Thrace, 125; his bridge over the Bosphorus, ib.; erects two columns, ib.; his bridge over the Ister, 127; his division of the Persian empire into twenty satrapies, 202; stone figure of, at Susa, 268; canal of, see NECO.
Dascyleium, 228. Datus, 131. Daulians, 80.
Delos, island of, 97. Delphi, general description of, 75; He- rodotus's account of the temple and its treasures, 76; gifts of Croesus, 77; miscellaneous gifts, 78. Delta. See AEGYPT (LOWER). Delta, marshes of, 378; island of Elbo, 379.
Demeter, the Achaean, temple and mysteries of, at Athens, 62.
Demeter, the Eleusinian, temple of, at Platea, 73.
Demeter, the Amphictyonian, temple of, at Thermopylae, 82.
Demeter, temple of, in Paros, 100; in Aegina, 110.
Demeter, the Aegyptian, temple of, at Memphis, 390. See Isis.
Democritus, discovered the real cause of the overflow of the Nile, 359. Derbend, defile of, 155. Dersaei, 129.
Derusiaei, 270.
Despoto mountains, 123. Dicaea, 128.
Dictyes, 542.
Dictynna, temple of, 95. Didymi, 223.
Dindymene, mountain of, 229. Dion, 118.
Dionysus, the Thracian, 136.
Dropici, 270. Drymus, 79.
Dryopes in the Peloponnesus, 37. Dryopis, 84. Dyma, town of, 45. Dyras, river, 81. Dysorum, Mount, 116, 121.
Earth, early attempts to describe cir- cumference of, 14; opinions of He- rodotus upon the subject, 15; ex- tent of his knowledge, ib.; divisions of the earth, 16; separation of Eu- rope and Asia, 17; separation of Asia and Libya, 18; seas bounding the earth's extremities, 19. Ecbatana, identified by Rennell with
Hamadan, and by Rawlinson with Takhti-Soleiman, 287; described by Herodotus, 288; story of its walls considered to be a fable of Sabaean origin, 288.
Echeidorus, river, 114, 120. Echinades islands, 84. Edoni, 129. Edonia, 131. Egestaea, 93.
Egypt. See AEGYPT. Eion, 130. Elaeus, 127. Elatea, 79.
Elbo, island of, 379. Elburz mountains, 244. Eleon, 69.
Elephantine, 435. Eleusis, 65.
ELIS, general description of, 45; He- rodotus's account, ib.; Aetolians, Caucones, Minyae, ib.; Elean seers, 46; no mules bred in Elis, ib.; to- pography, ib. Elisyci, 176.
Ellopian district, 109. Elorus, river, 94.
Dionysus, the Arabian, 320.
Eretrians, transplanted to Ardericca,
Erochus, 79. Erytheia, 174. Erythrae, 69, 233:
Erythraean Sea, 19; isles of, 297. Erythrebolus, 433. Eryx country, 93. Erzroum, 281.
Etearchus, his story of the Nasamonian expedition into the Sahara, 570. Etesian winds, 12; supposed by Thales to cause the inundation of the Nile, 358.
Ethiopia. See AETHIOPIA. Euboea, island of, 108.
Euphrates, river, account of, 263; an- ciently overflowed the country, ib.; dams raised by Semiramis and Ni- tocris, ib.; course of the river ren- dered winding by Nitocris, ib.; nu- merous artificial canals, ib. See also BABYLON.
EUROPE, general survey of, 21; ex-
tent of Herodotus's knowledge, ib.; seas of Europe, 24; Pontus Eux- inus, ib.; Palus Maeotis (Maeetis), ib.; Propontis, ib.; Caspian, 25; Adriatic, ib.; Ionian, ib. Europe, Eastern, 183; great caravan
route, ib.; character of the com- merce, 184; Olbia the emporium, ib.; trade in corn, ib.; slaves, ib. ; furs, ib.; gold from the Ural and Altai mountains, 185; route north- ward from the Budini, ib.; desert of seven days' journey, occupying Simbirsk and Kasan, ib.; route towards the east, ib.; Thyssagetæ, occupying Perm, ib.; Jyrcae on the Ural mountains, 186; Scythian exiles occupying Tobolsk, ib.; Ar- gippaei, at the foot of the Altai mountains, ib.; identification of the Argippaei with the Calmucks, 187; unknown regions north of the Argip- paei, occupied by men with goats' feet, and people who slept for six months at a time, 188; identifica- tion of the Altai, ib.; eastern route continued, ib.; the Issedones, ib.; Arimaspi, 189; gold-guarding grif- fins, ib.; nations on the frontier towards Asia, 190; general descrip- tion of Mount Caucasus, ib.; He- rodotus's account of the mountain and people, ib.; the Massagetae, 191; Herodotus's description of the river Araxes, ib. ; explanation of the apparent contradictions, 192; manners and customs of the Mas- sagetae, ib.
Europe, Northern, 178; region im- penetrable from bees or frost, 179; the Sigynnes, a Medic colony, fond of chariot-driving, ib.; nations border- ing on Scythia, ib. Agathyrsi, oc- cupying Transylvania, ib.; Neuri, occupying Poland and Lithuania, 180; Androphagi, occupying Smo- lensk, ib.; Melanchlaeni, occupying Orloff, 181; Sauromatae, occupy- ing the country of the Don Cossacks and part of Astracan, ib.; Budini and Geloni, occupying Saratoff, 182. Europe, western, 173; region beyond the Pillars of Heracles, 174; Tar- tessus, ib.; Erytheia, ib.; Gadeira, ib.; Celtae, ib.; Cynetae, ib.; account of the river Ister, or Danube, ib. ; ex- planation of Herodotus's description of the Ister, and account of the Cy- netae and Celtae, 175; the Iberi, Ligyes, and Elisyci, 176; Italy, sin- gular omission of Rome, ib.; North- ern Italy, occupied by the Ombrici and Tyrseni, ib.; Southern Italy, occupied by Greek colonies, 177. Euxine tribes, or EASTERN PONTUS, comprising the Moschi, Tibareni, Macrones, Mosynoeci, and Mares, answering to Trebisonde, 279; He- rodotus's account very meagre, ib.; extent of the satrapy, 280; order of the nations according to Xenophon, ib.
Euxinus, Pontus, 24. Exampaeus, spring, 152.
Farsistan, 267.
Fayoum, description of the oval basin of, 422; consists of three different levels, ib.; watered by a branch from the Canal of Joseph, 423; geo- logical constitution of the soil. See also LABYRINTH and MOERIS LAKE. Fezzan, inhabited by the Garamantes, 565.
Frankincense, land of, 314.
Gadeira, 174. Gaeson, 233.
Galaica, afterwards called Briantica, 128.
Gandara, comprising the Sattagydae, Gandarii, Dadicae, and Aparytae, 296.
Gandarii, 296; identified with the peo- ple of Candahar, 297. Garamantes, covered the earth with salt before cultivating it, and pos- sessed kine walking backwards, 560; hunted the Aethiopian Troglodytae, ib.; included a timid tribe, 561; their country identified with Fezzan,
Gephyracans, 61.
Geraestus, 108.
Gergithes, inhabited Ilium, 228. Germanii, 270.
Gerrhus, river, 146; probably the Tastchenik, 148.
Getae, 127; their peculiar tenets, 132; belief in the immortality of the soul, ib.; their deity Zalmoxis, 133. Ghur mountains, 244. Gigonus, 118.
Giligammae, opposite the Libyan Pla-
tea, the first region of the silphium plant, 545.
Gindanes, whose women wore an ancle ring for every lover, 549. Gizeh. See PYRAMIDS. Glissas, 69.
Gobi, great desert of, 299. Gonnus, pass of, 85, 87. Gordium, 237.
Graces, hill of, 549.
Greece, European, general description
of, 27; face of the country, 28; He- rodotus's account of Hellas, 29; fer- tilized by rain, ib.; subject to storms and earthquakes, ib.; lions, ib.; Sillikyprion, 30; character of the people, ib.; temples, ib.; markets, ib.; trade, ib.; miscellaneous no- tices, ib.; art of writing, 31; ob- scurities in the history of the people, ib.; Herodotus's account, ib.; Hel- las anciently called Pelasgia, and peo- pled by Pelasgians and other tribes, ib.; character of the Pelasgians, 32; mythical origin of the Hellenes, ib.; Dorian wanderings, ib.; invasion of the Peloponnesus by the Heracleids, 33; Achaeans unknown, ib.; Aeoli- ans and Ionians considered as Pelas- gians, ib.; in historical times inha- bitants all called Hellenes, ib. See PELOPONNESUS.
Griffins, gold-guarding, 189.
Gryncia, 217.
Gygaean lake, 230.
Gyges, his gifts at Delphi, 76. Gymnopaediae, 53.
Gyndes, river, 282; its stream weak- ened by the 180 canals of Cyrus, ib. Gyzantes, who subsisted on honey and monkeys, 555.
Hades, Aegyptian ideas concerning, 469, 470.
Haemus, Mount, 122.
Halfay, 517.
Haliacmon, river, 114, 120.
Halicarnassus, its history, 2; excluded from the Triopian confederacy, 220,
Halys, river, 200, 239.
Hamadan, 287.
Hebrews. See PALAESTINE. Hebrus, river, 126, 128.
Hecataeus, 8; supposed that the river Ocean occasioned the overflow of the Nile, 358.
Hecatonnesi, or Hundred Islands, 106. Heliopolis, city of, 376; temple of Helios with two obelisks, dedicated by Pheron, ib.
Helios, the Aegyptian temple of, at He-
liopolis, 376; identified with Ra, 455. Hellas of Herodotus, its wide significa- tion. See GREECE.
Helle, Sepulchre of, 128.
Hellenes, their mythical origin, 32; general name for all Greeks in the historic times, 33.
Hellenium at Naucratis, 377. Hellespontines, 132, 235. Helmund, river, 292.
Hephaestus, or Pthah, temple of, at Memphis, 388; northern propylaea built by Moeris, ib.; six colossal statues erected before it by Sesos- tris, ib.; western propylaea, and two statues of Summer and Winter, erect- ed by Rhampsinitus, 389; eastern propylaea built by Asychis, ib.; southern propylaea, and court for Apis, constructed by Psammitichus, ib.; colossus, 75 feet high, dedicated by Amasis, ib.; stone statue of Se- thon, with a mouse, ib.; account of Hephaestus, 448.
Heptanomis. See AEGYPT (UPPER). Hera temple, at Samos, 101. Hera, the Aegyptian, 450, 460. Heracleidae, their invasion of the Pelo- ponnesus, 33.
Heracles, ancient temple of, at Tyre, 247.
Heracles, temple of, at Athens, 63. Heracles, Pillars of, 174. Heracles, foot-print of, in Scythia, 159. Heracles, temple of, at Taricheia, 378. Heracles, the Aegyptian, 455; his ora-
cle and temple, ib.; Greek story of the attempt to sacrifice him to Zeus, ib. Heracles and the serpent maiden Echid- na, Greek mythus concerning, 161. Heraeopolis, 126.
Herdsmen, Aegyptian caste of, 485. Hermeopolis, 434.
Hermes, perhaps a mummy-formed Ichneumon, 504.
god, 456; subsequently identified with Thoth, ib. Hermione, town of, 40. Hermotybies, 483. Hermus, river, 229.
HERODOTUS, birth of, (B. c. 484,) 1; contemporary state of Greece, ib.; period of his travels, 2, and Preface, xiv.-xxii.; Halicarnassus, its his- tory, 2; Herodotus removes to Thu- rium, 3; extent of his travels, ib., and Appendix I.; his general in- formation, 4; previous state of geo- graphical science, 5; review of his old age, 10; general simplicity of his ideas, 14; his map of Asia, 199. Hesiod, extent of his geographical knowledge, 7. Hesperides, 546.
Hestia, an Aegyptian deity, 460. Hieroglyphics, Aegyptian, 500. Hillah. See BABYLON. Himera, 94.
Hippoleon promontory, 152. Hippopotamus, 510.
Histiaeotis in Thessaly, 85. Histiaeotis in Euboea, 109.
Homer, his notions of the universe, (B. C. 900,) 5; extent of his geogra- phical knowledge, 6.
Horus, the elder, 463.
Horus, the younger, 463, 468.
| Ichthyophagi, Babylonian, three tribes of, 266.
Ichthyophagi, Aethiopian, 523. Ida, Mount, 217. Idrias, 237. Ilissus, river, 67.
Ilium, inhabited by the Aeolians and Gergithes, 228.
Illyria, scarcely noticed by Herodotus, 136.
Imbros, island of, 106.
INDIA, general description of the India of Herodotus, 306; morning the hottest part of the day, ib.; superior size of the birds and quadrupeds, ib.; camels, ib.; dogs, ib.; gold, 307; cotton-trees, ib.; two nations of In- dians, ib.
India, Northern, forming the twentieth satrapy of Herodotus, and identified with the Punjab, 299; extent of the satrapy, ib.; Herodotus's account of the people, 300; enormous ants, ib.; ant-hills of sand and gold-dust, ib.; mode of carrying off the gold, ib.; identification of the people with the Rajpoots of the Punjab, ib.; Indian camels, 301; costume of the people, ib.
India, Southern, identified with Sinde, 307; the most easterly of all the Asiatic nations, ib. ; divided into tribes who spoke different languages, ib.; four tribes mentioned by Herodotus, ib.; Herodotus's superior and cor- rect knowledge of India derived from the report of Scylax, ib. ; great merit of Scylax, 308; Indian fishermen on the marshes of the Indus, ib.; iden- tified with the pulla-fishers of Sinde, ib.; singular coincidence between the report of Scylax and that of Lieut. Wood, 309; nomade Indians or Pa- daei, 310; killed and ate their sick relations, ib. ; identified with the barbarous tribes of the deserts of Sinde, ib.; vegetarian Indians, who lived chiefly on rice, ib.; identified with the Hindoos, 311; Calatians, who ate their parents, ib.; probably the same as the Padaei, ib. ; shame- less manners and black complexion of the Indians, 312; probably refer- red to the Jauts of Rajpootana, ib. Indian Ocean, monsoon of, 340. Indus, river, surveyed by Scylax, 198; pulla-fishers of Sinde, 308. Interpreters, Aegyptian, caste of, 486. Inycus, 93.
Io, represented like Isis, 468. Iolcus, 87.
Ionian Sea, 25; islands in, 90.
Ionians, to be considered as Pelasgians,
33; enter Attica, 60; migrate to Asia Minor, ib.; their twelve cities in Asia Minor, 217; united in the Panionian confederacy, 218; mix- ture of the Ionians with other races, ib.; worship of the Heliconian Po- seidon in the Panionium, 219; mis- cellaneous notices, ib.; sculptures of Sesostris found in Ionia, 233; iden- tification of the monument between Sardis and Smyrna by modern tra- vellers, 234; its Aegyptian origin doubted, ib.
Ionian theory concerning the Aegyptian Delta, 354; settlement near Bubas- tis, 373.
Ipni, 87.
Irak-Arabi, 251.
Iran, plateau of. See TAURUS. Irasa, 540.
Is, town of, 263.
Isis, temple of, at Busiris, 374; at Memphis, 390; confounded by He- rodotus with Athor, 459; the greatest Aegyptian goddess, 461, 468; repre- sented like the Greek Io, ib.; her temple and festival at Busiris, ib.; sacrifices to her, 469; variously re- presented on the monuments, and often confounded with Athor and other deities, 476; cows sacred to her, 506. See also OSIRIS. Ismaris, Lake, 129. Issedones, 188.
Ister, or Danube, bridged by Darius, 127; its five mouths and equal stream, 144; five tributaries flowing into it, ib.; difficulties in the theory of Niebuhr and Ideler, ib.; identifi- cation of the five tributaries, 145; Herodotus's account of the Ister, 174; causes of its equal stream, ib.; explanation of Herodotus's descrip- tion, 175. Istria, 132.
Italy, singular omission of Rome, 176; Northern Italy occupied by the Om- brici and Tyrseni, ib.; Southern Italy occupied by Greek colonies, 177.
Itanus, 96.
Ithome, town of, 48.
Labyrinth, Herodotus's description, 424; erected by the twelve kings, ib.; its cost, ib.; its twelve courts, io; upper chambers visited by He- rodotus, ib.; lower chambers, tombs of the twelve kings and sacred cro- codiles, ib.; recent discoveries by the Prussian Expedition, 425; con- firmation of Herodotus's statements, ib.; doubt as to whether it really included 3000 chambers, 426; the pyramid probably the place of sepul- ture, and the Labyrinth the royal palace, ib.; pyramid at present known as the Pyramid of Howara, ib.; discovery of the name of Am- menemes III., ib.; dimensions and construction of the pyramid, 427. Laemon, Mount, 88. LACONICA, general description of, 48; history, 49; Herodotus's account, ib.; description of the Laconians, 50; rights and privileges of their kings, ib.; manners and customs of the people, 52; topography, 53. Lade, island of, 105. Lamponium, 227. Lampsacus, 228. Laodice, 98. Laos, 178. Larissa, 87, 216. Lasonians, 235.
Laurium, silver mines of, 66. Lebadeia, 69. Lebaea, 121.
Lebedos, 233.
Lectos, Cape, 227.
Lepreum, town of, 46.
Lepsius, his discovery relative to pyra-
midal construction, 420.
Leros, island of, 101.
Lesbos, island of, 105.
Leto, temple and oracle of, at Buto, 376; identified with Buto, 450. Leucas, island of, 91. Leuce Acte, 132.
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