1839; 2d Ed. by Just. Olshausen, 1852;-J. G. Stickel: Das Buch Hiob rhythmisch gegliedert und übersetzt, mit exeget. und krit. Bemerkungen, Leipzig, 1842;-J. G. Vaihinger: Das Buch Hiob, der Urschrift gemäss metrisch übersetzt und erläutert, Stuttgart, 1842; 2d Ed. 1856;-A. Heiligstedt: Commentarius gramm. hist. crit. in Job (as Vol. IV., Part I. of Maurer's Comment.) Leipzig, 1847 ;—† B. Welte: Das Buch Hiob übersetzt und erklärt, Frieib. i. Breisg., 1849; H. A. Hahn; Kommentar über das Buch Hiob, Berlin, 1850;-Ed. Isid. Magnus; Philolog.-historischer Kommentar zum Buch Hiob, 2 Parts, Halle, 1850;-Konst. Schlottmann : D. B. Hiob verdeutscht und erläutert, Berlin, 1851;-A. Ebrard: Das Buch Hiob als poetisches Kunstwerk (in fünffüssigen jamben) übersetzt und erläutert, Landau, 1858;-Franz Delitzsch: Bibl. Kommentar über die poetische Bücher des Alten Testaments, 2d Vol. Das Buch Hiob; mit Beiträgen von Prof. Fleischer und Konsul Wetzstein, Leipzig, 1864; [translated into English by Rev. F. Bolton, B. A., and published in Clark's Foreign Theol. Library, 2 Vols., Edinb., 1869];-Ad. Kamphausen, in Bunsen's Bibelwerk, Div. I. Vol. III., Part 3, 1865; -Fr. Bött cher: Neue exeget. kritische Aehrenlese zum Alten Testament, edited by Mühlau, Vol. III., 1865 (comp. the Exeget.-krit. Aehrenlese, 1849);-G. H. G. Jahr: Die poet. werke der alten Hebräer in neuberichtigter metrischer Uebersetzung. Ein literarisches Lesebuch für Gebildete, Vol. II., Part I: Das Buch Hiob, etc., Neuwied, 1865;-A. Dillmann: Hiob, for the 3d Ed. of the Kurzgef. exeget. Handb. zum Alten Test. nach Hirzel und Olshausen neu bearbeitet, Leipzig, 1869;-E. W. Hengstenberg: Das Buch Hiob erläutert (Opus posthumum), Berlin, 187071. [Adalbert Merx: Das Gedicht von Hiob: Hebräischer Text, kritisch bearbeitet und übersetzt, nebst sach licher und kritischer Einleitung, Jena. 1871].

English commentaries: Sam. Lee: The book of the Patriarch Job, London, 1837; C. P. Carey: The book of Job translated, explained, and illustrated, London, 1858;-A Barnes: Notes, critical, illustrative, and practical, on the book of Job, 2 Vols., New York, 1852;—A. B. Davidson: A Commentary, grammatical and exegetical, on the book of Job, Lond. and Edinb., 1862; [R. Humfry; The conflict of Job; a paraphrase, etc., 1607; Geo. Abbott: Exposition of the Book of Job, London, 1640;-Joseph Caryl: Exposition, with practical observations on the Book of Job, London, 1648-66 ;-E. Leigh: Annotations on Job, London, 1657;-J. F. Sennault: A paraphrase on the book of Job, London, 1648; James Durham: Exposition of the book of Job, 1659;-Geo. Hutcheson: An exposition upon Job, being the sum of 316 lectures, Lond., 1669;-R. Blackmore: A paraphrase on the book of Job, London, 1700;-Z. Isham : Divine Philosophy; containing the books of Job, Proverbs and Wisdom, with explanatory notes, London, 1706;-T. Fenton: Annotations on the book of Job, and the Psalms, London, 1732;S. Wesley: Dissertationes in librum Jobi, London, 1736;-R. Grey: Liber Jobi in versiculos metrice divisus, cum vers. Lat. A. Schult., etc., London, 1742;-L. Chappelow: A commentary on the Book of Job, in which is inserted the Heb. text and English translation, with a Paraphrase, etc., Cambridge, 1752;-T. Heath: An essay towards a new English version of the Book of Job, from the original Hebrew, with a commentary, etc.; Thomas Scott: The Book of Job in English verse, translated from the original Hebrew, with remarks, historical, critical and explanatory, London, 1771;-C. Garden: An improved version attempted of the Book of Job, with a preliminary dissertation and notes, critical and explanatory, London, 1796;-Stock (Bp.): The Book of Job metrically arranged according to the Masora, and newly translated into English; with notes, critical and explanatory, Bath, 1805;-Elizabeth Smith: The Book of Job, translated from the Hebrew, with a preface and annotations, by F. Randolph, D. D., London, 1870;-J. M. Good: The Book of Job, literally translated, etc., with notes critical and illustrative, and an introductory dissertation, London, 1812;-John Fry: A new translation and exposition of the very ancient Book of Job, with notes explanatory and philological, London, 1827;-G. R. Noyes: A new translation of the Book of Job, with an Introduction and Notes, etc., Cambridge, 1827, 2d Ed., Boston, 1838;-T. Wemyss: Job, and his Times, or a picture of the patriarchal age, etc., and a New Version, accompanied with Notes and Dissertations, London, 1839;-A. Tattam: Book of Job the Just in Coptic, with an English translation, 1846;-A. Jenour: Translation of the Book of Job, Lond., 1841 ;-T. J. Conant: The Book of Job, the common Eng. Vers., the Heb. text, and the revised version of the Amer. Bib, Union, with an Introduction and philological Notes, New York, 1857;-Chr. Wordsworth: The Book of Job, with Notes and Introduction,

London, 1867, being Vol. IV. of The Holy Bible, with notes, etc.;-J. M. Rodwell: The Book of Job translated from the Hebrew, London, 1864;-H. H. Bernard: The Book of Job, edited by F. Chance, Vol. I., London, 1864;-* A. Elzas: The Book of Job, translated, etc., with an Introd. and Notes, etc., London, 1872;-also the commy. of Canon Cook in the Bible (or Speaker's Commentary), New York, 1874].

French Commentaries: Ernest Renan: Le livre de Job, traduit de l'Hébreu, avec une Etude, etc., Paris, 1859.*

Jewish Commentaries: * Arnheim: Das Buch Hiob, 1836;-* J. Wolfsohn, Das Buch Hiob, 1843;-* Mor. Lowenthal: Hiob, Praktische Philosophie oder Darstellung der im Buch Hiob obwaltenden Ideen, nebst Uebersetzung und Kommentar, Frankfurt a. M. 1846;-Isr. Schwarz: Tikwath Enosh-see above I., B.

Expositions for practical edification: The Bibelwerke of Starcke, Joachim Lange, of Berleburg, of Fischer and Wohlfarth, O. v. Gerlach, Dächsel, [to which add here the English general commentaries of Patrick, Scott, Henry, Gill, Clarke, etc.], the Calwer Handbuch for the exposition of the Bible; the translations (with brief expository notes) of Bōckel (see above), Gerh. Lange (1831), Justi (1840), Haupt (1847), Hosse (1849), Spiess (1852), Hayd (1859), Berkholz (1859), Jahr (see above), and others. Also J. Diedrich: Das Buch Job kurz erklärt für heilsbegierige aufmerksame Bibelleser, 1858;-F. W. S. Schwarz: Das B. Hiob, ein Kreuz-und Trost-Buch, Bremen, 1868,-Herm. Victor Andrea: Hiob. Klassisches Gedicht der Hebräer. Aus dem Grundtext nen übersetzt uud mit Anmerkungen zum tieferen Verständniss versehen, Barmen, 1870. Comp. also the Essay of A. F. C. Vilmar (in his Pastoral.-theolog. Blättern, 1866, Vol. XI., p. 57 seq.): Wie soll das Buch Hiob praktisch-erbaulich behandelt werden? [To the general English commentaries mentioned above may be added here, for practical uses, the particular commentaries of Caryl (of which besides the larger work, which is rare, there is an abridgement published in Edinb., 1836), Barnes and Wordsworth, mentioned above. Also the following:-Francis Quarles: Job militant, with meditations, divine and moral, 1624;-A. B. Evans: Lectures on the Book of Job, London, 1856;W. H. Green: The Book of Job, New York, 1874].

MONOGRAPHS.

a. Introductory and Critical.-Fr. Spanheim: Historia Jobi, sive de obscur. hist. commentat., Lugd. Bat. 1672;-C. Zeyss: Exegetische Einleitung in Hiob, edited by J. Rambach, Züllich, 1831;-Garnett: A dissertation on the Book of Job, etc., ed. 2, 1751;- Stuss: De Epopeia Jobæa commentt. III., Goth. 1753;-Lichtenstein: Num lib. Job cum Odyssea Homeri comparari possit? Helmst. 1773;-D. Ilgen: Jobi antiquissimi carminis Hebr. natura et virtus, Lips. 1789;-J. Bellermann: Ueber den kunstvollen Plan im Buch Hiob, 1813;Bernstein: Ueber das Alter, den Inhalt, den Zweck und die gegenwärtige Beschaffenheit des B. Hiob, in Keil and Tzschirner's Analekten, etc., I. 3, 1813;-J. F. Krause: Lectionum versionis Alexandrinæ Jobi nondum satis examinaturam specimen, Regiomont. 1811;-Krehl: Observationes ad interpretes Græcos et Latinos vet. libr. Job, I., Lips. 1834;-M. Sachs; Zur Charakteristik und Erläuterung des Buches Job, in Theol. Studd. und Kritt., 1834, IV.;—A. Knobel: De carminis Jobi argumento, fine, ac dispositione, 1835;-*Dav. Friedländer: Ueber die Idee des B. Hiob, und die Zeit der Abfassung desselben, 1845;—W. Gleiss: Beiträge zur Kritik des Buches Hiob, 1845;-H. Hupfeld: Commentatio in quosdam Jobeidos locos, 1853 (also in the Deut. Zeilschrift fur christl. Wissensch., etc., 1850, No. 35 seq.);-Hengstenberg: Das Buch Hiob, ein Vortrag., 1856;-G. Baur: Das Buch Hiob und Dante's göttl. Komödie, eine Parallele in Studd. und Kritt. 1856, III.;-Schneider: Neueste Studien über das B. Hiob, in the Deutsche Zeitschr. f. christl. Wissensch., etc., 1859, No. 27 seq.;-Fries: Ueber den grundlegenden Theil des Buches Hiob, in the Jahrbucher fur deutsche Theol., 1859, IV.;Räbiger: De libri Jobi sententia primari, Vratisl. 1860;-Simson: Zur Kritik das B. Hiob, 1861;-Seinecke: Der Grundgedanke des Buches Hiob, 1863;-Herm. Schulz: Zu den kirchlichen Fragen der Gegenwart, No. 3: Das Buch Hiob in seiner Bedeutung fur unsre Zeit,

* Comp. the sharp criticism of this work by the Abbe Crelier: Le livre de Job vengé des interpretationes fausses et impies de M. Ernest Renun, Paris, 1860.

Frankfurt, 1869;-E. Reuss: Das Buch Hiob, ein Vortrag., Strassburg, 1869;-W. Volck: De summa carminis Jobi sententia, Dorpat, 1870; B. Schmitz: Der Ideengang des B. Hiob (Greifswalder Gymnasial-programm), 1870.

b. Exegetical.-Abr. Hinckelmann: Jobi theologia evangelica, Hamb. 1687;-J. W. Baier: Systema mundi Jobæum (ex. cap. 26), 1707;-J. W. Baier: Behemoth et Leviathan ex Job XL., XLI., etc., Altdorf, 1708;-Erläuterung einiger Stellen des Hiob, Herborn, 1713;T. Hasaus: De Leviathan Jobi et Jona, Bremen, 1723; C. Scheuchzer: Jobi Physica Sacra, oder Hiobs Naturwissenschaft verglichen mit der heutigen, Zürich, 1721;-Winter: De Behemoth, Havn. 1722;—J. J. Reiske: Conjecturæ in Jobum et Proverbia, Lips. 1779;—K. C. R. Eckermann: Animadversiones in librum Job, Lubec. 1779;-Exegetische und kritische Versuche über die schwersten Stellen des B. Hiob. I. 1, Leipzig, 1801 ;—J. H. F. v. Autenrieth: Veber das Buch Hiob, Tübingen, 1823;-T. Fockens: Pulchra Jobeidos loca commentata. Amstel. 1844;-C. W. G. Köstlin: De immortalitatis spe, quæ in l. Jobi apparere dicitur, 1846;-F. Bottcher: Ehrenlese und Neue Ehrenlese (see above);—R. Ruetschi: Exegetische Bemerkungen Zum Buch Hiob, mit bes. Rücksicht auf Delitzsch Kommentar, in Studd, und Kritt. 1867, I.—For the special literature on ch. xix. 25-27 (the passage respecting the Goel) see below in the history of the exposition of this section (Doctrinal and Ethical Remarks on ch. xix., No. 1). [The more important English monographs, articles, dissertations, etc., on the book and its contents are the following: John Campbell: Of the history of Job, reflections on the philosophy and religion of those times, etc., in Hist. of the Bible, I. 145;-Wm. Warburton (Bp.): The Divine Legation of Moses demonstrated, Book VI., Sect. II.; in Works Vol. V., London, 1811;-W. Magee (Abp.): Discourses and Dissertations on the Scriptural Doctrine of Atonement and Sacrifice, 1801, and Philad. 1825;-W. Hodges: Elihu; or an Inquiry into the principal scope and design of the Book of Job; London, 1750;-C. Costard: Some Observations tending to illustrate the Book of Job, and particularly Job xix. 25, London, 1747; -C. Peters: A critical dissertation on the Book of Job (chiefly in reply to Warburton), London, 1757;—J. Garnett: A dissertation on the Book of Job, etc., London, 1749;-G. Croly: The Book of Job, Edinb. 1863; R. Lowth (Bp.): Lectures on Heb. Poetry (Lect. XXXII— XXXIV.) ;-Isaac Taylor: Spirit of Hebrew Poetry, New York, 1861;-Horne's Introduction to the Holy Scriptures (4 Vols., Lond. 1863), Vol. II., p. 666 seq.;-J. G. Palfrey: Lectures on the Jewish Scriptures and Antiquities, Vol. IV., p. 217 seq., Boston, 1852;-Kitto's Biblical Cyclopædia, Art. "Job" by Hengstenberg;-Smith's Bib. Dictionary, Hackett & Abbott's Ed. Art. "Job" by Canon Cook ;-McClintock & Strong's Cyclopædia, Art. "Job;" Kitto's Daily Bib. Illustr. Evening 1;-Horne's Introduction to the Holy Scriptures, Vol. II., p. 666 seq., London, 1863;-G. Croly: The Book of Job, Edinb. 1863;-Princeton Review, Vol. XXIX., p. 281 seq.;-J. A. Froude: The Book of Job, in Short Studies on Great Subjects; reprinted from Westminster Review, 1853; Spirituality of the Book of Job, as exhibited in a Commy. on chap. xiv., etc.; Art. by T. Lewis in Bib. Sacra, Vol. VI., p. 265 seq.;-E. P. Barrowes: Interpretation of Job xxviii. in Bib. Sac., Vol. X., p. 264 seq.;-Hirzel's Introduction, translated in Bib. Sac. VII. 383;-Vaihinger's Art. on The Date of the Book of Job, from the Stud. u. Krit., reprinted in Bibl. Repository, Third Series, Vol. III., p. 174;-G. B. Bacon: The Gospel according to Job, in New Englander, Vol. XXI., p. 764 seq.]

THE BOOK OF JOB.

1

HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION.

PROLOGUE.

CHAPS. I. 1-22-II. 1-13.

1. Job's Character and Course of Life.

(Chap. I. 1-15.)

There was a man in the land of Uz, whose name was Job; and that man was 2 perfect and upright, and one that feared God, and eschewed evil. And there were 3 born to him seven sons and three daughters. His substance also was seven thousand sheep, and three thousand camels, and five hundred yoke of oxen, and five hundred she asses, and a very great household; so that this man was the greatest of all the 4 men [sons] of the East.-And his sons went and feasted in their houses, every one his day [Now his sons were wont to hold a feast at the house of each one on his (birth)-day], and [they] sent and called for their three sisters to eat and to drink 5 with them. And it was so, when the days of their feasting were gone about, that Job sent and sanctified them [that he might make atonement for them, Z.], and rose up early in the morning, and offered burnt offerings according to the number of them all for Job said, It may be that my sons have sinned, and cursed, [renounced, bid farewell to] God in their hearts!-Thus did Job continually.

6

:

2. The Divine Determination to try Job through Suffering.

a. The milder form of trial by taking away his possessions.
(CHAP. I. 6-22.)

Now there was a day [it came to pass on a day, or, on the day] when the sons of God came to present themselves before the Lord [Jehovah], and Satan came also 7 among them. And the Lord said unto Satan, Whence comest thou? Then Satan answered the Lord, and said, From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking 8 up and down in it. And the Lord said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that [for] there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright 9 man, one that feareth God and escheweth evil?-Then Satan answered the Lord, 10 and said, Doth Job fear God for nought? Hast thou not made an hedge about him, and about his house, and about all that he hath on every side? Thou hast blessed the work of his hands, and his substance is increased [spread abroad] in 11 the land. But put forth Thine hand now, and touch all that he hath, and [verily] 12 he will curse Thee to Thy face. And the Lord said unto Satan, Behold, all that he hath is in thy power [hand], only upon himself put not forth thine hand. So Satan went forth from the presence of the Lord.

13

And there was a day [it came to pass on the day], when his sons and his daugh14 ters were eating and drinking wine in their eldest brother's house: and there came a messenger unto Job, and said, The oxen were ploughing, and the [she] asses feed15 ing beside them: and the Sabeans fell upon them, and took them away; yea, they have slain [smitten] the servants with the edge of the sword; and I only am escaped