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themselves to Hiftories, modern Languages, Books of policy and civil Discourse, and other the like enablements unto service of estate.

And because Founders of Colleges do plant, and Founders of Lectures do water, it followeth well in order to speak of the defect which is in public Lectures; namely, in the smallness and meanness of the falary or reward which in most places is affigned unto them; whether they be Lectures of Arts, or of Profeffions. For it is necessary to the progreffion of Sciences that Readers be of the most able and sufficient men; as those which are ordained for generating and propagating of Sciences, and not for transitory use. This cannot be, except their condition and endowment be fuch as may content the ablest man to appropriate his whole labour, and continue his whole age in that function and attendance; and therefore must have a proportion answerable to that mediocrity or competency of advancement, which may be expected from a Profeffion or the Practice of a Profeffion. So as, if you will have Sciences flourish, you must observe David's military Law, which was, That those which faid with the Carriage should have equal part with those which were in the Action; else will the carriages be ill attended. So Readers in Sciences are indeed the Guardians of the ftores and provifions of Sciences, whence men in active courses are furnished, and therefore ought to have equal entertainment with them: otherwise if the fathers in Sciences be of the weakest fort, or be illmaintained.

Et Patrum invalidi referent jejunia nati. Another defect I note, wherein I fhall need some Alchemift to help me, who call upon men to fell their Books, and to build Furnaces; quitting and forfaking Minerva and the Muses as barren Virgins, and relying upon Vulcan. But certain it is, that unto the deep, fruitful, and operative study of many sciences, especially Natural Philofophy and Phyfic, Books be not the only Inftrumentals; wherein also the beneficence of men hath not been altogether wanting: for we fee Spheres, Globes, Aftrolabes, Maps, and the like, have been provided as appurtenances to Aftronomy and Cosmography, as well as Books: we fee likewise that some places instituted for Physic have annexed the commodity of Gardens for Simples of all forts, and do likewife command the use of dead Bodies for Anatomies. But these do respect but a few things. In general, there will hardly be any Main proficience in the disclosing of nature, except there be fome allowance for expenfes about experiments; whether they be experiments appertaining to Vulcanus or Dædalus, Furnace or Engine, or any other kind; and therefore as Secretaries and Spials of Princes and States bring in Bills for Intelligence, fo, you must allow the Spials and Intelligencers of Nature to bring in their Bills; or else you shall be ill advertised.

And if Alexander made fuch a liberal affignation to Ariftotle of treasure for the allowance of Hunters, Fowlers, Fishers, and the like, that he might

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compile a History of Nature, much better do they deserve it that travail in Arts of Nature.

Another defect which I note, is an intermiffion or neglect in those which are Governors, in Univerfities, of Confultation; and in Princes or Superior perfons, of Vifitation: to enter into account and confideration, whether the Readings, exercises, and other customs appertaining unto Learning, anciently begun, and fince continued, be well instituted or not; and thereupon to ground an amendment or reformation in that which shall be found inconvenient. For it is one of your Majesty's own most wise and Princely Maxims, That in all usages and precedents, the times be confidered wherein they first began; which, if they were weak or ignorant, it derogateth from the Authority of the Ufage, and leaveth it for fufpect. And therefore in as much as most of the usages and orders of the Universities were derived from more obfcure times, it is the more requifite they be re-examined. In this kind I will give an instance or two, for example' fake, of things that are the most obvious and familiar the one is a matter, which though it be ancient and general, yet I hold to be an error; which is, that Scholars in Univerfities come too foon and too unripe to Logic and Rhetoric, arts fitter for Graduates than Children and Novices: for these two, rightly taken, are the graveft of Sciences, being the Arts of Arts; the one for Judgment, the other for Ornament: and they be the Rules and Directions how to fet forth and dispose

matter; and therefore for minds empty and unfraught with matter, and which have not gathered that which Cicero calleth Sylva and Supellex, stuff and variety, to begin with those Arts, (as if one should learn to weigh, or to meafure, or to paint the Wind), doth work but this effect, that the wisdom of those Arts, which is great and univerfal, is almost made contemptible, and is degenerate into childish sophistry and ridiculous affectation. And further, the untimely learning of them hath drawn on, by consequence, the superficial and unprofitable teaching and writing of them, as fittest indeed to the capacity of children. Another is a lack I find in the exercises used in the Univerfities, which do make too great a divorce between Invention and Memory; for their fpeeches are either premeditate, In Verbis conceptis, where nothing is left to Invention, or merely Extemporal, where little is left to Memory: whereas in life and action there is least use of either of these, but rather of intermixtures of premeditation and Invention, Notes and Memory; so as the exercise fitteth not the practice, nor the Image the life; and it is ever a true Rule in exercises, that they be framed as near as may be to the life of practice; for otherwise they do pervert the motions and faculties of the mind, and not prepare them. The truth whereof is not obfcure, when Scholars come to the practices of profeffions, or other actions of civil life; which when they set into, this want is foon found by themselves, and fooner by others.

But this part, touching the amendment of the Institutions and orders of Universities, I will conclude with the clause of Cæfar's letter to Oppius and Balbus, Hoc quemadmodum fieri poffit, nonnulla mihi in mentem veniunt, et multa reperiri poffunt ; de iis rebus rogo vos ut cogitationem fufcipiatis.

Another defect, which I note, ascendeth a little higher than the preceding for as the proficience of learning confifteth much in the orders and inftitutions of Univerfities in the fame ftates and kingdoms, fo it would be yet more advanced, if there were more Intelligence mutual between the Universities of Europe than now there is. We fee there be many Orders and Foundations, which though they be divided under several sovereignties and territories, yet they take themselves to have a kind of contract, fraternity, and correfpondence one with the other; infomuch as they have Provincials and Generals. And furely, as Nature createth Brotherhood in Families, and Arts Mechanical contract Brotherhoods in Commonalties, and the Anointment of GOD fuperinduceth a Brotherhood in Kings and Bishops; fo in like manner there cannot but be a fraternity in learning and illumination, relating to that Paternity which is attributed to God, who is called the Father of illuminations or lights.

The last defect which I will note is, that there hath not been, or very rarely been, any public Defignation of Writers or Inquirers concerning fuch parts of knowledge as may appear not to have been

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