often a victim of the present system to whom literature has come to mean language— main part of total literary effect deeper down than superficial distinctions of languages-compare old opposition to translation of the Bible. 8. On the other hand: No thorough study of literature possible except by aid of translations-thoroughness implies (a) covering rapidly wide fields [otherwise degenerates into "annotation"]-and (b) comparison of many literatures [compare studies of history. etymology] the world's "classics" are not national, but universal. (B) 1. A second essential change: to recognize the Bible as literature-quite independently of its higher purposes. [Contrast the use of the Koran.] 2. For purposes of literary training the Bible has peculiar fitness: the familiarity of the matter applies the study at an immense advantage-it presents a continuous and complete literature within a practicable compass-it is the greatest of our literary ances tors. 3. Difficulty: Fear of raising points of religious difference.--Answer: Literary study need in no way touch authorship, authority, historic value, or (theological) interpretation, but only analyze the literary form in which the truth is conveyed, bringing out its elements of beauty and stopping at the literary interpretation which is the common starting point of different theological interpretations. CONCLUSION. The advance towards such a university of the future is to be made, not by reforming existing systems, attack being usually a bad policy-but by obtaining a free field for tentative educational progress in the case of the new classes that are being attracted to higher education. CHAPTER XXI (B). FELLOWSHIPS IN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. The great prominence given to fellowships and scholarships by some of our universities most recently founded, and the results obtained from the use of them, have prompted a brief investigation and discussion of this very important subject. The usual method adopted by benevolent and philanthropic persons for assisting students to obtain an education is the endowment of fellowships and scholarships. Fellowships are bestowed only upon persons who have already received their first degree or who give evidence of being well prepared to pursue higher studies. They are particularly designed for such persons as give special promise of future success in certain lines of study. The income of fellowships ranges from $200 to $750 per annum. Scholarships are conferred upon both graduates and undergraduates, and are generally a reward for work already done. They have a wide range of values, from a few dollars to at least $500. Fellowships are confined to university courses, while scholarships pertain both to university and college courses. Johns Hopkins University, from its very opening, made provision for twenty fellowships, whose purpose is thus set forth in the annual register of that institution: Twenty fellowships, each yielding $500, but not exempting the holder from the charges for tuition, are annually awarded in this university. "The system of fellowships was instituted for the purpose of affording to young men of talent from any place an opportunity of continuing their studies in the Johns Hopkins University, while looking forward to positions as professors, teachers, and investigators, or to other literary and scientific vocations. The fellowships are given to young men who wish to follow systematically through the year the instruction of the teachers here engaged, and those who are appointed are expected to proceed to the degree of doctor of philosophy. The appointments are not made as rewards for good work already done, but as aids and incentives to good work in the future; in other words, the fellowships are not so much honors and prizes bestowed for past achievements, as helps to further progress and stepping stones to honorable intellectual careers. They are not offered to those who are definitely looking forward to the practice of any one of the three learned professions (though such persons are not formally excluded from the competition), but are bestowed almost exclusively on young men desirous of becoming teachers of science and literature, or proposing to devote their lives to special branches of learning which lie outside of the ordinary studies of the lawyer, the physician, and the minister. Appointments are rarely, if ever, made of graduates of more than five years' standing." The following are the principal regulations concerning candidates and holders of these fellowships: 1. The application must be made prior to May 1 in writing, addressed to the president of the university, and he will refer the papers to the academic council, by whom the nominations will be made to the board of trustees at their meeting in June. 2. The candidate must give evidence of a liberal education, such as the diploma of a college of good repute; of decided proclivity towards a special line of study, such as an example of some scientific or literary work already performed; and of upright character, such as a testimonial from some instructor. 3. The value of each fellowship is $500. The holder is not exempt from the charges for tuition. In case of resignation, promotion, or removal from the fellowship, payments will be made for the time during which the office shall have been actually held. 4. Every holder of a fellowship will be expected to perform such duties as may be allotted to him in connection with his course of study, to act when called upon as an examiner or as moderator in the examination room, to give all his influence for the promotion of scholarship and good order, and in general to coöperate in upholding the efficiency of the university, as circumstances may suggest. He must reside in Baltimore during the academic year. 5. He will be expected to devote his time to the prosecution of special studies (not professional) under the direction of the head of the department to which he belongs, and before the close of the year to give evidence of progress by the preparation of a thesis, the completion of a research, the delivery of a lecture, or by some other method. 6. He may give instruction, with the approval of the president, by lectures or otherwise, to persons connected with the university, but he may not engage in teaching elsewhere. 7. He may be reappointed at the end of the year, but only for exceptional reasons. 8. Usually not more than two fellows will be appointed in any department of study. 9. As these fellowships are awarded as honors, those who are disposed, for the benefit of others or for any other reason, to waive the pecuniary emolument, may do so, and still have their names retained on the honor list. The annual register for 1889-90 has been carefully examined with a view to ascertaining the results accomplished by these important provisions. From this investigation it appears that the total number of men appointed to fellowships by Johns Hopkins University from 1876 to 1888 is 190, 3 of whom did not enter on the fellowships, leaving 187 who really became fellows of the university. Of this number, 148, or 79.1 per cent., have, at some time since their incumbency, been engaged in teaching, mainly in colleges and universities; 16, or 8.6 per cent., are engaged in scientific pursuits, while 11, or 5.9 per cent., are still pursuing their studies. The total number of men now living who have held fellowships is 179, of which number 124, or 69,3 per cent., are at the present time engaged in teaching. Of those formerly teaching 6 are now dead, 2 have resumed their studies, and 2 are engaged in scientific pursuits. In addition to the twenty fellowships above mentioned, the Adam T. Bruce fellowship, founded as a memorial of Adam T. Bruce, PH.D., late fellow and instructor in the university, will be awarded annually. It is to be bestowed by the appointing board upon the candidate whom they consider most likely to promote biological science, and especially morphology, by original research. The stipend will be the income of $10,000. Also, the academic council may, at their discretion, by special vote, enroll as fellows by courtesy (a) Gentlemen who are or who have been teachers in colleges and other like institutions, and who wish, for brief periods, to avail themselves of the opportunities here afforded for study and for the use of books and laboratories. (b) Holders of fellowships in other colleges, during their residence here. (e) Those who have been fellows of this university and desire to continue in residence. Fellows by courtesy are not exempt from the payment of fees, except by a special vote. That fellowships are meeting with popular approval and their value admitted and appreciated can be seen by the continued endowment of such foundations. When Clark University, Worcester, Mass., was founded, Mr. Jonas G. Clark, the founder, in addition to all his previous gifts, paid into the treasury full tuition of $200 each for 30 students. For 8 of these students thus freed from tuition he also established 8 fellowships, yielding each holder $400 per annum, and 8 more fellowships, yielding each holder $200 per annum. Mrs. Clark established 2 fellowships yielding $400 each, and 2 fellowships yielding $200 each per annum. Harvard University, according to its latest report, owns 24 fellowships, 11 of which may be called traveling fellowships, since the conditions by which they were given to Harvard enable the holders thereof to pursue their studies either at Harvard or elsewhere. The income of the fellowships of the institution are as follows: Two have an annual income of $750 each; 4 of $700; 1 of $550; 12 of $500; and 3 of $450. Of the other 2 no mention is made in the latest annual catalogue. Two of these fellowships are for use in the theological department; 2 are not specified, while the remaining 20 are for use in the graduate department. At least 9 of the fellowships are open to graduates of colleges other than Harvard. The following interesting record is taken from the annual report of President Eliot of Harvard University for the year 1888-89: **The record of the 37 persons who have held Harvard fellowships in Europe from 1873 to 1889 and have returned to the United States is an interesting one, although the number of individuals is not large enough to establish any general conclusion. Three of the 37 have died, one shortly after his return from Europe, another as professor in this university, and the third as professor in another university. The remaining 34 are Dow distributed as follows. In the service of academies and schools.. In the U. S. Geological Survey. Naturalista..... Chemist (manufacturing) Orientalist. Critic and uthor.. In no settled occupation as yet...... Total....... 34 "Of the 25 surviving persons who are not now in the service of this university, 12 have been in its employ for longer or shorter periods since their return from Europe. Out of the 37. 27 have become professional teachers of high grade; but of these teachers, 17 ultimately took service in other institutions. It is a fair question for discussion whether fellowships available in Europe or fellowships available only at the university are most useful. For the purpose of building up a graduate department in a given institution, fellowships available only at that institution are best, but for serving the common cause of education in the country at large there is much to be said for fellowships available in Europe. This university is glad to possess both kinds. "As the traveling fellowships have heretofore been administered, few persons except Harvard bachelors of arts have enjoyed them, and most of the incumbents have held them for three years by repeated annual appointment. It would, perhaps, be an improvement to use the traveling fellowships chiefly as prizes for graduate students who have already passed one or two years at the university and to reduce the time during which they are commonly held to two years, or even to one year. Under such a system these fellowships would oftener be held by graduates of other colleges than Harvard, and a much larger number of persons would enjoy for a time the great stimulus of study in Europe. Moreover, the incumbents would on the average be better prepared than they are now to profit by a residence abroad." The desirability of extending the privileges of fellowships in the leading universities, to other than their own graduates is very generally recognized. With reference to this subject, Daniel Kilham Dodge, fellow at Columbia College, in a paper on "The Functions of University Fellowships," read before the regents of the University of the State of New York, July 11, 1888, says: "The eligibility of candidates for fellowships is another very important point. At present, unless I greatly mistake, Johns Hopkins is the only American university that bestows fellowships upon students other than graduates in its own course, and to this far-sighted policy is largely due the success of this school. Most of our colleges are unprovided with thorough courses of post-graduate study, and their graduates, if they desire to pursue such courses, must attend other seats of learning. Now, it is manifestly unfair, besides being highly inadvisable, to refuse these applicants any of the advantages enjoyed by the other students. Besides, it savors too much of a protective tariff. Whether or not we believe in free competition between traders, we must all of us believe in free competition between brain workers, and anything that is opposed to this principle is unwise and unjust. We should do well to copy the University of Copenhagen, at which students of any nationality may pursue their studies without the payment of a single fee." Johns Hopkins is not the only university in which fellowships are managed upon this liberal principle. A number of the fellowships in each of the following institutions, as our investigation discloses, are open to the candidacy of all graduates: Harvard, Princeton, Cornell, Bryn Mawr, and Clark University, which is purely a post-graduate school. In his annual report on the graduate department for the year 1888-89 the secretary of the academic council of Harvard University says: "There is no more effective method of increasing the number of resident graduate students than by founding fellowships open alike to graduates of Harvard and of other colleges." Yale University owns six fellowships, all of which are limited to graduates of the university. Two of them are for the use of the theological department, and allow the holders to pursue their studies either at Yale or in Europe or l'alestine. The income of these fellowships is $700 and $500. The remaining four fellowships are for the use of the graduate department, and the income from each is $600 per annum. At least one of these four entitles the holder to pursue his studies abroad. The fellowships in the possession of Princeton are divided into two classes, viz: University fellowships and college fellowships. The difference between these two classes is that the university fellowships are open to the graduates of any American college, and the appointments are made not by a competitive examination, but by a comparison of the records presented by the applicants as to their previous collegiate standing, capacity, and character; whereas the college fellowships are open to graduates of Princeton only. The university fellowships are now four in number, the income of one being $500 per annum and the income of the other three being $400 each per annum. Four of the college fellowships have an income of $600 each per annum, one of $400, one of $200, while the seventh, the biological fellowship, conveys the use of a table in the National Seaside Laboratory at Woods Holl, Mass., together with all the facilities afforded for the collection and study of animal life during the season favorable for such investigations. In the winter months following this laboratory work the fellow pursues his studies at Princeton. The annual catalogue of Princeton for the year 1889-90 contains the following regulations concerning fellows: "Every fellow obtaining any one of the $600 fellowships must devote his whole time for one year to study in the department for which the fellowship is provided under the direction of the professors in that department. He must reside in Princeton, and pass two rigid examinations on his work, unless by a vote of the faculty he be allowed to study at an approved foreign university, in which case he shall from time to time farnish written reports of his work to the professors in his department." All of the fellowships heretofore mentioned are open to men only. The eight fellowships owned by Cornell University are open to both men and women who have taken a baccalaureate degree at any college or university. The income is $400 each per annum. Holders of these fellowships must reside at the university. The trustees of Boston University established in 1889 two fellowships "for the assistance of promising young men of positive Christian character in fitting themselves for the most advanced teaching in colleges and theological schools." One of these fellowships is for the use of the School of Theology, the other for the College of Liberal Arts; the holders may remain in residence or pursue their studies abroad. The general statutes of the university upon fellowships are as follows: "All recipients of the above [higher] degrees from this university shall be eligible to the university fellowships, and each fellow shall be aided in the further prosecution of studies, especially in foreign universities, hospitals, and other institutions, to the amount of not less than $500 per annum for such periods as the statutes may allow. "In filling the professorships of the university fellows will be considered as preferred candidates." Haverford College, Pennsylvania, has received a sum of money for the purpose of establishing four fellowships of the annual value of $300 each, the whole charge for board and tuition. By the conditions of the donors one of these will be given to a graduate of each of the following colleges, viz, Haverford, Penn, Earlham, and Wilmington. The holders must reside at Haverford. In April, 1889, the University of Michigan received $10,000 from Mrs. Catherine E. Jones, for the purpose of founding a fellowship. The annual stipend of this fellowship may not exceed $500. Candidates must have resided at the university as students in the academic department at least three entire semesters prior to the appointment. The holder of the fellowship must make the Greek and Latin languages and literatures the special subjects of study. The period of incumbency is limited to two years, the first of which must be spent in residence at the university, while the second may, if the examining board should see fit, be spent at Athens, Rome, or some other place deemed by the board equally favorable to classical study. The fellowship is open to both men and women. Amherst College, Massachusetts, offers a fellowship to the Senior class for excellence in history and the social and economic sciences. Two hundred and fifty dollars is to be awarded in 1891, and annually thereafter. Washington and Lee University, Virginia, has recently received a sum of money yielding an income of $500 for the purpose of founding a fellowship. The following regulations concerning fellowships appear in the catalogue of this university for the year 1889-90: "The design is to secure a more thorough and extended scholarship than can be attained in the time usually allotted to academic instruction. "The fellowships will be restricted to graduates of this university. "They will be conferred for two consecutive years, and are not to be relinquished in any case until the end of that term, except for sufficient reasons to be approved by the faculty. "The recipient of a fellowship shall reside in or near the university and pursue a special line of study looking to the degree of PH. D., under the supervision of the professor in the department he may select. "If required by the faculty, he shall give instruction in the university for not more than two hours a day. "He shall have access to the library, class-room instruction, and other privileges of the university, and shall receive a salary of $500, or whatever smaller sum may be yielded by the endowment of the fellowship to which he is appointed." The board of trustees of the University of South Carolina recently established a fel |