LESSON XXXIII.

CLAUSES.

(Review Lesson LXXXIV.)

A part of a sentence that contains a subject and a predicate is called a clause.

A clause that expresses the leading or principal thought of a sentence is called an independent or principal clause. A clause that depends upon some other part of the sentence for its full meaning is called a dependent or subordinate

clause.

I.-ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.

A clause that is used like an adjective is called an adjective clause ; as,

1. He was the first person that entered the room.

2. The bay, which lay before us, was covered with sails.

3. This is the place where the hero fell.

Read each dependent clause, and tell what it modifies. How are these clauses joined to the words they modify?

II. - ADVERBIAL CLAUSES.

A clause that is used like an adverb is called an adverbial clause; as,

I. When the signal was given, the boats started. (Time.) 2. The books will be found where you left them. (Place.)

3. Speak as you think. (Manner.)

4. The result was better than I expected. (Degree.)

5. The building was condemned because it was unsafe. (Reason.)

6. He spoke that the matter might be made clear. (Purpose.) 7. If our cause is just, we shall succeed. (Condition.)

Mention the adverbial clauses, tell what each expresses, and show how it is connected to the principal clause.

III.-NOUN CLAUSES.

A clause that is used like a noun is called a noun clause or a substantive clause; as,

1. What his decision will be is uncertain. (Subject.)

2. I believe that he is honest.

(Object.)

3. The result was that he left the town. (To complete predicate.)

4. The hope, that they would be rescued, died away. (In apposition to a noun.)

Mention the noun clauses, and tell how each is used.

EXERCISE I.-ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.

Mention all the phrases and clauses in these sentences, name the kind of phrase or clause, and tell what each modifies :

I. Thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just.

2. She listened attentively to every word that was spoken. 3. He set forth at the head of his followers, who went off in a very melancholy state of mind.

4. At length they came within full sight of the palace, which proved to be very large and lofty.

5. She ran quickly to a spot where she had seen a great many flowers.

6. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hid.

7. But the noblest thing which perished there

Was that young faithful heart!

8. None shrink from discussion but those who are afraid of the truth.

9. We were up before sunrise, in order to take advantage of the flood tide, which waits for no man.

10. Those heavy forests of valuable timber under which your lands are groaning must be cleared away.

II. He found several boxes of ammunition which the enemy had not destroyed.

12. The officer who had borne the flag of truce retired. #

EXERCISE II.-ADVERBIAL CLAUSES.

Point out the adverbial clauses, explain the use of the connectives, and tell what each clause expresses:

1. The army, when he took command of it, was without any discipline or order.

2. The people murmured, as their suffering increased.

3. Forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors.

4.

Let us live while we live.

5.

Days brightly came and calmly went,

While yet he was our guest.

6. Dreary is the time when the flowers of earth are withered. 7. After his recovery he made excursions about the island.

8. Since they have come, we must receive them.

9. Spare that you may spend.

10. If they had considered the matter carefully, they would have taken a different course.

EXERCISE III.-NOUN CLAUSES.

Mention the noun clauses, and show how each is used:
:-

1. Remember what has been done for you.

2. It is good for a man that he bear the yoke in his youth.

3.

4.

"Know thyself" is a comprehensive precept.

I know not what course others may take.

5. Learn from the birds what foods the thickets yield.

6. Children are what the mothers are.

7. It has been truly said that he who sets one great truth afloat in the world serves his generation.

8. Be what nature intended you for, and you will succeed. 9. I learned that he was a universal favorite in the village. 10. "I will set out to-morrow morning," answered the boy.

WRITTEN EXERCISES.

I.

Write five sentences containing adjective clauses.

II.

Write five sentences containing adverbial clauses

III.

Write three sentences containing noun clauses.

LESSON XXXIV.

COMPLEX SENTENCES.

A sentence containing a dependent clause is called a complex sentence.

Sometimes a complex sentence contains more than one dependent

clause.

Analyze the following sentences, thus : —

1. Tell the kind of sentence.

2. Name the subject and the predicate of the entire sentence.

3. Tell what the subject consists of.

4. Tell what the predicate consists of.

5. Analyze the dependent clause or clauses.

Example. As we approached the house, we heard the sound of music.

ORAL ANALYSIS.

1. This is a complex declarative sentence, consisting of one independent clause and one dependent clause.

2. The subject of the entire sentence is we. The predicate of the sentence is heard the sound of music as we approached the house.

3. The predicate consists of the verb heard, completed by the object sound, and modified by the adverbial clause as we approached the house. The noun sound is modified by the and by the adjective phrase of music.

4. The dependent clause is connected to the principal clause by the adverbial conjunction as, expressing time.

5. The subject of the dependent clause is we; the predicate, approached the house. The predicate consists of the verb approached, completed by the object house. House is modified by the.