(347). Institution of the Eucharist (348). Reclining at meals (349). The disciple whom Jesus loved. Dipping the sop (349). The cock-crow (351). Many mansions (356). Garden of Gethsemane (373). Agony of Jesus (373). Variations in the Gospel accounts of the agony in the garden (373). Order of events (375). Annas (375). Probable arrangement of the High Priest's palace (375). Fire of coals (375). Galilæans (375). Variations in the Gospel accounts of the three denials of Peter (375). Order of events (376). Variations between Mark and Luke in relating the false witnessing against Jesus (376). Powers of the Procurator (377). Hall of judgment (377). Quotation from Zechariah (378). Disagreements between Pilate and Herod Antipas (380). The purple or scarlet robe (382). The crown of thorns (382). The judgment-seat (383). Gabbatha (383). Variations in time between Mark and John (383). Simon the Cyrenian (384). The green tree (384). Golgotha or Calvary (384). Vinegar mingled with gall (384). Division of our Lord's raiment into four parts (385.) The two thieves (386). Eli and Eloi (388). Vinegar and hyssop (388). Time of placing the guard (391). Reconciliation of the two angels mentioned by Luke with the one mentioned by Matthew and Mark (394). John's belief in the resurrection (396). The eleven (400). Time of the appearance of our Lord to the women (402). Death of John (404). Martyrdom of St. Peter (404). 1 SUMMARY. § Political State of the Jews at our Lord's Advent. B. C. 44 to Sect. 1-4. The Roman Empire.-In the century before the Christian era, the internal decay and corruption of the Roman commonwealth had led to the overthrow of the Republic and establishment of the Empire. In B. C. 44, Julius Cæsar, having become master of the whole Roman world, aspired to the kingly dignity, and was assassinated by the adherents of the old government, which no earthly power could have possibly restored. In B. C. 30, Octavianus, under the title of Augustus, became head of the commonwealth, and during a long reign of 44 years, viz. from B. c. 30 to A. D. 14, he consolidated and increased his authority as Imperator, or commander-in-chief of all the Roman armies, by retaining all the forms of the republic, and yet gradually uniting all the offices of the state in his own person. Rome was now the mistress of a colossal empire, which extended from the Atlantic to the Euphrates, and from the Rhine and Danube to Mount Atlas and the Falls of the Nile, and, apart from Italy, was divided into 25 dependencies, or provinces, under the government of legates and pro-consuls, etc., and connected by vast * * Government of the Roman provinces.-In the establishment of the imperial power, Augustus took the charge of those provinces which required a standing army, and left the others to the care of the senate and Roman people. The imperial provinces were governed by a Legatus Cæsaris; the senatorial, by Pro-consules and Pro-prætors. Syria became a province of Caesar's: Judæa, being a part of the province, was, after the deposition of Archelaus, son of Herod, governed by a Pro-curator, or receiver of the revenues, endowed with the powers of a Legatus, which included those of life and death. See Table at p. 17. All provincial governors military roads. The Latin tongue was understood if not spoken throughout the north and western parts of her dominion, but no attempt was made to supplant the language of the provincials east of the Adriatic. Roman Emperors. Augustus, B. C. 30 to A. D. 14. Tiberius was associated with Augustus A. D. 12. See sect 28, note. TIBERIUS, A. D. 14 to 37. CALIGULA, A. D. 37 to 41. CLAUDIUS, a. D. 41 to 54. NERO, A. D. 54 to 68. GALBA, murdered, Jan. 15, A. D. 69. Отно, committed suicide, April 16, A. D. 69. B. C. 39 to 4. * on the Government of the Jews: Herod the Great.-The middle of the same century witnessed the decline and fall of the Maccabean dynasty, and the establishment of Herod the Great throne of Palestine. The kingdom comprised five districts, namely, west of the Jordan: 1. Judæa. 2. Samaria. 3. Galilee. East: 4. Peræa.† South: 5. under the empire are, however, frequently included under the general title of Presidents of the Provinces. In the present work we shall therefore allude to the Roman governor of Syria as President, and to the Roman governor of Judæa, who was to some extent dependent on that of Syria, as Procurator. Comp. Niebuhr, Lect. cv. Smith's Dict., Art. Provincia. * Previous history of Herod.-A detailed summary of the history of the Jews from the death of Nehemiah to the death of Herod the Great may be found in the Connexion between the Old and New Testament in the Analysis and Summary of Old Testament History, p. 261. + Division of Peræa.-Peræa, which signifies the country on the opposite side, was a general name for any district belonging to or closely connected with a country, from the main part of which it was separated by a sea or river. The name Perca was therefore applied in its more extended sense to the whole territory stretching from the river Arnon to Mount Hermon, between the Jordan and 2 3 Idumæa. Herod had obtained it from the second Roman triumvirate, and his authority had been confirmed by Augustus Cæsar; but though his government was magnificent and ostentatious, yet the internal affairs exhibited all the signs of decay. His policy was that of entire deference to Rome, and he endeavoured, by the introduction of games and erection of theatres, to Romanize the Jews. These proceedings aroused the enmity of the people, and his life was in constant danger of conspiracy, in spite of his liberality in time of famine, and his efforts in rebuilding the Temple at Jerusalem. His rule was a military despotism, by which only he was enabled to keep down the rebellious spirit of his subjects, and to check the violent factions of the Pharisees and Sadducees which had previously agitated the kingdom. His reign was undisturbed by war, but his prosperity as a sovereign is strangely contrasted with the long series. of domestic tragedies which mark his latter years. At length he died of an intestinal disease, in the following year to that in which Christ was born. A. D. 3 to 70. Kingdom divided between Archelaus, Herod Antipas, and Philip.-Upon the death of Herod his three surviving sons hurried to Rome to plead against each other at the foot of Cæsar's throne for the right of succeeding to the kingdom; at the same time the Jews send an embassy to Augustus to petition that they might be restored to independence. Augustus however divided the kingdom between the three, and the subsequent history of Palestine, down to the taking of Jerusalem by Titus, is given in the following Tabular Summary. the desert, and was subdivided into several districts or cantons, for an account of which see Introductory Outline, sect. 9—18. PARTITION OF THE KINGDOM OF HEROD THE GREAT, AMONGST HIS THREE SURVIVING SONS, ARCHELAUS, HEROD ANTIPAS, AND PHILIP, ACCORDING TO HIS WILL, AS REVISED BY Roman Emperors. Augustus, Tiberius, AUGUSTUS CAESAR. Southern Portion.' JUDEA, SAMARIA, and IDUMEA - ethnarchy. Revenue, 400 talents = £960,000. Archelaus, B. C. 3 -A. D. 7. He was considered by his subjects as a king, though Augustus allowed him no higher title than ethnarch. He was at length deposed and banished to Gaul for misgovernment. Herod Antipas, B. C. 3-A. D. 39.-He incestuously married Herodias, the wife of his half-brother Herod Philip, who must not be confounded with Philip the tetrarch of Iturea. Herodias, in defiance of Roman Procurators, the Jewish laws, diA. D. 14-37.A, D. 7-41.- This vorced her first husterritory was now band, and married made a Roman pro- Antipas. Antipas imvince, attached to the prisoned and put to larger province of death John the BapSyria, or Cole Syria. tist, who had reIt was governed by a proached him with his Procurator, called a unlawful connexion Governor in the New with Herodias (sect. Testament, who was 150); but Josephus nominated by the Ro-states that the murman emperor, and der was caused by his whose principal duties jealousy of the influwere to exact tribute, ence possessed by administerjustice,and John over the minds to repress seditions. The Procurator was, to some extent, dependent on the president of Syria, but possessed the powers of life and death. See note to sect. 1. This change, though it diction. made the subjection of the Jews complete, seems to have thrown more power into the hands of the priests and the Sanhedrim. Caligula, 1. D. 37-41. Revenue, 100 talents = £240,000. Philip, B. C. 3—A. D. 33.-An amiable and just prince, of whom little is known save that he built the cities of Cæsarea Philippi and Julias. of the people. It was After the death of C |