the opening of the examination. With his request the candidate forwards the time and place of his birth, his diploma, and an account of the services he has performed as a teacher. The minister makes up the list of those who are to be admitted to the examination.

ART. 9. No candidate is permitted to enter an examination more than three times. ART. 10. The examination for admission consists of written and oral tests. The written examination is held at the principal place of the department, under the supervision of the inspector, or, in his absence, of a delegate approved by the rector. The examination consists of three compositions, as follows:

1. For the candidates of the section of letters.

(1) A French composition (having for its subject matter a tale, a letter, a literary analysis, the discussion of a maxim, the development of a rule of grammar, etc.). (2) A composition upon a subject selected from the history of France, which may be accompanied by geographical questions.

(3) A composition upon a pedagogical subject.

2. For the candidates of the section of sciences:

(1) A composition upon a mathematical subject.

(2) A composition upon the subjects of physics, of chemistry, and of natural sci

ence.

(3) A composition upon a pedagogical subject.

The pedagogical composition may be common to both classes of candidates. The duration of each of the above compositions is three hours.

The subjects are selected by the minister upon the motion of the commission, and are sent under seal to the inspectors, who open them in presence of the candidates. Immediately after the examination the inspectors send them to the minister, and render an account of the proceedings.

ART. 11. The compositions are corrected at Paris by a commission which is appointed each year by the minister. Those candidates who are deemed worthy of admission are called to Paris to submit to an oral examination.

ART. 12. The oral examination consists of interrogations, readings, correction of pupil's work, and exposition of a fact after a short time for preparation.

The course of study at school at Fontenay-aux-Roses is given in Buisson's Dictionary of Pedagogy, as follows:

Psychology and morals applied to pedagogy, history and criticism of pedagogical doctrines and methods, graumar, history of language, French composition and critical reading of classic works ancient literature, French literature of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, French literature of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, ancient history, history of France, and general history (up to the eighteenth century), history of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, arithmetic and elemen

tary geometry, physics and chemistry, natural history, geography, elements of cartography and exercises, organization of classes and elocutionary studies, inspection of schools, ideas of political economy, school legislation, hygiene, elements of accounts, English language and literature, German language and literature, drawing, singing, gymnastics, lessons on cutting and fitting.

PRUSSIA.

Third class (two hours weekly).-The students receive the essential ideas connected with the history of education and teaching in the shape of biographical and histor ical narration (récits), in which the more important epochs, the lives of the more important men, and the most interesting and far-reaching reforms accomplished in popular education are told. As a complement to these narratives, the attention of the pupil is directed to the principal works in the literature of pedagogy, especially those of the time of the Reformation. These readings are selected in such a way as to give an occasion for the development of some pedagogical principle.

Second class (two hours weekly).-General science of education and teaching. Teaching, its form; educating by teaching. Notions of logic and psychology.

First class (two hours weekly).- Special science of teaching (methodology). Functions of the teacher, school management. "Ulterior" development and complementary culture of the teacher. The regulations relative to elementary instruction in vigor in the district where the pupils are to teach are especially taught to them. In addition to the two hours devoted by the class to this subject an hour each week is given to a conference held by the director of the practice school [sometimes known as a model school] with the pupils, in which he communicates to them the impres sions that he or other instructors have received while observing their work in the practice school.

Place of pedagogy in the official Prussian programme.

a Instruction in geometry is given during the hour devoted to arithmetic.

SCHOOLS PREPARATORY TO PRUSSIAN NORMAL SCHOOLS.

These schools are, in general, private establishments. There is no uniform official plan of studies elaborated by the state department of public instruction, but the branches of studies are determined by the official programme for admission to the normal schools of the 15th of October, 1872. These branches are religion, German, arithmetic, elementary geometry, geography, history, physical and natural science (Naturkunde), penmanship, drawing, music, gymnastics.

The study of a foreign language is optional. The study of pedagogy is left for the normal school proper. The length of the course of study in private establishments is not necessarily uniform; in the state schools it is fixed at two years.

BAVARIA.

FOR MEN.

First course.-General principles of physiology and psychology, as a preparation for pedagogical studies; science of education and of teaching; participation in the exercises of the practice school.

Second course. History of pedagogy and of methodology; pedagogical principles, biographical sketches, school discipline, followed by the method in the different branches of teaching. Continuation of the practical exercises in the practice school. Brief review of the laws and orders in force concerning elementary instruction. If the circumstances permit, some ideas are given to the pupils as to the method of teaching the deaf and the blind.

The lessons of special methodology and the practical exercises are distributed among the different professors, each having the branches which he is employed to teach. On this account there is an understanding between the professors of the normal school and the teachers in charge of the practice school so that the work of the normal school pupils disturb as little as possible the course of study of the practice school and thus enable them to be truly model schools.

FOR WOMEN.

First course.-General principles of psychology and of logic as a preparation for pedagogical studies, science of education and of teaching, participation in the exercises of the practice school.

Second course.-School discipline and special methods, short history of pedagogy and methodology, rapid review (coup d'œil) of the school laws of Bavaria, ideas of school hygiene, participation in the exercises of the practice schools.

SAXONY.

MEN.

The three lower classes of the normal school do not receive instruction in pedagogy.

Third class (four hours).-Psychology and logic, as introduction to pedagogy. Exercises in catechetic and method.

Second class (five hours).-Continuation of the studies commenced in the third class. Science of teaching.

First class (five hours).-Catechetic, science of education, history of pedagogy. Practical exercises.-The third class should be admitted from time to time to witness the model lessons given, either in the practice school or in the sixth class of the normal school.

Second and first classes (four hours weekly for each student).-Listening to model lessons. Practice teaching under the supervision of the professor. Critical examination of the teaching done by the pupil. Normal pupils of the first class may be admitted to the conferences concerning the work of the practice school.

WOMEN.

The two lower classes of the normal school for women do not receive instruction in pedagogy. The three upper classes receive theoretical instruction similar to that on the programme for men. As to the practical exercises the programmes differ but slightly.

Place of pedagogy in the official programme of Saxony.

Place of Pedagogy in the official programme of Saxony-Continued.

FOR WOMEN.

[Hours per week.]

Geography
History...

Natural science.

Arithmetic and geometry.
Pedagogy.

School practice.

Singing...

Harmony

Piano

'OBJECT: (a) From a theoretical standpoint:

First. The students should learn to teach each of the different branches of the school curriculum, and understand the school organization in general.

Second. The knowledge of psycological facts and the scientific laws of education should permit them to work in such a way as will enable them to cultivate and develop their future pupils.

Third. The history of pedagogy (and that of school institutions) should familiarize the pupil with the development of this science and present to him noble examples to emulate in his future career.

(b) From a practical point of view:

The students should be enabled to apply the knowledge that the theoretical instruction has given them.

PLAN OF STUDIES.

Third class: Oral and written exercises of chatechetical teaching, upon easy subjects, accompanying the usual lessons in each branch of the plan of studies.

Second class (five hours): (1) Catechetical exercises upon more difficult subjects; more personal redaction of written lessons (rédaction plus personelle des leçons écrites); beginning of practice in listening to model lessons, and practice lessons given to a few pupils. (2) Methodology: This instruction should familiarize the students with the general principles and the special method of the different branches of the programme of the primary school and make them acquainted with the most usual and best use of the means of instruction. (3) Psychology; its relations with physiology (as an introduction to pedagogy): First class, four hours: (1) Science of education, physical and intellectual, of man; (2) history of pedagogy and of the primary school, especially since the Reformation.

Practical exercises: The students are exercised in their profession by teaching in the practice school. In order that the practice school children may not suffer from the inexperience and errors of the normal school pupils, the normal school pupil is required to prepare himself for the teaching that he is to be called upon to give. To this end there are "lessons of preparation," in which the details of the proposed lesson in the practice school is written ont and corrected by the professor. The normal pupils who do not participate in teaching must be present regularly when lessons are given to the practice school children by the ordinary instructors of the school or by normal school pupils. They must, in addition each week in turn, make an attempt to teach (leçon d'essai) upon a subject selected from one of the different subjects of the programme. The preparation of these essays at teaching should be done in the same manner as the lessons given in the school of application,