eagle may be seen wheeling over it. I in the time of Pisistratus the city was On the Acropolis are many varieties much increased, and extended at least of wild plants, and the surface, though as far as the Olympieum eastwards, dry and red in the summer, is bril- and the Prytaneum to the N.E. Subliantly green in the winter and early sequently, when the walls were renewed spring. Before leaving, let us linger by Themistocles after the destruction one moment on the platform of the of Athens in 480 B.C., they were doubtPropylæa, and as we admire the pro- less extended so as to include the whole spect westwards, think how all that city. And it is this circuit that we we see was hallowed in the sight of seek to determine. Towards the N. the ancient inhabitants. The eye could and E. the general direction of the rest on no object not associated with walls is agreed upon by the best aunational greatness. Alkiphron, when thorities, and a segment of a circle invited by Ptolemy to his Court, re- drawn from the Acropolis with a radius fused to quit a scene he loved so well of about two-thirds of a mile, would (Wordsworth, p. 257):-"For where coincide pretty nearly with the line of in Egypt shall I see such objects as I the walls from due E. as far as W.N.W. see here, where else shall I behold But with respect to the remainder of the Eleusinian Mysteries, the Straits the circuit there is much difference of [where the battle was fought that opinion. Leake confines the Asty to delivered Greece], the neighbouring the line of ancient walls, of which Salamis, the island of Psyttaleia, in a traces may still be seen running over word, the whole of Greece concentrated the highest part of the Pnyx and the in Athens?"* ridge of the Museum; and descending from the latter summit in an easternly direction towards the fountain of Callirrhöe, or Enneacrunus, a fountain which rises in the generally dry bed of the Ilissus, S.E. of the temple of Jupiter Olympius. From thence the wall proceeds in a N.E. direction, at a little distance from the Ilissus and keeping its right bank. On the other hand Forchhammer (and his opinion is shared by Dr. Smith) pronounces the whole of this wall a subsequent work, probably of Valerian, and carries the line of the city walls S. of the Ilissus, so as to include the district of Agræ, containing the Stadium and other buildings. He also carries the walls of the Asty so far to the W. as to entirely enclose the Museum Hill, the Pnyx, and Nymphæum. The strength of the argument in favour of this view seems to be, that otherwise it is impossible to make out the length of the entire circuit of the walls which required to be defended, and which we are told by Thucydides was 43 stadia (in addition to which there were 17 stadia in the space which occurred between the junction of the Long Walls and those of the Asty). Thucydides indeed does not mention the length of this latter portion, but it has been

V. Topography of the Asty (&orv).In forming a correct notion of the Topography of the Asty or Lower town, as distinguished from the Acropolis, we should do well to refer to the map. And in addition to the indications given in the first paragraph of this chapter, it may be useful on the spot to bear in mind that the Parthenon is placed very nearly E. and W. (actually about E. by S. and W. by N., the difference from true E. and W. being 9°), and that the highest point of Mount Parnes is due N., and the summit of Hymettus a little to the S. of E. of the Parthenon.

We have seen in the sketch of Athenian history, that the first point which was occupied was the Acropolis, or Tóλis. That the next process was to extend the city to the valley bounded by the Areopagus northwards, and by the Pnyx and Museum to the S. That

Before quitting the subject of the Acropolis, we may remark that much new light will probably ere long be thrown upon it, in consequence of the recent discovery by Mr. Rousopoulos of an inscription on a rock above the Church of St. Simon on the north side, which proves that a walk or path formerly existed round the Acropolis, which path may yet be explored,

some

likely that the fountain Callirrhöe, from which the inhabitants obtained their chief supply of water, should have been outside the walls."

To this might be answered, that in Greek fortresses the fountain often was outside the citadel; and that the Stadium was not fitted up with splendour until the time of Herodes Atticus, when the supposed universality of the Roman dominion saved Athens from the fear of invasion. But we must refer the reader who wishes to extend this inquiry to the works we have

There were at least 14 gates in ancient Athens. The positions of several of these can be approximately determined.

supplied by a scholiast. Furthermore there is evidence on the western slopes of the Pnyx and the Museum, that although there certainly have been sepulchres which would show that once the city did not reach so far, there are also traces of foundations of houses cut in the rock; holes for the insertion of rafters, cisterns, and other signs of occupation. Pausanias, too, describes the Museum as within the city. As regards the latter portion of the circuit, the dispute seems set at rest by the discovery of the true Phalerum by Ulrichs (in a pamphlet pub-quoted. lished in modern Greek, οἱ λιμένες καὶ Tа μаkρà Teixη Tv 'A0nvwv, Athens, 1843), which he showed to be at the promontory called Tpeis Пúpyou, or the Three Towers. It had hitherto been supposed to be the small basin Porto Phanari (vide infra the account of the Port Towns). Thus the Phaleric long wall would have had a S.W. direction, as indicated in the map, from Phalerum towards the Acropolis, and would have embraced the whole of the Museum in the longomural enclosure. The northern of the two Piräic long walls also probably took a bend as it approached the city, for the purpose of inclosing the Nymphæum; and thus the entire quarter we are considering would have been defended by these fortifications, even supposing it excluded from the walls of the Asty properly so considered.

The other question respects the southern limit of the city. Leake again follows the existing line of ancient walls and entirely excludes the Ilissus and the district Agræ on the left bank, and adduces (p. 277) a passage from Plato which seems strongly to confirm his view.

On the other hand, it is argued (Smith's Dictionary,' p. 261), that the hills to the S. of the Ilissus offer the best line of defence, and that it may be inferred from the splendour with which the Stadium was fitted up, that that monument was within the walls, and also from the fact that in all other Greek cities, as far as we know, the stadia were situated within the walls; and further, that it is un

a

The Diochares gate, near the Ilissus, above the Stadium, leading to the Lyceum, the well-known gymnasium near the banks of that river. The Diomeia, close to the King's palace, leading to another gymnasium, the Cynosarges. The Erian and Acharnian gates, northwards of the Acropolis. To its N.W. was the Dipylum, the most remarkable of the Athenian gates, supposed, from its name, to have resembled the great gate, or gate of Megalopolis, at Messene, with double entry and intermediate court. The street which passed through this gate led through the inner Keramicus to the Agora. Outside the walls it branched into two roads. Both traversed the outer Keramicus, one leading to Eleusis, the other to the Academy. A little S. of Dipylum, nearly in the axis of the temple of Theseus, and about a third of a mile to the W. of it, we may place the Sacred Gate, so called from its being the termination of the sacred way from Eleusis. It was a little to the S. of this, and near another gate called the Heptachalchon, which must have been on the western slope of the Nymphæum, the hill on which the modern Observatory is built, that Sylla broke through the walls of the Asty in his murderous assault upon Athens, having formed his military engines of timber supplied by the plane-trees of the Academy, and

on each of the eight faces of the octa- that side corresponds, blowing a gon the name of that wind is engraved twisted cone, equipped in a thick and to which the face is opposed, and a sleeved mantle, with folds blustering winged figure sculptured in relief in the air, and high-laced buskins: bearing the characteristics of the as the spectator moves E., the wind weather with which it is usually at- on the next side of the octagon pretended. These figures (though clumsy) sents him with a plateau containing are carved with a good deal of spirit. olives, being the productions to which There is also a sun-dial on each of the its influence is favourable: the E. faces, the horary lines of which were wind exhibits to his view a profusion examined by Delambre (Mag. Encyc., of flowers and fruits: the next wind, an. 1814 and 1815, i.), and the Horo- Eurus, with stern and scowling aspect, logium is spoken of by him as "the his right arm muffled in his mantle, most curious existing monument of threatens him with a hurricane: the the practical gnomonics of antiquity." S. wind, Notus, is ready to deluge In the interior was a waterclock, of the ground from a swelling urceus, which some traces remain. The cis- which he holds in his bared arms, tern seems to have been placed in the with a torrent of shower. The next attached turret mentioned above. | wind, driving before him the form of Ctesibius of Alexandria, about B.C. 135, invented an improved waterclock, in which the motion was produced by the dropping of water on wheels; and perhaps this structure may have been built to contain one of these clocks. In Stuart's first volume is a very careful examination of this interesting building. He shows that the water which worked the waterclock was derived from the fountain near the cave of Apollo and Pan, and a small portion of the aqueduct still remains on the S. side.

"Each of the eight sides faces the direction of one of the eight winds into which the Athenian compass was divided; and both the name and the ideal form of that wind is sculptured on the side which faces its direction. It thus served to the winds themselves as a marble mirror. The names of the winds being ascertained from these inscriptions, and the winds themselves being there represented, with their appropriate tributes, we are thus presented with an interesting picture of the influence of each wind on the climate of Attica. All the eight figures of the winds are represented as winged, and floating through the air in a position nearly horizontal. Only two, the two mildest, Libs and Notus, have the feet bare; none have any covering to the head. Beginning at the N. side, the observer sees the figure of Boreas, the wind to which

a ship, promises him a rapid voyage. Zephyrus floating softly along, showers into the air a lapful of flowers; while his inclement neighbour bears a bronze vessel of charcoal in his hands, in order to dispel the cold, which he himself has caused."-Wordsworth, p. 151.

2. Athena Archegetis, or Gate of the New Agora.-The tetrastyle Doric portico a little to the W. of the Horologium, and about 250 yards from the northern extremity of the Acropolis rock, has, chiefly from strong internal evidence, usually been called the gate of the New Agora. Forchhammer has strongly opposed this view, and maintains that the monument is a temple of Minerva Archegetis, to which name, as appears from an inscription on the architrave, it was dedicated. We must refer the reader to Smith's Dictionary, where the arguments are given on both sides, and to Leake (p. 211 sq.), who argues in favour of its being called the gate of the New Agora; but, as it is an important point, a few remarks may be permitted here. The whole internal, architectural, evidence is in favour of the monument being a propylæum to an agora. The wall which is pierced with the doorway was prolonged on each side of the portico, and it was not the pronaos to a temple. The central opening being ditriglyph (as in the Propylæa of the Acropolis) suggests that the use of the building

3. Stoa of Hadrian.. - About 70

was civil, and not religious. The subjects of the inscriptions on the archi-yards to the N. of the Doric Protrave and upper acroterium, and one pylæum just described commences a found inside the propylæum itself, on colonnade of Corinthian columns of the whole, favour the idea of its being single pieces of grey marble, not fluted, an entrance to an agora, but are at 3 feet in diameter and 29 feet high, variance with the idea of its having which extend in a northerly direction, been a temple; and an inscription on and which formed the western façade a vertical stone which seems to belong of the large quadrangular inclosure to the main doorway, detailing an within which is situated the modern edict of Hadrian respecting the sale bazaar. This decorated façade ranges of oils, &c., would be conclusive if it with the gate of the Agora, using the were quite certain that the stone is in name commonly given to it, and thus situ. And it is at least probable that points out the line of one of the prinit was not brought from a distance. cipal streets in Athens. A propylæum On the other side, it is shown that the of four Corinthian columns, of the Agora, properly so called, was from same size as the others, but fluted, the first, and continued to be, in the stood 22 feet in front of the gate of valley between the Areopagus and the inclosure. The latter was 376 the Pnyx; and that no distinct men- feet from E. to W., and 252 from N. tion has been made by any ancient to S. in the inside, and traces have writer of more than one agora at been found of an internal colonnade Athens. Still may we not admit that 23 feet from the wall. In the centre there might have been a subsidiary of the northern wall was a large quadagora used for mercantile purposes rangular recess, having one of a semionly? And the site where we find circular form on each side. this monument, in the most populous part of the ancient as it is of the modern city, would be admirably fitted for such a purpose. And the neighbourhood of various public buildings, especially of the town-clock (so to call the Horologium of Andronicus), seems to confirm the supposition.

The church of Megali Panaghia is near the eastern part of the area, and contains some curious fragments of a declining period of art. Pausanias, describing the works of Hadrian at Athens, mentions "a temple of Juno and Jupiter Panhellenius, and a sanctuary common to all the Gods. The The building is formed of Pentelic most conspicuous things are a hunmarble, and not ill executed, but not dred and twenty columns of Phrygian with the refinement of the works of stone. The walls of the porticoes are the Pericleian age. It consists of four made of the same material, and in the Doric columns, 4 feet 4 inches in dia- same place are apartments adorned meter at the base and 26 feet high. with gilded roofs and alabaster, and The southern anta corresponding with with statues and paintings: books are the columns remains, but its connexion deposited in these apartments. There with the rest of the work has perished; is likewise a gymnasium called the there is no doubt but that an excava- Gymnasium of Hadrian, where are a tion would easily clear up the diffi- hundred columns from the quarries of culties as to the nature of the building | Libya." Although Pausanias does not to which we have adverted. The point out the situation of these buildcolumns support a pediment sur-ings, the late style of architecture of mounted with a large acroterium in the monument before us, and its vast the centre and smaller acroteria on extent, leave no doubt that this must each side. That in the centre sup-be the gymnasium and stoæ of Haported the statue of Lucius Cæsar, either equestrian or mounted in a chariot. The building was erected by means of donations from Julius Cesar and Augustus.

drian; and it is reasonable to suppose that they were contained within the same inclosure, and that there was in the centre a large court, in which the temples of Juno and Jupiter Panhel