Farmers are called arable farmers, when they are chiefly employed in raising corn, and graziers, when they are engaged in rearing and fattening sheep, and other live stock.

Soils are divided into clayey, loamy, chalky, sandy, gravelly, peaty, moory; the clayey and loamy are called stiff, or strong soils, and the sandy and gravelly, light soils.

On stiff soils, clover, beans, wheat, cabbages, and oats may be cultivated in succession; and on light soils, potatoes, turnips, peas, oats, and barley, may succeed each other; the general rule is one crop for man, and one for beast.-Blair.

LESSON LXXII.

THE TWO BROTHERS, CONCLUDED.

In their journey into the interior of the country, they endured many hardships; being sometimes scorched by the intense heat of the sun, and then wet to the skin by heavy showers of rain; but this did not prevent their search for gold, and, at length, they were lucky enough to find it in considerable quantities.

This success gave them fresh spirits, and they continued working upon that spot, until all their provisions were consumed, still, however, they persevered in their labours, and sustained themselves upon such roots and fruits as they could find.

At last, even this resource failed them, and, after losing several of their company, by death, arising from hardships, and the want of suitable nourishment, they determined to return, and were just able to crawl back

to the place where they had left Alonzo, carrying with them the gold, to acquire which, they had endured so many miseries.

Alonzo, foreseeing what would happen, had employed his time in a very different manner; his skill in ́husbandry enabled him to select a suitable plot of ground for cultivation, and this he ploughed up, with the oxen he had brought with him, and the assistance of his

servants.

Having brought the land into a proper state, he sowed the different seeds he had brought, and planted the potatoes, all of which prospered far beyond his expectations, yielding a most abundant harvest; and each of his sheep had produced him a couple of lambs.

He, and his servants, had also employed their leisure time in fishing, and the fish they caught were all dried and salted, with the salt they had found on the seashore; so that, by the time his brother and his companions arrived, he had laid up a considerable quantity of provisions.

Pizarro recounted to his brother all the hardships they had endured, and also acquainted him with the loss of some of his companions from want, and then asked him for some food, for he had tasted nothing for two days.

Alonzo coolly replied, that he never desired to have any share of what they obtained, so they could only have provisions in exchange for their gold.

Pizarro thought his brother very unkind, but as they were all starving, they were obliged to comply with his demands, which were so exorbitant, that in a short time they had parted with all the gold they had brought with them, merely to purchase food.

Alonzo then proposed to embark for Spain, but Pizarro, with an angry look, told him since he had

deprived him of everything which he had gained, and treated him in so unbrotherly a manner, he would sooner perish upon the desert shore, than return with so inhuman a brother.

Alonzo, instead of resenting these reproaches, embraced his brother with great tenderness, and said, "could you believe, my dearest Pizarro, that I really meant to deprive you of the fruits of all your labours? Rather may all the gold in the universe perish, than I should be capable of such behaviour to my dear brother. I saw the unreasonable desire you had of riches, and wished to correct this fault in you, and serve you at the same time; you have now painfully learned that, from the want of foresight, all the gold you have acquired, would not have prevented you from perishing in the most miserable manner.

You are now, I hope, wiser, therefore take back your riches, which, I trust, you have learned to use in a proper manner." Pizarro was filled with gratitude at his brother's generosity, and acknowledged that he had found out, by experience, that industry and prudence were more valuable than gold.

They embarked for Spain, and arrived in safety; during their voyage, Pizarro often solicited his brother to accept of half of his riches, but he constantly refused, telling him that he could raise food enough to maintain himself, and that he was in no want of gold.

The moral, intended to be conveyed by this tale is, that when we are doing well in our pursuits, it is a great folly to enter into speculations, which, if unsuccessful, would reduce us to poverty; there are two old adages, of a homely kind, which cannot be too strongly im pressed upon our minds, namely, "look before you leap., and, " one bird in hand is worth two in the bush."

LESSON LXXIII.

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION.

A map represents the earth, or a part of it, on a plain or flat surface; a globe shows the whole world in its true figure, that is, on a round surface; the top of a map, if not otherwise expressed, is the north, the bottom south, the right hand is east, and the left west.

The equator is an imaginary line drawn round the middle of the world, from the west to the east, dividing it into two equal parts; that to the north is called the Northern hemisphere, and that to the south, the Southern.

If an orange be cut equally in two, each half will represent a hemisphere; if not affected by local circumstances, the nearer a country lies to the equator, the hotter it is, and on the contrary, the nearer it is to the poles, the colder the climate.

It is also worthy of being remembered, that the days and nights are always of equal length at the equator, and that they become more unequal as we approach the poles.

In the north of Scotland the days are considerably longer in summer, and shorter in winter, than they are in the south of England; this inequality increases till we arrive at the North Pole, where in summer, the sun never sets for six months, and never rises during the same period in winter.

This also is the case at the South Pole; but with this difference, when it is one continuous day at the one place, it is one continuous night at the other.

If I want to know the latitude of a place, that is, its distance from the equator, I look on the side of the map,

H

where it is marked in degrees; if it be on the north side of the equator, it is called north latitude, if on the south side, it is called south.

If I want to know the longitude of a place, that is, its distance, east or west, from the meridian of Greenwich,* I look at the top or bottom of the map, where it is marked in degrees, except in that of the world, where I shall find it on the equator.

By meridian is meant an imaginary line which passes over a place from north to south; the English always calculate longitude from the meridian of Greenwich, where there is a royal observatory, containing the necessary apparatus for making observations on the heavenly

bodies.

Although longitude has no effect on climate, it has a very great one on time, for every degree makes a difference of four minutes, thus, when the clock in London is at twelve, it will want twenty minutes of twelve in a town five degrees, or one hundred and eighty-five miles to the west, and it will be twenty minutes past twelve in a town the same distance to the east.

In sailing round the world, if I go east, I shall gain a day;—if I go west, I shall lose one, and two persons travelling round it, the one going east, and the other west, will find a difference of two days in their calculations when they arrive at the place from which they started.

• Grin'-idge.