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Built by Menes on a site recovered from the Nile
Lake excavated by Menes
Explanation of Herodotus's description of the ancient and modern
channels of the Nile
Description of the Canal of Joseph
Site of Memphis identified with that of Mitranieh
Celebrated temple of Hephaestus, or Pthah, built by Menes
Northern propylaea built by Moeris
Six colossal statues erected before it by Sesostris
Western propylaea, and two statues of Summer and Winter, erected
by Rhampsinitus
Eastern propylaea built by Asychis
Southern propylaea, and court for Apis, constructed by Psam-
mitichus
Colossus, 75 feet high, dedicated by Amasis
Stone statue of Sethon, with a mouse
Temenus of Proteus, including the temple of Aphrodite the stranger
Phoenician settlement, called the Tyrian camp
Temple of Isis
Walls
Suburb
White Fortress
Temple of Demeter
Pyramids described by Herodotus identified with those of Gizeh
General description of their site and relative position.
Recent explorations of Col. Howard Vyse and Mr. Perring
Herodotus's description of the causeway, 3000 feet long, 60 feet
wide, and 48 feet high, laid down by Cheops
Explanation of the description
Traces of the ancient causeway still existing
The three great pyramids
I. THE GREAT PYRAMID OF CHEOPS
Herodotus's description
Time and labour employed
Dimensions
Mode of construction
386
ཋ ཋཧྨ
ib
387
Burial vault of Cheops surrounded by a channel conducted from
the Nile
Inscription declaring the sums expended upon provisions for the
workmen
Comparison of the account of Herodotus with modern investiga-
tions.
Ancient and modern measurements
Three kinds of material employed
1st, Blocks quarried from the Libyan rock used for the internal
394
395
396
masses
2nd, Compact limestone from the Arabian mountains used for
casing-stones
3rd, Red granite from the cataracts of Syene, also used for lining
and casing-stones
Character of the mechanical agencies employed
Internal blocks not so large as Herodotus describes
Holes for the insertion of the machines still visible
397
398
Exterior coating of casing-stones of limestone or granite, care-
fully cemented, and beautifully polished
Mr. Perring's observations on the mode of construction
Interior of the Great Pyramid
Sloping passage descending towards the centre
Passage divides; one continuing the descent till it reaches the
Subterranean Chamber; the other ascending, and then again
dividing, one branch running horizontally to the Queen's
Chamber, and the other inclining upward to the King's Chamber
Description of the Subterranean Chamber
399
400
Inscription mentioned by Herodotus not to be found, on account
of the removal of the casing-stones
Aethiopian stone used for the first course found to be granite from
Present dimensions irreconcilable with Herodotus's estimate
More elaborately finished than the pyramids of Cheops and
Chephren
Entrance discovered by Caviglia and Col. Vyse
Page
409
410
Upper Sepulchral Chamber
Lower Sepulchral Chamber
Sarcophagus in the Lower Chamber
411
nus in the Upper Chamber
Extraordinary discovery of the mummy-case and bones of Myceri-
Undoubted identity of the remains
412
Mr. Birch's interpretation of the hieroglyphics on the lid of the
mummy-case
Bones and mummy-case to be seen in the British Museum
Mode of construction adopted in the pyramid
The Three Small Pyramids, including the pyramid of the daughter
of Cheops
Present state
Brick pyramid of Asychis
ུཋཕྱུཋ ཋ ཋ
413
414
Probably the same as the northern pyramid of Dashoor
415
Character of Herodotus's description of the pyramids, and reasons
for his various omissions
State of the pyramids at the time of his visit .
416
His ignorance of the interiors of the Pyramids of Chephren and
Mycerinus
417
Origin of the pyramids unknown
Called by the Aegyptians after Philition, and therefore supposed
to have been built by the Hyksos
Recently discovered to have been built prior to the Hyksos, by
the kings of the fourth dynasty of the Old Monarchy of Menes
Cheops identified with the Suphis and Souphis of Manetho,
through the shields discovered by Col. Vyse
418
Chephren not yet identified
419
Mycerinus, or Men-kah-re, identified with the Mencheres of
Manetho
The pyramids undoubtedly erected as sepulchres, the inclined pas-
sages being intended for the conveyance of the sarcophagi into
the internal chambers
Interesting discovery made by Dr. Lepsius relative to pyramidal
construction
Cost more labour and money than all the public buildings in
Greece.
Consisted of twelve courts, in two parallel ranges of six courts each,
and included 3000 chambers, half above ground, and half under
Upper chambers visited by Herodotus
Lower chambers, tombs of the twelve kings, and sacred crocodiles
Recent discovery of the remains of the Labyrinth by the Prus-
sian Expedition under Dr. Lepsius
General confirmation of the truth of Herodotus's statements
Doubt as to whether it really included 3000 chambers, and whether
it was built by the twelve kings, and contained their tombs
The pyramid probably the place of sepulture, and the Labyrinth
the royal palace
Pyramid at present known as the Pyramid of Howara
426
Discovery of the name of Ammenemes III., the last king of the
Old Monarchy of Menes
Reasons brought forward by M. Linant for disbelieving in the
identification of Moeris with Keïroun
Linant's discovery of a dyke enclosing the second terrace of
Fayoum
430
Identification of the enclosed site with that of Lake Moeris
431
Effect produced on the modern student
Religious conceptions of the Aegyptians themselves, dependent
upon the spiritual and mental state of the worshipper
Modern ideas of Aegyptian deities dependent upon the student's
own state of religious culture
439
Identification of Aegyptian conceptions with revealed truths, con-
tradicted by the idolatry and conduct of the people
Valuable character of Herodotus's information, both as an intro-
duction to the study of Aegyptian antiquities, and a proof that
no religion framed by human invention can render man pure
and holy
Herodotus's account
Aegyptians the most pious of mankind, and the first who instituted
the forms and ceremonies of religious worship
440
Astrology
Prodigies
Omens
Divination
The four great deified attributes: the spirit; the intellect; the cre-
ative power; and the generative principle
Aegyptian representation of Kneph, the divine spirit, and Amun,
the divine intellect
Identification of both Kneph and Amun with the Zeus of Herodotus 445
Zeus especially worshipped in the nome of Thebes
446