from thence the Dorians removed to the southern EUROPE. territory of Doris, and at length passed over to the CHAP. II. Peloponnesus under the guidance of the Heracleids, Invasion of or descendants of Heracles. This celebrated inva- the Peloponnesus by sion forms the great epoch in the early history of the HeraGreece; the settlements they effected will be de- cleids. scribed in the chapter on the Peloponnesus. 2 unknown. considered The history of the three other Hellenic races, the Achaeans Aeolians, Achaeans, and Ionians, is more intricate Aeolians and contradictory. Herodotus describes the Aeo- and Ionians lians and Ionians as Pelasgians; and the Achae- as Pelasare not described at all excepting as conquerors of the Ionian Pelasgians. It is impossible to reconcile these statements with the mythical account of the relationship of the four races. 3 gians. times, inha lenes. In the time of Herodotus nearly all the inhabit- In historical ants of Hellas were called Hellenes, and all were bitants all considered to be bound together by the ties of blood, called Helof language, and of religion. Whilst the Pelasgians, who spoke a different language, were fast disappearing from the scene," the Hellenes from a small beginning increased to a multitude of nations, chiefly by a union with other tribes; and they appear to have retained the language they used when they first became a people. 6 Thus then, having briefly reviewed the general geography of Greece, and history of its inhabitants, we shall proceed to treat of the various states under the two great divisions of Southern Greece, or the Peloponnesus, and Northern Greece up to the Cambunian range. 1i. 56, 57. 3 vii. 94. 2 vii. 95. Comp. also the sect. in chap. iv. on Attica. D EUROPE. the Peloponnesus into nine districts. CHAPTER III. SOUTHERN GREECE, OR PELOPONNESUS. Division of the Peloponnesus into nine districts.-Herodotus's account of the Peloponnesian races.-Settlements of the races prior to the Dorian invasion.-Settlements in the time of Herodotus.-I. ARCADIA, general description.-Herodotus's account.-Topography: Tegea, Mantinea, Orchomenus, Phigalea, Trapezus, Paeos, Dipaea, Nonacris, Mount Parthenion, Stymphalian lake.-II. ARGOLIS, general description.-Herodotus's account. Topography: Argos, Epidaurus, Hermione, Troezene, Pogon, Mycenae, Tiryns, Nauplia, Orneae, River Erasinus, Grove of Argos.-III. CORINTHIA, general description.-Origin of its commercial importance.-Herodotus's account.-City of Corinth.-Petra.-The isthmus.-IV. SICYONIA, general description.-Herodotus's account: her enmity against Argos. Expulsion of the Argive hero Adrastus. — Changes in the name of the Sicyonian tribes.-V. PHLIASIA.-Phlius. -VI. ACHAIA, general description.-Herodotus's account.-Topography: Pellene, Aegira, Aegae, Crathis, Bura, Aegium, Rhypes, Patrae, Pharae, Olenus, Dyma, Tritaea.—VII. ELIS, general description.-Herodotus's account.-Aetolians, Caucones, Minyae.—Elean seers.—No mules bred in Elis.-Topography: Elis, Pisa, Olympia.-Minyan cities : Phrixae, Nudium, Epium, Macistus, Lepreum, Pyrgus.-VIII. MESSENIA, general description. History. Herodotus's account. - Topography: Pylus, Asine, Steny clerus, Ithome.-IX. LACONICA, general description. -History.-Herodotus's account.-Description of the Laconians.Rights and privileges of their kings, in war; in peace; at public sacrifices, feasts, and games; right of appointing the proxeni and pythii; daily allowance of food; keepers of the oracles; commissioners of the highways; entitled to a seat in the council of twenty-eight.-Manners and customs of the people: burial of kings; hereditary professions; miscellaneous.-Topography: Sparta, Therapne, Pitane, Cardamyle, the Aegeidae, Mount Thornax, Mount Taygetus, Cape Taenarum, Cape Malea. THE PELOPONNESUS is usually divided into nine CHAP. III. districts, viz. Arcadia in the centre; Argolis, CorDivision of inthia, Sicyonia, and Phliasia on the east; Achaia on the north; Elis on the west; and Messenia and Laconica on the south; but the Messenians having been conquered by the Laconians, the two latter districts were generally considered to be included in the same territory. The relative position of these nine districts on the map was as follows: account of ponnesian According to our author, "the country of Pelops Herodotus's the Phrygian," as he calls it, was in his time occu- the Pelopied by seven different races, namely, Arcadians, races Cynurians, Achaeans, Dorians, Aetolians, Dryopes, and Lemnians. Of these the Arcadians and Cynurians were aborigines who still occupied their ancient territory; the Achaeans had also never removed from the Peloponnesus, but had passed from one territory to another. The remaining four were foreigners.1 The history of these races appears to have been as follows. of the races prior to the Dorian in vasion. Prior to the Dorian invasion, the centre was occu- Settlement pied by the Arcadians, and the south-eastern promontory by the Cynurians, and both these nations were Pelasgians. The east and south were held by the Achaeans. The west and north were originally peopled by races not mentioned here because subsequently driven out; viz. the Ionians, called also 1 viii. 73. EUROPE. Aegialeis, or coast-men," on the north,' and the CHAP. III. Caucones on the west.2 The Dryopes from Doris had also formed settlements in Messenia and Argolis.3 These races seem therefore to have anciently occupied the following positions. Settlements in the time tus. Subsequently the Dorians and Aetolians invaded of Herodo- the Peloponnesus. The Aetolians seized the western territory, whilst the Dorians turned out the Achaeans and occupied the south and east. The Achaeans mostly proceeded to the north, and drove out the Ionian Aegialeis and occupied their territory,1 4 but a few remained behind. The Ionians proceeded to Athens. Subsequently the Minyans from Lemnos, called also Lemnians, drove out the Caucones and obtained their country. The inhabitants of the Peloponnesus therefore in the time of Herodotus seem to have been situated as follows: 1 i. 145; vii. 94. 2 iv. 148. 3 viii. 73. 5 iv. 148. The Dorians possessed many considerable cities; the Aetolians only Elis; the Dryopes had Hermione, (in the south-east of Argolis,) and Asine, (in the southern promontory of Messenia,) near the Laconian Cardamyle; the Lemnians had all the Paroreatae, and were descended from the Minyans. The Cynurians, though aborigines, were thought by some to be Ionians, (Pelasgians,) but became Dorians like the Orneatae and their neighbours from the lapse of time, and from living under the dominion of the Argives.' We now turn to the geography of the nine districts. General I. ARCADIA Was the central, and next to Laconica I. ARCADIA. the largest, country in the Peloponnesus. It was description. surrounded on all sides by a ring of mountains, forming a kind of natural wall, and may be regarded 1 viii. 73. |