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→tables of copper; cauldrons, saucepans, and a complete batterie de cuisine. Such a mode of travelling is undoubtedly very different from that which was in use among the Turks of Osman and Orkhan. The articles of the Mollah's baggage are probably for the most part of Greek origin, adopted from the conquered nation, in the same manner as the Latins borrowed the arts of the Greeks of a better age. In fact, it is in a great degree to Greek luxuries, with the addition of coffee and tobacco, that the present imbecile condition of these barbarians is to be ascribed; and "Græcia capta ferum victorem cepit" applies as well to the Turk as it once did to the Roman; for though Grecian art in its perfection may be degraded by a comparison with the arts of the Byzantine Greeks, yet in the scale of civilisation, the Turks did not bear a higher proportion to these than the Romans did to the ancient Greeks. (P. 4.)

The first chapter conducts us from Ghebse to Kizderwent (or the "Girl's Pass"), Lake Ascanius, Nicæa, Lefke, Shughut, Eski-Shehr (the ancient Dorylæum), Seid el Ghazi, Doganlu, Kosru Khan, Bulwudún, Isaklu, Ak-Shehr, Ilgún, Ladík, and Kónia. In the course of this journey our author remarks that the Turkish Isnik, which represents the Grecian Nicæa, was never so large as the ancient city, from the ruins of which it seems to have been almost wholly composed, its baths and mosques exhibiting numerous fragments of Greek temples and churches. (P. 11.) Of an extraordinary monument in the valley called Doganlú, an engraving is given from the sketch made by General Koehler, while Mr. Carlyle and Col. Leake copied the inscriptions. This monument appears to be a sepulchral chamber excavated in the rock, with an ornamented front rising more than 100 feet above the plain: the lower part resembles an altar, and probably conceals the entrance into a sepulchre where lie the remains of some personage in whose honor this magnificent monument was formed; "for in some other parts of Asia Minor, especially at Telmissus, we have examples of the wonderful ingenuity with which the ancients sometimes defended the entrance into their tombs." (P. 23.) A ruined fortification in the vicinity of this monument, our learned traveller is inclined to regard as indicating the site of Nacoleia, the chief fortress of this country in the time of Arcadius, and named by Strabo among the cities of Phrygia Epictatus. As to the sculptured monument, it may be supposed a work of the ancient Phrygians, who, like other nations of Asia Minor, in a state of independence before the Persian conquest, used an alphabet slightly differing from the Greek, and derived from the same Oriental origin. The characters of its inscriptions resemble the Archaic Greek in some respects, whilst in others they are manifestly semibarbarous.

Both in the resemblance and dissimilitude, therefore, they accord with what we should expect of the dialect of the Phrygians, whose connexion with Greece is evident from many parts of their early history; at the same time that the distinction between the two nations is strongly marked by Herodotus, who gives to the Phrygians the appellation of barbarians. (P. 27.)

In one of the inscriptions Col. L. discovered the words MIAAI FANAKTEI "to King Midas;" furnishing an immediate presumption that this monument was constructed in honor of some Phrygian monarch of the Midaian family. This opinion is supported with our author's wonted erudition and ability, and he recommends, as we sincerely do, that future travellers should devote some time to a more complete examination of this highly interesting object than circumstances allowed to himself. The second chapter illustrates in a very masterly manner the ancient Geography of the central part of Asia Minor, establishing the sites of many cities respecting which we have hitherto been almost wholly ignorant. And the third chapter continues the author's route from Konia through various places, until his arrival at the sea-coast, where he embarked and landed at Tzerina or Cerina, in the island of Cyprus, near which are some catacombs, the only remains of ancient Ceryneia. (P. 118.) Here he remarks that

-the natural formation of the eastern part of the north side of Cyprus is very singular: it consists of a high, rugged ridge of steep rocks, running in a straight line from east to west, which descend abruptly on the south side into the great plain of Lefkosía, and terminate to the north in a narrow plain bordering the coast. Upon several of the rocky summits of the ridge are castles which seem almost inaccessible. The slope and maritime plain at the foot of the rocks on the north possess the finest soil and climate, with a plentiful supply of water; it is one of the most beautiful and best cultivated districts I have seen in Turkey. (P. 119.) '

Among various interesting, curious, and useful remarks, which our author, as usual, intersperses throughout his works, we shall notice one, in P. 124, showing, that from a comparison of some computed measurements with the real distances on the map, a Greek mile may be estimated at about two-thirds of the geographical; and as the word uía, was borrowed from the Latin, Col. Leake concludes that the measure must have been originally the same as the Roman mile, though it is now shorter; the distance however is merely computed, not measured, and he never could obtain an accurate definition of it from the Greeks. The ruins of Assus, opposite to Molivo, (the ancient Methymna) in Mitylene, afford numerous remains, furnishing perhaps

the most perfect idea of a Greek city that anywhere existstemples, sculptured figures, walls and towers. a gate in complete preservation, a cemetery with gigantic Sarcophagi, an ancient causeway, and architraves with inscriptions. On one of these we read .... ΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΔΙΟΣ....ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕBAZTNI. Another records the name of one who had bequeathed lands for restoring the city, and from the profits of which the temple had been rebuilt. Εκ της προσόδου των αγρών, ων απέλιπεν εις επισκευην της πολεως Κλειστρατος υιος πόλεως, φύσει δε Τελλίκοντος, επεσκευάσθη. (P. 128.)

The fourth chapter treats of ancient places on the road from Adalia to Shughut, with remarks on the comparative geography of the adjacent country.

We shall here direct the inquisitive reader to our learned author's observations on the site of Apameia, respecting which he examines the ancient evidences,

Because it is a point of great importance to the ancient geography of the western part of Asia Minor; not less so than Tyana is to the eastern; and because, adds he, in regard to both these places, I have the misfortune to differ from the author, in whose opinion the public is justly in the habit of placing the highest confidence. P. 163.

It is scarcely necessary to mention that Col. Leake here alludes to the celebrated geographer Major Rennell.

The fifth chapter relates to ancient places on the southern coast of Asia Minor; and here a due compliment is paid to Captain Beaufort's excellent work on Karamania, a country now poor and deserted, but appearing, from the numerous remains of antiquity that it exhibits, to have been one of the most populous and florishing regions of the ancient world (p. 171.)

In chapter vi. we have remarks on the comparative geography of the western and northern parts of Asia Minor; on the principal places in Perea Rhodia, in Doris, in Caria, in the valley of the Mæander, in the valleys of the Caystrus, on the coast of Ionia, in the vallies of the Hermus and Caicus, and in the adjacent country, in Troas, in Bithynia, and in Paphlagonia. Here (p. 240.) our author gives a very remarkable inscription from Branchidae, in the Boustrophedon manner of writing; it was copied by Sir William Gell from the chair of a sitting statue on the Sacred Way, or road leading from the sea to the temple of Apollo Didymæus. This road, which on either side was bordered with statues on chairs formed of single blocks of stone, the feet close together and the hands placed on the knees, is an exact imitation of the avenues to Egyptian temples.

Respecting the remains of Ephesus Col. Leake observes, that, though still very considerable and of easy access,

They have hardly yet been sufficiently explored, or at least they have not yet been described to the public with the accuracy and detail which they merit. The temple of Diana Ephesia, the largest and most celebrated of the Asiatic Greek buildings, is the only one of the great examples of the Ionic order of which we do not now possess particulars more or less satisfactory. The temples at Samus, Branchida, Priene, Magnesia, and Sardes, have been measured and drawn by experienced architects, but not a stone has yet been discovered that can with certainty be ascribed to the Ephesian temple, although very little doubt remains as to its exact situation. P. 258.

For the total disappearance of such a vast edifice our author accounts, by remarking its position near the sea, which facilitated the removal of its materials for the construction of new buildings during the long period of Grecian barbarism: whilst that gradual rising of the soil, which has not only obstructed the port near the temple, but has created a plain of three miles between it and the sea, must have buried every vestige of the temple that escaped removal; an architect, however, would probably still find beneath the soil sufficient traces to afford a perfect knowlege of the original construction.

For Col, Leake's very interesting remarks on Troy, which occupy above thirty pages, we must refer to the work itselfnoticing a very curious sketch explaining the supposed alteration in the coast and in the rivers of Troy since the time of the celebrated war; and a map of the Troas from Rhoteium and Alexandreia to the summits of Mount Ida.

Although many remarks on the central parts of Asia Minor have already been made by our author in a Journal published among the collections of Mr. Walpole (vol. ii.), yet so much new matter has been added that the work before us appears as a most valuable acquisition to the classical antiquary and geographer.

We cannot close this interesting volume without noticing the admirable map of Asia Minor which illustrates it, executed by Mr. John Walker, after the drawing by Col. Leake.

407

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Contents of the Journal des Savans for November, 1823. 1. Klaproth, Asia Polyglotta; reviewed by M. Abel Remusat. 2. D'Ohsson, Empire Ottoman, tome 3; M. Silvestre de Sacy.

3. Chefs-d'œuvre des Théâtres étrangers; M. Raynouard. 4. Eusebe Salverte, Horace et l'Empereur Auguste; M. Daunou.

5. C. C. Sallustius, curante J. L. Bourneuf, M. Letronne. 6. Carmen Almotenabbii, &c.; M. Silvestre de Sacy.

For December, 1823.

1. Guizot, Essais sur l'Histoire de France; by M. Daunou. 2. Hug et Cellerier, Introduction critique au Nouveau Testament; M. Silvestre de Sacy.

3. Chefs-d'œuvre des Théâtres étrangers; M. Raynouard.

VOL. XXIX.

CI. JI.

NO. LVIII.

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