Leucon, 540.

LIBYA, comparison between the Libyan
continent and Libya Proper, 347.
Libyan continent, divided into three
tracts, viz. Aegypt, Aethiopia, and
Libya Proper, 348; circumnaviga-
tion of. See AFRICA.

Libya Proper, its extent as known to
Herodotus, 532; face of the coun-
try, ib.; supposed by Herodotus to
consist of three belts, viz. Ist, In-
habited country along the coast;
2nd, Wild Beast country of the At-
las; and 3rd, Sandy Waste, or de-
sert, 533; FIRST BELT, or INHABIT-
ED COUNTRY, 534; occupied, accord-
ing to Herodotus, by three races,
viz. Greeks, Phoenicians, and Libyan
nomades, ib.; SECOND BELT, or
Wild Beast region, or Beled-el-Je-
red, 554; according to Herodotus
included the Libyan husbandmen,
555; geography of Western Africa
further illustrated by two stories told
by Herodotus, ib.; Carthaginian
story of the dumb barter carried on
with the natives of the gold coast,
557; Persian story of the voyage of
Sataspes, ib.; THIRD BELT of Sandy
Waste, or the Sahara, 558; basin
of the Niger and the Kong Moun-
tains to the south of the Sahara, ib.;
Herodotus's account, 559; Sandy
ridge stretching from the Aegyptian
Thebes to the Pillars of Heracles,
and containing a chain of inhabited
salt hills, at intervals of ten days'
journey between each, ib.; actual
extent of Herodotus's personal know-
ledge in Libya, and sources of his
information, ib.; visited Cyrene, and
the neighbouring Libyan nomades,
562; collected information from the
nomades, ib.; could not have reach-
ed Carthage, ib.; obtained inform-
ation however from the Carthaginian
travellers, ib.; general ignorance of
Western Africa, 563; his description
of the chain of salt hills in the Sa-
hara derived from doubtful inform-
ation, collected at Thebes from a va-
riety of sources, ib. ; attempt to
identify the people and places on the
modern map, ib.; narrative of He-
rodotus probably refers to the cara-
van route towards the interior, 563;
desert country southward of the chain
of salt hills, ib.; story told by He-
rodotus of an expedition of five Na-
samones to a large river flowing from
west to east, and containing croco-
diles, and to a city inhabited by short
black men, ib.; general credibility
of the story, 571; identification of

the river with the Niger, and of the
city with old Timbuctoo, ib.
Libyan Husbandmen, included in 'the
Wild Beast region, or Beled-el-
Jered, 551; three nations of, ib.
Libyan Nomades, 541; extended from
Aegypt westward to Lake Tritonis,
or the Lesser Syrtis, ib.; character
of the country of the nomades, 542;
its zoology, according to Herodotus,
ib.; attempted identifications by
modern naturalists, ib.; division of
the nomades into twelve nations,
543;
their general manners and cus-
toms, ib.; abstained from the flesh
of cows and swine, ib.; cauterized
the heads of children four years old,
either on the crown or the temples,
ib.; extraordinary good health, ib. ;
worship of the Sun and Moon, and
of Athene, Triton, and Poseidon,
543; Libyan mode of interment, 544;
the twelve nations, ib.

Libyan rock used for the internal
masses of the pyramids, 396.
Lida, Mount, 221.

Ligyes of Western Europe, 176; of
Asia Minor, 280.
Limeneion, 223.
Lindus, 96, 220.
Lipaxus, 118.
Lipoxais, 159.
Lipsydrium, 65.
Lisae, 118.

Lissus, river, 128.
Locrians, eastern, or Opuntian, 80, 81;
Western, or Ozolae, 80; Epize-
phyrian, 178.

Locris, general description of, 80.
Lotophagi, living on cakes made from
the farinaceous part of the fruit of the
Rhamnus Lotus, 550.
Lotus, the Aegyptian, 493.
Lotus, the Cyrenaean, 540.
Lycians sprung from Crete, 224; an-
ciently named Termilae, ib.; their
customs, 225; heroic resistance to
the Persians, ib.; oracle at Patara,
ib.; Phaselis, ib.; Lycian costume,
ib.; Milyans, 226.

Lycus, river, 185, 237.
LYDIAN EMPIRE, ancient extent of,
201, 228; Sardis the capital, 229;
rivers Hyllus and Hermus, ib.;
gold-dust brought from Mount
Tmolus by the river Pactolus, 230;
tumulus of Alyattes, ib. ; roads from
Caria and Lydia to Phrygia, ib.;
beautiful plane tree on the Lydian
road, 231; depraved manners of the
Lydians, ib.; invented the art of coin-
ing money, retail dealing, and games
of dice, knuckle-bones, and ball, ib.
Lydias, river, 114, 120.

Menda, 118.

Mendesian mouth of the Nile, 363.
Mendesius, 383.

Menes, built Memphis, 386; excavated
a lake, 387; built the temple of He-
phaestus, or Pthah, 388.
Menkahre. See MYCERINUS.
MEROE, city and kingdom of, situated
within the triangle of Shendy, formed
by the Tacazze and Blue Nile, 519;
worship of Zeus and Dionysus, 524.
Mesambria, 127, 128.

Mesopotamia, 244. See ASSYRIA.
Messapians, 178.

MESSENIA, general description, 46;
history, 47; Herodotus's account,
ib.; topography, 48.
Metapontium, 177.

Methymna, 105.

Midas, throne of, at Delphi, 76.

Midas, gardens of, 122.

Miletus, 217, 223.

Milyans, 226.

Minoa, 93.

Minyae, 45; cities of, 46.

Mitra, the Persian Aphrodite, 271.
Mitylene, 105.

Moeris, Lake, Herodotus's description,
427; attempt to find its site on the
modern map, 428 generally identi-
fied with Lake Keiroun, 429; pre-
sent aspect of Keïroun, ib.; reasons
brought forward by M. Linant for
disbelieving in the identification of
Moeris with Keiroun, ib.; Linant's
discovery of a dyke enclosing the
second terrace of Fayoum, 430; iden-
tification of the enclosed site with
that of Lake Moeris, 431; further
explanation of Linant's identification,
432; his identification of the two
pyramids described by Herodotus,
ib.; general remarks upon Linant's
discovery, 433.

Moeris, built northern propylaea of the
temple of Hephaestus, 388.
Moloeis, river, 73.

Molossians, 88.

Momemphis, 378.

Moon, Mountains of the, 532.
Mophi, 361, 435.
Moschi, 279.

Mosynoeci, 279.

Mozambique Channel, current of, 340.
Munychia, harbour of, 63.
Mycale, 233.
Mycenae, 40.

Mycerinus, pyramid of, 409; Herodo-
tus's description, ib. ; present dimen-
sions irreconcilable with Herodotus's
estimate, ib.; more elaborately fin-
ished than the pyramids of Cheops
and Chephren, 410; entrance dis-
covered by Caviglia and Col. Vyse,

ib.; Upper Sepulchral Chamber, ib. ;
Lower Sepulchral Chamber, ib.;
sarcophagus in the Lower Chamber,
411; extraordinary discovery of the
mummy-case and bones of Myceri-
nus, 412; their undoubted identity,
ib.; Mr. Birch's interpretation of the
hieroglyphics, ib.; bones and mum-
my-case in the British Museum, 413;
mode of construction adopted in the
pyramid, ib.

Myci, costume of, 298.
Myconus, island of, 98.
Mycephorites, 383.

Mygdonia in Macedonia, 114.
Mylasa, 221.

Mylitta, the Babylonian Aphrodite, dis-

graceful worship of, 265.

Myrcinus, 131.

Myrina, 217.

Myrmex, 107.

Naparis, river, 144; identified with the
Jalomnitza, 145.

Nasamones, a powerful nation on the
Syrtis, 546; fed on locusts, and had
their women in common, 547; swear-
ing, ib.; divining, ib.; mode of bu-
rial, ib.; lived in portable huts,
made of basket-work, ib. ; their ex-
pedition into the interior of Africa,
569; reached a large river supposed
to be the Niger, 570; general cre-
dibility of the story, 571.
Natho, 383.

Naucratis, anciently the only Aegyp-
tian port for Greek ships, 377; the
Hellenium sanctuary, ib.; sanctu-
aries built by the Aeginetans, Sa-
mians, and Milesians, ib.
Nauplia, town of, 41.
Naxos, island of, 100.
Naxos in Sicily, 94.
Neapolis, 118.

Neco, sends a Phoenician expedition to
circumnavigate Africa, 335; his en-
terprising character, 345; canal of,
379; survey of the course of, 380;
division of the route into four sec-
tions, ib. ; line from Suez to the
Bitter Lakes, 381; basin of the Bit-
ter Lakes, ib.; elbow round through
the Wady of Tomlat, ib.; channel
from the Wady of Tomlat to Bu-
bastis, 382.

Neith, the Aegyptian, identified with
Athene, 452; festival of burning
lamps at Sais, ib.
Neon, 79.
Neon-teichos, 216.

Nephthys, 463.

Nestus, river, 129,

Neuri, occupying Poland and Lithua-
nia, 180.

Niger, river, basin of, 532, 558; reach-

ed by the Nasamones, 571.
Nile, river, but very little could be
learnt by Herodotus, 357; three dif-
ferent causes assigned by the Greeks
for its periodical overflow, ib.;
theory of Herodotus, 358; origin of
the three previous theories, ib.; that
of the Etesian winds, taught by
Thales, ib.; that of the river Ocean,
by Hecataeus, ib.; that of the melt-
ed snows, taught by Anaxagoras,
359; real cause of the inundation
first discovered by Democritus and
Callisthenes, ib.; period of the inun-
dation, ib.; singular theory of the
philosophers of Memphis as de-
scribed by Diodorus, 360; sources
of the Nile, 361; hoaxing story told
by the bursar of the Athene temple
at Sais, ib.; effects produced by the
inundation, 362; Aegypt like a sea,
and her cities like islands, ib.; navi-
gation carried on across the plain of
the Delta, ib.; cities protected by
mounds, ib.; seven mouths of the
Nile, viz. Pelusiac, Canopic, Seben-
nytic, Saitic, Mendesian, Bolbotine,
and Bucolic, 363; their identification
on the modern map, ib.; ancient and
modern channels of, 387; Canal of
Joseph, ib.; White and Blue Niles,
516; Herodotus's description of the
Nile southwards of Elephantine, 517;
difficult navigation up the first cata-
ract, ib.; four days' voyage to the
island of Tachompso, 518; vast lake,
ib.; forty days' journey along the
banks, ib.; twelve days' voyage far-
ther to Meroe, ib.; country of the
Automoli, ib.; Macrobians on the
South Sea, ib.; upper course of the
Nile supposed to be from west to
east, like the Ister, ib.; river flow-
ing in that direction discovered by
the Nasamones, 519; comparison of
Herodotus's account with modern
geography, ib.; Blue Nile the true
Nile of the ancients, 524.
Nineveh, 252.

Nine Ways of the Edonians, 130.
Nipsaei, 127.

Nisaea, town of, 57.

Nisaean plain and horses, 288.
Nisyrians, 224.

Nitocris, sepulchre of, 262; raised
dams round the Euphrates, 263.
Noes, river, 132.

Nonacris, town of, 39.

Notium, 216.

Nubia, description of, 516.
Nudium, town of, 46.
Nysa, sacred city of, 522.

Oarus, river, 185.
Oasis, city of, 559.
Ocean, river, supposed by Hecataeus
to cause the overflow of the Nile, 358.
Odomanti, 129.

Odrysae Thracians, 126.
Oea, 110.

Oenean mountains, 28.
Oenoe, 65.
Oenyssae isles, 105.
Oenone, 110.
Oeroe, river of, 70.
Oeta, Mount, 28.
Oetosyrus, 162.
Olbiopolitae, 153.
Olenus, town of, 45.
Olophyxus, 118.
Olympia, plain of, 46.
Olympieni, 226.
Olympus, Mount, 27, 85.
Olynthus, 118, 119.
Ombrici, 176.
Onochonus, river, 85.
Onuphites, 383.
Ophryneium, 228.
Opis, 264.

Opuntian Locrians, 80, 81.
Opus, 98.

Orchomenus, 39, 69.
Ordessus, river, 144; identified with
the Argisch, 145.
Oresteum, town of, 53.
Oricus, 88.

Orneae, town of, 41.
Oropus, 65.
Orosangae, 275.

Orotal, an Arabian deity identified by
Herodotus with Dionysus, 320.
Orthocorybantii, 285.
Oryes, 542.

Osiris, his tomb at Sais, 375; circular
lake, ib.; dualistic character of Osi-
ris as mortal King of Aegypt and
Divine Ruler of Hades, 461; Hero-
dotus's hesitation and reserve in al-
luding to Osiris, ib.; general division
of the subject, 462; mythic history of
the earthly adventures of Osiris, ib.;
traces in the myth of a reference to
astronomy, 465; physical interpret-
ation of the myth as given by Plu-
tarch, 466; Herodotus's account of
Osiris, Isis, and Horus, 467; Osiris,
or Dionysus, and Isis, or Demeter,
the two national deities of Aegypt,
ib.; Osiris, his tomb at Sais, 468;
annual representation of his alle-
gorical adventures on the circular
lake, ib.; Osiris and Isis considered
by the Aegyptians to be the rulers of

Hades, 469; worship of Osiris and
Isis universal, 470; its peculiarities,
ib.; swine, though considered an
impure animal, sacrificed at the full
moon to both deities, ib.; at the
festival of Osiris a pig slain at every
door, and Dionysiac orgies cele-
brated, 471; Aegyptian conceptions
of Osiris, 472; represented on the
monuments as Judge of the Dead
and Ruler of Amenti, or Hades, 474;
Osiris to be regarded as the "divine
goodness," 475; manner of his mani-
festation upon earth involved in mys-
tery, ib.; speculative and allegori-
cal character of the theory, 476;
symbolical figure of Osiris, ib.
Ossa, Mount, 27, 85.

Othrys, Mount, 27, 85.

Panionium, Ionian confederacy wor-
shipping at, 218, 219.
Panopeus, 80.
Panormus, 223.
Panthialaei, 270.

Panticapes, river, 146; probably the
Samara, 148.
Pantimathi, 289.
Papaeus, 162.
Paphlagonians, 238.
Paphos, 96.

Papremis, city of, 376; temple of Ares,
ib.; festival in honour of Ares, 457.
Papremites, 383.
Paralatae, 160.
Parapotamium, 79.
Paretaceni, 289.

Paricanii, difficulties respecting, 285;
their equipment, 298.

Palaestine, Syrians of, or Hebrews,
scarcely known to Herodotus, 248;
importance of Palaestine as a key to
Aegypt, ib.; Ascalon, temple of
Aphrodite or Astarte, ib.; Magdo-
lus, or Megiddo, 249; Cadytis, ib.;
identified by Prideaux with Jerusa-
lem, ib.; by Mr. Ewing with Ke-
desh in Galilee, ib.; by Col. Raw-
linson with Gaza, 250; correctness
of the latter view, ib.; sea-ports of
Palaestine, ib.; arid tract between
Jenysus and Lake Serbonis, 251;
practice of circumcision, ib.; pillars
of Sesostris, ib.

Pale, 91.
Pallene, 65, 118.
Pamisus, river, 85.

Pamphylians, 226.
Pan, grotto of, 62.

Pan, identified by Herodotus with the
Aegyptian Khem, and especially
worshipped at Mendes, 449.
Pangaeus, Mount, 129.

Parnassus, Mount, 28; Herodotus's
description of, 78.
Parnes, Mount, 28.
Paroreatae, 37.
Paros, island of, 99.
Parthenion, Mount, 39.
Parthenius, river, 279.

Parthia, identified with the mountains
north of Khorassan, 291.
Pasargadae, 270.

Pasht, the Aegyptian, or Bubastis,
identified with Artemis, 451; festi-
val of, ib.

Patara, oracle at, 225.
Patrae, town of, 45.
Patumos, city of, 316.
Pausicae, 289.
Pedasus, 221.
Pediea, 79.

Peirus, river, 45.
Pelasgia, ancient name of Hellas, 31.
Pelasgians, ancient inhabitants

of

Greece, 31; their character, 32;
Pelasgian Aegialeis, 44; Pelasgians
of Arcadia, 38; of Hymettus, 66.
Pelasgic wall, 63.
Pelasgiotis in Thessaly, 85.
Pelion, Mount, 27.
Pella, 119.
Pellene, 44.

Peloponnesus, its division into nine
districts, 34; Herodotus's account
of the Peloponnesian races, 35; set-
tlements of the races prior to the
Dorian invasion, ib.; settlements in
the time of Herodotus, 36.
Pelusiac mouth of the Nile, 363.
Pelusium, 378.

Peneus, river, 85.

Percote, 228.

Pergamus in Thrace, 109; in Asia
Minor, 227.

Perrhaebi, 86.

Perinthus, 126, 132.