Beyond the cloister, at the extreme verge of the convent area to the south, stands the "factory" (Z), containing workshops for shoe-refectory, but outside the cloisters, are the domestic offices conmakers, saddlers (or shoemakers, sellarii), cutlers and grinders, trencher-makers, tanners, curriers, fullers, smiths and goldsmiths, with their dwellings in the rear. On this side we also find the farmbuildings, the large granary and threshing-floor (a), mills (c), malthouse (d). Facing the west are the stables (e), ox-sheds (f), goatstables (g), piggeries (h), sheep-folds (i), together with the servants' and labourers' quarters (k). At the south-east corner we find the hen and duck house, and poultry-yard (m), and the dwelling of the keeper (n). Hard by is the kitchen garden (0), the beds bearing the names of the vegetables growing in them, onions, garlic, celery, lettuces, poppy, carrots, cabbages, &c., eighteen in all. In the same way the physic garden presents the names of the medicinal herbs, and the cemetery (p) those of the trees, apple, pear, plum, quince, &c., planted there.

Cluny.

church of St Olaf (W), in which the new-comers paid their devo- | these reformed orders was the Cluniac. This order took its tions immediately on their arrival. Near the gate to the south was the guest-hall or hospitium (T). The buildings are completely ruined, but enough remains to enable us to identify the grand cruciform church (A), the cloister-court with the chapterhouse (B), the refectory (I), the kitchen-court with its offices (K, O, O) and the other principal apartments. The infirmary has perished completely.

name from the little village of Cluny, 12 miles N.W. of Mâcon,
near which, about A.D. 909, a reformed Benedictine
abbey was founded by William, duke of Aquitaine
and count of Auvergne, under Berno, abbot of Beaume. He was
succeeded by Odo, who is often regarded as the founder of the
order. The fame of Cluny spread far and wide. Its rigid rule
was adopted by a vast number of the old Benedictine abbeys,
who placed themselves in affiliation to the mother society, while
new foundations sprang up in large numbers, all owing allegiance
to the "archabbot," established at Cluny. By the end of the
12th century the number of monasteries affiliated to Cluny in
the various countries of western Europe amounted to 2000.
The monastic establishment of Cluny was one of the most
extensive and magnificent in France. We may form some idea
of its enormous dimensions from the fact recorded, that when,
A.D. 1245, Pope Innocent IV., accompanied by twelve cardinals,

Vestibule to ditto.

E. Library or scriptorium.

F. Calefactory.

G. Necessary.

H. Parlour.

O. Offices.

P.

Cellars.

Q.

Uncertain.

R. Passage to abbot's house.

S. Passage to common house.

T. Hospitium.

U. Great gate.

V. Porter's lodge.

W. Church of St Olaf.
X. Tower.
Y.

Entrance from Bootham.

as usual, over the east walk; but, as a general rule, the arrangements deduced from the examples described may be regarded as invariable.

The history of monasticism is one of alternate periods of decay and revival. With growth in popular esteem came increase in material wealth, leading to luxury and worldliness. The first religious ardour cooled, the strictness of the rule was relaxed, until by the 10th century the decay of discipline was so complete in France that the monks are said to have been frequently unacquainted with the rule of St Benedict, and even ignorant that they were bound by any rule at all. The reformation of abuses generally took the form of the establishment of new monastic orders, with new and more stringent rules, requiring a modification of the architectural arrangements. One of the earliest of

FIG. 5.-Abbey of Cluny, from Viollet-le-Duc.

A. Gateway.

B. Narthex.

C. Choir.

D. High-altar.

E. Retro-altar.

F. Tomb of St Hugh.
G. Nave.

H. Cloister.

K. Abbot's house.
L. Guest-house.

M. Bakehouse.

N. Abbey buildings.

O. Garden.

P. Refectory.

a patriarch, three archbishops, the two generals of the Carthusians and Cistercians, the king (St Louis), and three of his sons, the queen mother, Baldwin, count of Flanders and emperor of Constantinople, the duke of Burgundy, and six lords, visited the abbey, the whole party, with their attendants, were lodged within the monastery without disarranging the monks, 400 in number. Nearly the whole of the abbey buildings, including the magnificent church, were swept away at the close of the 18th century. When the annexed ground-plan was taken, shortly before its destruction, nearly all the monastery, with the exception of the church, had been rebuilt.

The church, the ground-plan of which bears a remarkable resemblance to that of Lincoln Cathedral, was of vast dimensions. It was 656 ft. by 130 ft. wide. The nave was 102 ft. and the aisles 60 ft. high. The nave (G) had double vaulted aisles on either side. Like Lincoln, it had an eastern as well as a western transept, each furnished with apsidal chapels to the east. The western transept was 213 ft. long, and the eastern 123 ft. The choir terminated in a semicircular apse (F), surrounded by five chapels, also semicircular. The western entrance was approached by an ante-church, or narthex (B), itself an aisled church of no mean dimensions, flanked by two towers, rising from a stately flight of steps bearing a large stone cross. To the south of the church lay the cloister-court (H), of immense size, placed much farther to the west than is usually the

M

case.

On the south side of the cloister stood the refectory (P), an | nished at intervals with watch-towers and other defensive works. immense building, 100 ft. long and 60 ft. wide, accommodating The wall is nearly encircled by a stream of water, artificially six longitudinal and three transverse rows of tables. It was adorned with the portraits of the chief benefactors of the abbey, and with diverted from the small rivulets which flow through the precincts, Scriptural subjects. The end wall displayed the Last Judgment. We furnishing the establishment with an abundant supply in every are unhappily unable to identify any other of the principal buildings part, for the irrigation of the gardens and orchards, the sanitary (N). The abbot's residence (K), still partly standing, adjoined the requirements of the brotherhood and for the use of the offices entrance-gate. The guest-house (L) was close by. The bakehouse (M), also remaining, is a detached building of immense size. and workshops.

English
Cluniac.

The first English house of the Cluniac order was that of Lewes, founded by the earl of Warren, c. A.D. 1077. Of this only a few fragments of the domestic buildings exist. The best preserved Cluniac houses in England are Castle Acre, Norfolk, and Wenlock, Shropshire. Ground-plans of both are given in Britton's Architectural Antiquities. They show several departures from the Benedictine arrangement. In each the prior's house is remarkably perfect. All Cluniac houses in England were French colonies, governed by priors of that nation. They did not secure their independence nor become abbeys" till the reign of Henry VI. The Cluniac revival, with all its brilliancy, was but short-lived. The celebrity of this, as of other orders, worked its moral ruin. With their growth in wealth and dignity the Cluniac foundations became as worldly in life and as relaxed in discipline as their predecessors, and a fresh reform was needed.

Cistercian.

66

The next great monastic revival, the Cistercian, arising in the last years of the 11th century, had a wider diffusion, and a longer and more honourable existence. Owing its real origin, as a distinct foundation of reformed Benedictines, in the year 1098, to Stephen Harding (a native of Dorsetshire, educated in the monastery of Sherborne), and deriving its name from Citeaux (Cistercium), a desolate and almost inaccessible forest solitude, on the borders of Champagne and Burgundy, the rapid growth and wide celebrity of the order are undoubtedly to be attributed to the enthusiastic piety of St Bernard, abbot of the first of the monastic colonies, subsequently sent forth in such quick succession by the first Cistercian houses, the far-famed abbey of Clairvaux (de Clara Valle), A.D. 1116. The rigid self-abnegation, which was the ruling principle of this reformed congregation of the Benedictine order, extended itself to the churches and other buildings erected by them. The characteristic of the Cistercian abbeys was the extremest simplicity and a studied plainness. Only one tower—a central one -was permitted, and that was to be very low. Unnecessary pinnacles and turrets were prohibited. The triforium was omitted. The windows were to be plain and undivided, and it was forbidden to decorate them with stained glass. All needless ornament was proscribed. The crosses must be of wood; the candlesticks of iron. The renunciation of the world was to be evidenced in all that met the eye. The same spirit manifested itself in the choice of the sites of their monasteries. The more dismal, the more savage, the more hopeless a spot appeared, the more did it please their rigid mood. But they came not merely as ascetics, but as improvers. The Cistercian monasteries are, as a rule, found placed in deep well-watered valleys. They always stand on the border of a stream; not rarely, as at Fountains, the buildings extend over it. These valleys, now so rich and productive, wore a very different aspect when the brethren first chose them as the place of their retirement. Wide swamps, deep morasses, tangled thickets, wild impassable forests, were their prevailing features. The "bright valley," Clara Vallis of St Bernard, was known as the "valley of Wormwood," infamous as a den of robbers. "It was a savage dreary solitude, so utterly barren that at first Bernard and his companions were reduced to live on beech leaves.”—(Milman's Lat. Christ. vol. iii. p. 335.)

Clairvaux.

The precincts are divided across the centre by a wall, running from N. to S., into an outer and inner ward, the former containing the menial, the latter the monastic buildings. The precincts are admission to the lower ward. Here the barns, granaries, stables, entered by a gateway (P), at the extreme western extremity, giving shambles, workshops and workmen's lodgings were placed, without any regard to symmetry, convenience being the only consideration. Advancing eastwards, we have before us the wall separating the

outer and inner ward, and the gatehouse (D) affording communication between the two. On passing through the gateway, the outer court of the inner ward was entered, with the western façade of the monastic church in front. Immediately on the right of entrance was the abbot's house (G), in close proximity to the guest-house (F). On the other side of the court were the stables, for the accommodation of the horses of the guests and their attendants (H). The church occupied a central position. To the south was the great cloister (A), surrounded by the chief monastic buildings, and farther to the east the smaller cloister, opening out of which were the infirmary, novices' lodgings and quarters for the aged monks. Still farther to the east, divided from the monastic buildings by a wall, were the vegetable gardens and orchards, and tank for fish. The large fish-ponds, an mation of which the monks lavished extreme care and pains, and indispensable adjunct to any ecclesiastical foundation, on the forwhich often remain as almost the only visible traces of these vast establishments, were placed outside the abbey walls.

All Cistercian monasteries, unless the circumstances of the locality forbade it, were arranged according to one plan. The general arrangement and distribution of the various buildings, which went to make up one of these vast establishments, may be gathered from that of St Bernard's own Plan No. 2 furnishes the ichnography of the distinctly monastic abbey of Clairvaux, which is here given. It will be observed buildings on a larger scale. The usually unvarying arrangement of the Cistercian houses allows us to accept this as a type of the monasthat the abbey precincts are surrounded by a strong wall, fur-teries of this order. The church (A) is the chief feature. It consists

of a vast nave of eleven bays, entered by a narthex, with a transept|tory, as a rule, was placed on the east side of the cloister, running and short apsidal choir. (It may be remarked that the eastern limb over the calefactory and chapter-house, and joined the south transept, in all unaltered Cistercian churches is remarkably short, and usually where a flight of steps admitted the brethren into the church for square.) To the east of each limb of the transept are two square nocturnal services. Opening out of the dormitory was always the chapels, divided according to Cistercian rule by solid walls. Nine necessarium, planned with the greatest regard to health and cleanliradiating chapels, similarly divided, surround the apse. The stalls ness, a water-course invariably running from end to end. The reof the monks, forming the ritual choir, occupy the four eastern bays fectory opens out of the south cloister at G. The position of the of the nave. There was a second range of stalls in the extreme refectory is usually a marked point of difference between Benedictine western bays of the nave for the fratres conversi, or lay brothers. To and Cistercian abbeys. In the former, as at Canterbury, the refecthe south of the church, so as to secure as much sun as possible, tory ran east and west parallel to the nave of the church, on the side the cloister was invariably placed, except when local reasons forbade of the cloister farthest removed from it. In the Cistercian monasit. Round the cloister (B) were ranged the buildings connected with teries, to keep the noise and smell of dinner still farther away from the monks' daily life. The chapter-house (C) always opened out of the sacred building, the refectory was built north and south, at right the east walk of the cloister in a line with the south transept. In angles to the axis of the church. It was often divided, sometimes into two, sometimes, as here, into three aisles. Outside the refectory door, in the cloister, was the lavatory, where the monks washed their hands at dinner-time. The buildings belonging to the material life of the monks lay near the refectory, as far as possible from the church, to the S.W. With a distinct entrance from the outer court was the kitchen court (F), with its buttery, scullery and larder, and the important adjunct of a stream of running water. Farther to the west, projecting beyond the line of the west front of the church, were vast vaulted apartments (SS), serving as cellars and storehouses, above which was the dormitory of the conversi. Detached from these, and separated entirely from the monastic buildings, were various workshops, which convenience required to be banished to the outer precincts, a saw-mill and oil-mill (UU) turned by water, and a currier's shop (V), where the sandals and leathern girdles of the monks were made and repaired.

S

B

K

C

H

S

Returning to the cloister, a vaulted passage admitted to the small
cloister (I), opening from the north side of which were eight small
cells, assigned to the scribes employed in copying works for the
library, which was placed in the upper story, accessible by a turret
staircase. To the south of the small cloister a long hall will be noticed.
This was a lecture-hall, or rather a hall for the religious disputations
customary among the Cistercians. From this cloister opened the
infirmary (K), with its hall, chapel, cells, blood-letting house and
other dependencies. At the eastern verge of the vast group of build-
ings we find the novices' lodgings (L), with a third cloister near the
novices' quarters and the original guest-house (M). Detached from
the great mass of the monastic edifices was the original abbot's house
(N), with its dining-hall (P). Closely adjoining to this, so that the eye
of the father of the whole establishment should be constantly over
those who stood the most in need of his watchful care,-those who
were training for the monastic life, and those who had worn them-
selves out in its duties,-was a fourth cloister (O), with annexed
buildings, devoted to the aged and infirm members of the establish-
ment. The cemetery, the last resting-place of the brethren, lay to
the north side of the nave of the church (H).

It will be seen from the above account that the arrangement
of a Cistercian monastery was in accordance with a clearly
defined system, and admirably adapted to its purpose. The base
court nearest to the outer wall contained the buildings belonging
to the functions of the body as agriculturists and employers of
labour. Advancing into the inner court, the buildings devoted
to hospitality are found close to the entrance; while those
connected with the supply of the material wants of the brethren,
-the kitchen, cellars, &c.,-form a court of themselves outside
the cloister and quite detached from the church. The church
refectory, dormitory and other buildings belonging to the pro-
M. Old guest-house.
N. Old abbot's lodg-
U. Saw-mill and oil- fessional life of the brethren surround the great cloister. The
ings.

A

FIG. 7.-Clairvaux, No. 2 (Cistercian), Monastic Buildings.

A. Church.

L. Lodgings of nov-
ices.

O. Cloister of super-
numerary
monks.

P. Abbot's hall.

Q. Cell of St Bernard.
R. Stables.

S. Cellars and store-
houses.

T. Water-course.

mill.

V. Currier's work-
shop.

X. Sacristy.
Y. Little library.
Z. Undercroft of dor-
mitory.

Cistercian houses this was quadrangular, and was divided by pillars and arches into two or three aisles. Between it and the transept we find the sacristy (X), and a small book-room (Y), armariolum, where the brothers deposited the volumes borrowed from the library. On the other side of the chapter-house, to the south, is a passage (D) communicating with the courts and buildings beyond. This was sometimes known as the parlour, colloquii locus, the monks having the privilege of conversation here. Here also, when discipline became relaxed, traders, who had the liberty of admission, were allowed to display their goods. Beyond this we often find the calefactorium or day-room-an apartment warmed by flues beneath the pavement, where the brethren, half frozen during the night offices, betook themselves after the conclusion of lauds, to gain a little warmth, grease their sandals and get themselves ready for the work of the day. In the plan before us this apartment (E) opens from the south cloister walk, adjoining the refectory. The place usually assigned to it is occupied by the vaulted substructure of the dormitory (Z). The dormi

small cloister beyond, with its scribes' cells, library, hall for
disputations, &c., is the centre of the literary life of the com-
munity. The requirements of sickness and old age are carefully
provided for in the infirmary cloister and that for the aged and
infirm members of the establishment. The same group contains
the quarters of the novices.

This stereotyped arrangement is further shown by the illus-
tration of the mother establishmet of Cîteaux.

A cross (A), planted on the high road, directs travellers to the gate
of the monastery, reached by an avenue of trees. On one side of the
gate-house (B) is a long building (C), probably the almonry,
Cheaux.
with a dormitory above for the lower class of guests. On the
other side is a chapel (D). As soon as the porter heard a stranger knock
at the gate, he rose, saying, Deo gratias,the opportunity for the exercise
of hospitality being regarded as a cause for thankfulness. On opening
the door he welcomed the new arrival with a blessing-Benedicite.
He fell on his knees before him, and then went to inform the abbot.
However important the abbot's occupations might be, he at once
hastened to receive him whom heaven had sent. He also threw
himself at his guest's feet, and conducted him to the chapel (D) pur-
posely built close to the gate. After a short prayer, the abbot com-
mitted the guest to the care of the brother hospitaller, whose duty it
was to provide for his wants and conduct the beast on which he