Melanippus, the son of Theseus, was buried (Harpocrat. s. v. Meλavinmeiov); the temple of Athena Aristobula, built by Themistocles near his own house (Plut. Them. 22); the house of Callias (Plat. Parmen. p. 126, a.; Schol. ad Aristoph. Ran. 504); the house of Phocion, which still existed in Plutarch's time (Plut. Phoc. 18); and a building, called the "House of the Melitians," in which tragedies were rehearsed. (Hesych. Phot. Lex. s. v. MEλITEWV OlKos.) This is, perhaps, the same theatre as the one in which Aesohines played the part of Oenomaus, and which is said to have been situated in Collytus (Harpocrat. s. v. "Ioxavdpos; Anonym. Vit. Aesch.); since the district of Melite, as we have already observed, subsequently included the demus of Collytus. It is probable that this theatre is the one of which the remains of a great part of the semicircle are still visible, hewn out of the 10ck, on the western side of the hill of Pnyx. The Melitian Gate at the SW. corner of the city were so called, as leading to the district Melite. [See p. 263, b.] Pliny (iv. 7. s. 11) speaks of an "oppidum Melite," which is conjectured to have been the fortress of the Macedonians, crected on the hill Museium. [See p. 284, a.] Forchlammer places Collytus between the hills of Pnyx and Museium, in which case the expression of its being in the centre of the city, must not be interpreted strictly. The same writer also supposes OTEV@TÓS not to signify a street, but the whole district between the Puyx and the Museium, including the slopes of those hills. Leake thinks that Collytus bordered upon Diomeia, and accordingly places it between Melite and Diomeia; but the authority to which he refers would point to an opposite conclusion, namely, that Collytus and Diomeia were situated on opposite sides of the city. We are told that Collytus was the father of Diomus, the favourite of Hercules; and that some of the Melitenses, under the guidance of Diomus, migrated from Melite, and settled in the spot called Diomeia, from their leader, where they celebrated the Metageitnia, in memory of their origin. (Plut. de Exsil. 1. c.; Steph. B. s. v. Atóuela; Hesych. s. v. Aloμeteis.) This legend confirms the preceding account of Collytus being situated in Melite. We have already seen that there was a theatre in Collytus, in which Aeschines played the part of Oenomaus; and we are also told that he lived in this district 45 years. (Aesch. Ep. 5.) Collytus was also the residence of Timon, the nis3. Scambonidae (Exaμbwvídai), a deinus belong-anthrope (Lucian, Timon, 7, 44), and was celeing to the tribe Leontis. In consequence of a brated as the demus of Plato. passage of Pausanias (i. 38. §2) Müller placed 5. Cydathenaeum (Kuda@hvaιov: Eth. Kudaonthis demus near Eleusis; but it is now admitted valeîs), a demus belonging to the tribe Pandionis. that it was one of the city demi. It was probably in- (Harp. Suid. Steph. Phot.) The name is apparently cluded within the district of Melite, and occupied compounded of rudos “glory,” and 'Anvaïos, and is the Hills of the Nymphs and of Pnyx Its con- hence explained by Hesychius (s. v.) as ěvdo§os nexion with Melite is intimated by the legend, that 'Anvaîos. It is, therefore, very probable, as Leake Melite derived its name from Melite, a daughter of has suggested, that this demus occupied the TheMyrmex, and the wife of Hercules; and that seian city, that is to say, the Acropolis, and the this Myrmex gave his name to a street in Scam-parts adjacent to it on the south and south-east. bonidae. (Harpocrat. s. v. Meλirn; Hesych., s. v. Múрunкos àтраrós; comp. Aristoph. Thesm. 100; and Phot Lex.) This street, however, the "Street of Ants," did not derive its name from a hero, but from its being crooked and narrow, as we may suppose the streets to have been in this hilly district. Scambonidae, also, probably derived its name from the same circumstance (froin okaμbós, "crooked.") (Leake, p. 443; Müller, Dor. vol. ii. p. 72, transl.) 6. Diomeia (Aióuela: Eth. Aloμeîs), a demus belonging to the tribe Aegeis, consisting, like Cerameicus, of an Outer and an Inner Diomeia. The Inner Diomeia comprised the eastern part of city, and gave its name to one of the city-gates in this quarter. In the Outer Diomeia was situated the Cynosarges. (Steph., Suid. s. v. Aióμcia; Hesych. s. v. Aloμsis; Steph., Hesych. s. v. Kuvóoapyes; Schol. ad Aristoph. Ran. 664; Plut. de Ersil. l. c.) The Outer Diomcia could not have extended far beyond the walls, since the demus Alopece was close to Cynosarges, and only eleven or twelve stadia from the walls of the city. (Herod. v. 63; Aesch. c. Tim. p. 119, Reiske.) 7. Coele (Koiλn), a demus belonging to the tribe Hippothoontis. It lay partly within and partly without the city, in the valley between the Museium and the bills on the southern side of Ilissus. In this district, just outside the Melitian gate, were the sepulchres of Thucydides and Cimon. [For authorities, see p. 263.] 4: Collytus (KoλAUTÓS, not KoλUTTÓS: Eth. KoλλUTEîs), a demus belonging to the tribe Aegeis, and probably, as we have already said, sometimes included under the general name of Melite. It appears from a passage of Strabo (i. p. 65) that Collytus and Melite were adjacent, but that their boundaries were not accurately marked, a passage which both Leake and Wordsworth have erroneously supposed to mean that these places had precise boundaries. (It is evident, however, that Collytus and Melite are quoted as an example of un buτwv aкpisŵν 8pwv.) Wordsworth, moreover, remarks that it was the least respectable quarter in the whole of Athens: but we know, on the contrary, that it was a favourite place of residence. Hence 8. Ceiriadae (Keipiádai), a demus belonging to Plutarch says (de Exsil. 6, p. 601), "neither do the tribe Hippothoontis. (Harpocrat., Suid., Steph. all Athenians inhabit Collytus, nor Corinthians B., Hesych. s. v.) The position of this demus Craneium, nor Spartans l'itane," Craneium and is uncertain; but Sanppe brings forward many Pitane being two favourite localities in Corinth and arguments to prove that it was within the city Sparta respectively. It is described by Hinerius walls. In this district, and perhaps near the Me(ap. Phot. Cod. 243, p. 375, Bekker), as a σTe-troum, was the Bápa@pov, into which criminals were Vonós (which does not mean a narrow street, but simply a street, comp. Diod. xii. 10; Hesych. s. v.), situated in the centre of the city, and much valued for its use of the market (ayopas xpeía Tiμúμevos), by which words we are probably to understand that it was conveniently situated for the use of the market. cast. (For authorities, see Sauppe, pp 17, 18.) 9. Agrae (Aypai), was situated south of the Ilissus, and in the SE. of the city. Respecting its site, see p. 300, b. It does not appear to have been a separate deinus, and was perhaps included in the demus of Agryle, which was situated south of it. 10. Limnae (Aluva), was a district to the south of the Acropolis, in which the temple of Dionysus was situated. (Thuc. ii. 15.) It was not a demus, as stated by the Scholiast on Callimachus (H. in Del. 172), who has mistaken the Limnae of Messenia for the Limnae of Athens. Colonus, which we have spoken of as a hill in the city, is maintained by Sauppe to have been a separate demus; but see above, p. 298, b. The Euboean cities of Eretria and Histiaea were said by some to have been named from Attic demi (Strab. x. p. 445); and from another passage of Strabo (x. p. 447) it has been inferred that the socalled New Agora occupied the site of Eretria. [See p. 298, b.] It is doubtful whether Eretria was situated in the city; and at all events it is not mentioned elsewhere, either by writers or inscriptions, as a demus. Respecting the city demi the best account is given by Sauppe, De Demis Urbanis Athenarum, Weimar, 1846. X. SUBURBS OF THE CITY. 1. The Outer Cerameicus and the Academy.The road to the Academy ('Аxa♪nuía), which was distant six or eight stadia from the gate named Dipylum, ran through the Outer Cerameicus. (Liv. xxxi. 24; Thuc. vi. 57; Plat. Parm. 2; Plut. Sull. 14; Cic. de Fin. v. 1; Lucian, Scyth. 2.) It is called by Thucydides. the most beautiful suburb of the city (el Toоû KаλλÍσтоν πроаσтelov Ts πóλews, Thuc. ii. 34). On each side of the road were the monuments of illustrious Athenians, especially of those who had fallen in battle; for the Outer Cerameicus was the place of burial for all persons who were honoured with a public funeral. Hence we read in Aristophanes (Aves, 395): ὁ Κεραμεικός δέξεται νώ. Over each tomb was placed a pillar, inscribed with the names of the dead and of their demi. (Paus. i. 29. § 4; comp. Cic. de Leg. ii. 26.) In this locality was found an interesting inscription, now in the British Museum, containing the names of those who had fallen at Potidaea, B. C. 432. The Academy is said to have belonged originally to the hero Academus, and was afterwards converted into a gymnasium. It was surrounded with a wall by Hipparchus, aud was adorned by Cimon with walks, groves, and fountains. (Diog. Laërt. iii. 7; Suid. s. v. 'Innáрxov Teixíov; Plut. Cim. 13.) The beauty of the plane trees and olive plantations was particularly celebrated. (Plin. xii. 1. s. 5.) Before the entrance were a statue and an altar of Love, and within the inclosure were a temple of Athena, and altars of the Muses, Prometheus, Hercules, &c. (Paus. i. 30. § 1.) It was from the altar of Prometheus that the race of the Lampadephoria commenced. The Academy was the place where Plato taught, who possessed a small estate in the neighbourhood, which was his usual place of residence. (Diog. Laërt. I. c.; Aelian, V. H. ix. 10.) His successors continued to teach in the same spot, and were hence called the Academic philosophers. It continued to be one of the sanctuaries of philosophy, and was spared by the enemy down to the time of Sulla, who, during the siege of Athens, caused its celebrated groves to be cut down, in order to obtain timber for the construction of his nilitary machines. (Plut. Sull. 12; Appian, Mithr. 30.) The Academy, however, was replanted, and continued to enjoy its ancient celebrity in the time of the emperor Julian. Near the temple of Athena in the Academy were the Moriae, or sacred olives, which were derived from the sacred olive in the Erechtheium. The latter, as we have already seen, was the first olive tree planted in Attica, and one of the Moriae was shown to Pausanias as the second. They were under the guardianship of Zeus Morius. (Comp. Suid. s. v. Mopía; Schol. ad Soph. Oed. Col. 730.) A little way beyond the Academy was the hill of Colonus, iminortalised by the tragedy of Sophocles; and between the two places were the tomb of Plato and the tower of Timon. (Paus. i. 30. §§ 3, 4.) The name of Akadhimia is still attached to this spot. "It is on the lowest level, where some water-courses from the ridges of Lycabettus are consumed in gardens and olive plantations. These waters still cause the spot to be one of the most advantageous situations near Athens for the growth of fruit and potherbs, and maintain a certain degree of verdure when all the surrounding plain is parched with the heat of summer." (Leake, p. 195.) 2. Cynosarges (Kuvóσapyes), was a sanctuary of Hercules and a gymnasium, situated to the east of the city, not far from the gate Diomeia. It is said to have derived its name from a white dog, which carried off part of the victim, when sacrifices were first offered by Diomus to Hercule. (Paus. i. 19. § 3; Herod. v. 63, vi. 116; Plut. Them. 1; Harрocrat. s. v. 'Hpákλeia; Hesych. Suid. Steph. B. s. v. Kuvóoapyes.) Antisthenes, the founder of the Cynic school, taught in the Cynosarges. (Diog. Laërt. vi. 13.) It was surrounded by a grove, which was destroyed by Philip, together with the trees of the neighbouring Lyceium, when he encamped at this spot in his invasion of Attica in B. c. 200. (Liv. xxxi. 24.) Since Cynosarges was near a rising ground (Isocr. Vit. X. Orat. p. 838), Leake places it at the foot of the south-eastern extremity of Mount Lycabettus, near the point where the arch of the aqueduct of Hadiian and Antoninus formerly stood. The name of this gymnasium, like that of the Academy, was also given to the surrounding buildings, which thus formed a suburb of the city. (Forchhammer, p. 368.) 3. Lyceium (Aúkelov), a gymnasium dedicated to Apollo Lyceius, and surrounded with lofty plane trees, was also situated to the east of the city, and a little to the south of the Cynosarges. It was the chief of the Athenian gyırnasia, and was adorned by Peisistratus, Pericles, and Lycurgus. (Paus. i. 19. § 3; Xen. Hipp. 3. § 6; Hesych. Harpocrat. Suid. 8. v. Aúketov.) The Lyceium was the place in which Aristotle and his disciples taught, who were called Peripatetics, from their practice of walking in this gymnasium while delivering their lectures. (Diog. Laërt. v. 5; Cic. Acad. Quaest. i. 4.) In the neighbourbood of the Lyceiuin was a fountain of the hero Panops, near which was a small gate of the city, which must have stood between the gates Diocharis and Diomeia. (Plat. Lys. 1; Hesych. s. v Пávwy.) 4. Lycabettus (AυKabηттós), was the name of the lofty insulated mountain overhanging the city on its north-eastern side, and now called the Hill of St. George, from the church of St. George on its summit. [See p. 255, a.] This hill was identified by the ancient geographers with Anchesmus ('Ayxeoμós), which is described by Pausanias (i. 32 §2) as a small mountain with a statue of Zens Anchesmius. Pausanias is the only writer who mentions Anchesmus; but since all the other hills around Athens have names assigned to them, it was supposed that the hill of St. George must have been Anchesmus. But the same argument applies with still greater force to Lycabettus, which is frequently mentioned by the classical writers; and it is impossible to believe that so remarkable an object as the Hill of St. George could have remained without a name in the classical writers. Wordsworth was, we believe, the first writer who pointed out the identity of Lycabettus and the Hill of St. George; and his opinion has been adopted by Leake in the second edition of his Topography, by Forchhammer, and by all subsequent writers. The celebrity of Lycabettus, which is mentioned as one of the chief mountains of Attica, is in accordance with the position and appearance of the Hill of St. George. Strabo (x. p. 454) classes Athens and its Lycabettus with Ithaca and its Neriton, Rhodes and its Atabyris, and Lacedaemon and its Taygetus. Aristophanes (Ran. 1057), in like manner, speaks of Lycabettus and Parnassus as synonymous with any celebrated mountains: ἢν οὖν σὺ λέγῃς Λυκαβηττοὺς καὶ Παρνασῶν ἡμῖν μεγέθη, τοῦτ ̓ ἐστὶ τὸ Its proximity to the city is indicated by several pas- XI. THE PORT-TOWNS. Between four and five miles SW. of the Asty is the peninsula of Peiraeeus, consisting of two rocky heights divided from each other by a narrow isthmus, the eastern, or the one nearer the city, being the higher of the two. This peninsula contains three natural basins or harbours, a large one on the western side, now called Dráko (or Porto Leone), and two smaller ones on the eastern side, called respectively Stratiotiki (or Paschalimáni), and Fanári; the latter, which was nearer the city, being the smaller of the two. Hence Thucydides describes (i. 93) Pei1aceus as χωρίον λιμένας ἔχον τρεῖς αὐτοφυεῖς. We know that down to the time of the Persian wars the Athenians had only one harbour, named Phalerum; and that it was upon the advice of Themistocles that they fortified the Peiraeeus, and made use of the more spacious and convenient harbours in this peninsula. Pausanias says (i. 1. § 2): 'The Peiraecus was a demus from early times, but was not used as a harbour before Themistocles administered the affairs of the Athenians Before that time their harbour was at Phalerum, at the spot where the sea is nearest to the city. . . . . But Themistocles, when he held the government, perceiving that Peinaceus was more conveniently situated for navigation, and that it possessed three ports instead of the one at Phalerum (λiμévas тpeîs ávo' ἑνὸς ἔχειν τοῦ Φαληροΐ), made it into a receptacle of ships." From this passage, compared with the words of Thucydides quoted above, it would seem a natural inference that the three ancient ports of Peiraèeus were those now called Drako, Stratiotiki, and Fanári; and that Phalerum had nothing to do with the peninsula of Peiraceus, but was situated more to the east, where the sea-shore is nearest to Athens. But till within the last few years a very different situation has been assigned to the ancient harbours of Athens. Misled by a false interpretation of a passage of the Scholiast upon Aristophanes (Pac. 145), modern writers supposed that the large harbour of Peiracens (Dráko) was divided into three ports called respectively Cantharus (Káv@apos), the port for ships of war, Zea (Zéa) for corn-ships, and Aphrodisium ('Aopodiσiov) for other merchantships; and that it was to those three ports that the words of Pausanias and Thucydides refer. It was further maintained that Stratiotiki was the ancient harbour of Munychia, and that Fanári, the ancient Phalerum. The true position of the Athenian more eastcily of the two smaller harbours, was the ports was first pointed out by Ulrichs in a pamphlet published in modern Greek (ol Xiμéves kal Tà pà Teix?, Twv 'AOhvwv, Athens, 1843), of the arguments of which an abstract is given by the author in the Zeitschrift für die Alterthumswissenschaft (for 1844, p. 17, seq.). Ulrichs rejects the division of the larger harbour into three parts, and maintains that it consisted only of two parts; the northern and by far the larger half being called Emporium (Erópiov), and appropriated to merchant vessels, while the southern bay upon the right hand, after entering the harbour, was named Cantharus, and was used by ships of war. smaller harbours he supposes Stratiotiki to be Zea, and Phanári Munychia. Phalerum he removes altogether from the Peiraic peninsula, and places it at the eastern corner of the great Phaleric bay, where the chapel of St. George now stands, and in the neighbourhood of the Τρεις Πύργοι, or the Three Towers. Ulrichs was led to these conclusions chiefly by the valuable inscriptions relating to the maritime affairs of Athens, which were discovered in 1834, near the entrance to the larger harbour, and which were published by Böckh, with a valuable commentary under the title of Urkunden über das Seewesen des attischen Staates, Berlin, 1834. Of the correctness of Ulrichs's views there can now be little doubt; the arguments in support of them are stated in the sequel A. Phalerum. μa Of the two The rocky peninsula of Peiraeeus is said by the ancient writers to have been originally an island, which was gradually connected with the mainland by the accumulation of sand. (Strab. i. p. 59; Plin. iii. 85; Suid. s. v. čμbapos.) The space thus filled up was known by the name of Halipedum ('Aλíñedov), and continued to be a marshy swamp, which rendered the Peiraceus almost inaccessible in the winter time till the construction of the broad carriage road (auatirós), which was carried across it. (Har. pocrat., Suid. s. v. axímedov; Xen. Hell. ii. 4. § 30.) Under these circumstances the only spot which the ancient Athenians could use as a harbour was the south-eastern corner of the Phaleric bay, now called, as already remarked, Τρεις Πύργοι, which is a round hill projecting into the sea. This was accordingly the site of Phalerum (Þáλnpov, also Paλnpós: Eth. Paλnpeis), a deinus belonging to the tribe Aeantis. This situation secured to the original inhabitants of Athens two advantages, which were not possessed by the harbours of the Peiraic peninsula: first, it was much nearer to the most ancient part of the city, which was built for the most part immediately south of the Acropolis (Thuc. ii. 15); and, secondly, it was accessible at every season of the year by a perfectly dry road. The true position of Phalerum is indicated by many circumstances. It is never included by ancient writers within the walls of Peiraeeus and Munychia. Strabo, after describing Peiraeeus and Munychia, speaks of Phalerum as the next place in order along the shore (μετὰ τὸν Πειραιᾶ Φαληρεῖς δῆμος ἐν τῇ épens rapaλla, ix. p. 398). There is no spot at which Phalerum could have been situated before reaching Tpeis Пúpyou, since the intervening shore of the Phaleric gulf is marshy (rò aλnpikóv, Plut. Vit. X. Orat. p. 844, Them. 12; Strab. ix. p. 400; Schol. ad Aristoph. Av. 1693). The account which 6. Cophos Limen. 7. Eetionia. 8. Ship-houses. 9. Phreattys. 10. Northern Long Wall. 11. Southern Long Wall. 12. Halac. 13. Necropolis. 11. Ruins, erroneously surposed to be those of the Peiraic Theatre. 15. Temple of Zeus Soter. 16. Hippodameian Agora. 17. Theatre. Herodotus gives (v. 63) of the defeat of the Spartans, who had landed at Phalerum, by the Thessalian cavalry of the Peisistratidae, is in accordance with the open country which extends inland near the chapel of St. George, but would not be applicable to the Bay of Phanári, which is completely protected against the attacks of cavalry by the rugged mountain rising immediately behind it. Moreover, Ulrichs discovered on the road from Athens to St. George considerable substructions of an ancient wall, apparently the Phaleric Wall, which, as we have already seen, was five stadia shorter than the two Long Walls. [See p. 259, b.] That there was a town near St. George is evident from the remains of walls, columns, cisterns, and other ruins which Ulrichs found at this place; and we learn from another authority that there may still be seen under water the remains of an ancient mole, upon which a Turkish ship was wrecked during the war of independence in Greece. (Westermann, in Zeitschrift für die Alterthumswissenschaft, 1843, p. 1009.) Cape Colias (Keλías), where the Persian ships were cast ashore after the battle of Salamis (Herod. viii. 96), and which Pausanias states to have been 20 stadia from Phalerum (i. 1. § 5), used to be identified with Tpeis Пúpyor, but must now be placed SE. at the present Cape of St. Kosmas: near the latter are some ancient remains, which are probably those of the temple of Aphrodite Colias mentioned by Pausanias. The port of Phalerum was little used after the foundation of Peiraeeus; but the place continued to exist down to the time of Pausanias. This writer mentions among its monuments temples of Demeter Zeus, and Athena Sciras, called by Plutarch (Thes. 17) a temple of Scirus; and altars of the Unknown Gods, of the Sons of Theseus, and of Phalerus. The sepulchre of Aristeides (Plut. Arist. 1) was at Phalerum. The Phaleric bay was celebrated for its fish. (For authorities, see Leake, p. 397.) B. Peiraeeus and Munychia. 1. Division of Peiraeeus and Munychia.-Peiraeeus (Пeipales: Eth. Пeipaleis) was a demus belonging to the tribe Hippothontis. It contained both the rocky heights of the peninsula, and was separated from the plain of Athens by the low ground called Halipedon, mentioned above. Munychia (Movvvxía) was included in Peiraeeus, and did not form a separate demus. Of the site of Munychia there can no longer be any doubt since the investigations of Curtins (De Portubus Athenarum, Halis, 1842); Ulrichs also had independently assigned to it the same position as Curtius. Munychia was the Acropolis of Peiraeeus. It occupied the hill immediately above the most easterly of the two smaller harbours, that is, the one nearest to Athens. This hill now called Kaoréλλa. It is the highest point in the whole peninsula, rising 300 feet above the sea; and at its foot is the smallest of the three harbours. Of its military importance we shall speak presently. Leake had erroneously given the name of Munychia to a smaller height in the westerly half of the peninsula, that is, the part furthest from Athens, and had supposed the greater height above described to be the Acropolis of Phalerum. 2. Fortifications and Harbours. The whole peninsula of Peiraeeus, including of course Munychia, was surrounded by Themistocles with a strong line of fortifications. The wall, which was 60 stadia in circumference (Thuc. ii. 13), was intended to be impregnable, and was far stronger than that of the Asty. It was carried up only half the height which Themistocles had originally contemplated (Thuc. i. 93); and if Appian (Mithr. 30) is correct in stating that its actual height was 40 cubits, or about 60 feet, a height which was always found sufficient, we perceive how vast was the project of Themistocles. "In respect to thickness, however, his ideas were exactly followed: two carts meeting one another brought stones, which were laid together right and left on the outer side of each, and thus formed two primary parallel walls, between which the interior space (of course at least as broad as the joint breadth of the two carts) was filled up, not with rubble, in the usual manner of the Greeks, but constructed, through the whole thickness, of squared stones, cramped together with metal. The result was a solid wall probably not less than 14 or 15 feet thick, since it was intended to carry so very unusual a height." (Grote, vol. v. p. 335; comp. Thuc. i. 93.) The existing remains of the wall described by Leake confirm this account. The wall surrounded not only the whole peninsula, but also the small rocky promontory of Etioneia, from which it ran between the great harbour and the salt marsh called Halae. These fortifications were connected with those of the Asty by means of the Long Walls, which have been already described. [See p. 259, seq.] It is usually stated that the architect employed by Themistocles in his erection of these fortifications, and in the building of the town of Peiraeeus, was Hippodamus of Miletus; but C. F. Hermann has brought forward good reasons for believing that, though the fortifications of Peiraeeus were erected by Themistocles, it was formed into a regularly planned town by Pericles, who employed Hippodamus for this purpose. Hippodamus laid out the town with broad straight streets, crossing each other at right angles, which thus formed a striking contrast with the narrow and crooked streets of Athens. (Hermann, Disputatio de Hippodamo Milesio, Marburg, 1841.) The entrances to the three harbours of Peiraeens were rendered very narrow by means of moles, which left only a passage in the middle for two or three triremes to pass abreast. These moles were a continuation of the walls of Peiraeeus, which ran down to either side of the mouths of the harbours; and the three entrances to the harbours (rà Kλeîôpa τŵv Xiμévwv) thus formed, as it were, three large sea-gates in the walls. Either end of each mole was protected by a tower; and across the entrance chains were extended in time of war. Harbours of this kind were called by the ancients closed ports (Kλeiтol Xuéves), and the walls were called xnλaí, or claws, from their stretching out into the sea like the claws of a crab. It is stated by ancient authorities that the three harbours of the Peiraeeus were closed ports (Hesych. s. v. Zéa; Schol. ad Aristoph. Pac. 145; comp. Thuc. ii. 94; Plut. Demetr. 7; Xen. Hell. ii. 2. § 4); and in each of them we find remains of the chelae, or moles. Hence these three harbours cannot mean, as Leake supposed, three divisions of the larger harbour since there are traces of only one set of chelae in the latter, and it is impossible to understand how it could have been divided into three closed ports. (i.) Phanári, the smallest of the three harbours, was anciently called MUNYCHIA, from the fortress rising above it. It was only used by ships of war; and we learn, from the inscriptions already referred to, that it contained 82 vewoouro, or ship-houses. This harbour was formerly supposed to be l'halerum; but it was quite unsuitable for trading purposes, being shut in by steep heights, and having no direct communication with the Asty. Moreover, we can hardly conceive the Athenians to have been so blind as to have used this harbour for centuries, and to have neglected the more commodious harbours of Stratiotiki and Dráko, in its immediate vicinity. The modern name of Phanári is probably owing to a lighthouse having stood at its entrance in the Byzantine period. (ii.) Stratiotiki (called Paschalimáni by Ulrichs), the middle of the three harbours, is the ancient ZEA Zéa), erroneously called by the earlier topographers Munychia. (Timeaus, Lex., Plat.; Phot. Lex. s. v. Zéa.) It was the largest of the three harbours for ships of war, since it contained 196 ship-houses, whereas Munychia had only 82, and Cantharus only 94. Some of the ship-houses at Zea appear to have been still in existence in the time of Pausanias; for though he does not mention Zea, the vewσoko which he speaks of (i. 1. § 3) were apparently at this port. This harbour probably derived its name froin Artemis, who was worshipped among the Athenians under the surname of Zea, and not, as Meursius supposed, from the corn-vessels, which were confined to the Emporium in the great harbour. |