ing on war, 185; his challenge to Francis serious, ibid. ; his later de- signs against France, ibid. ; his outward calmness, combined with vehemence of character, ibid. ; his moderation in success, 186; his reliance on the honour of Francis, ibid.; his success in the war against Solyman, 187; his characteristics as a general, 188; his campaign in Africa, ibid. ; his attention to the naval resources of Spain, 189; devotedness of his generals and of his armies, ibid. ; his great military resources, ibid. ; his repugnance to warfare against Christian states, ibid.; result of his measures in Spain, in Italy, and in Germany, 190; his sway propitious to Euro- pean freedom, 191, 193; his Italian policy, 194; organizes Italy as a federal state, 194, 195; brilliant results of his government in Italy, 195; imparts a new impulse to the Spanish mind, 196; sudden development of genius and learning in Spain, ibid.; his friends and confidants, 197, 198; his love of thoughful, reserved characters, 198; his sole aim in Germany to avert a schism, 199; his efforts to conciliate the Pro- testants, ibid.; his zeal for the Church, ibid.; opportunities of curbing the ecclesiastical power in Spain, 200; reason of his dilato- riness, ibid.; violent fermentation of mind throughout Europe, ibid.; his desperate situation at the open- ing of the Smalcald war, 201; his unexpected triumph, ibid. ; his moderation in victory, 202; hinders the war from becoming one of religion, ibid.; effects a religious peace of half a century's duration, 203; political error in his treatment of the elector of Saxony, ibid. ; he commits the administration of Germany to his brother, 204; his power in Ger- many remained unbroken, ibid.;
his object in retaining the elector of Saxony and the landgrave of Hesse in captivity, 205; his last contest with France unsuccessful, ibid.; his retirement from the world, 206; his social qualities, ibid.; his greatness as a sovereign, ibid.; honours paid to him on his decease throughout Europe, 207; his views as to the succession to his estates, 215; aims at a federa- tive union between the states under the Austrian dynasty, 215, 216; necessity of the hereditary principle, 215; disunion among his posterity, 216. CHARLES VI., the emperor,
his go- vernment mild and conciliatory, 279; compared with Ferdinand II. and Leopold I., ibid.; renovates Hungary, 279, 280; directs his chief attention to internal adminis- tration, 282; his excessive reliance on international treaties, ibid.
CHIVALRY, the third power of the middle age, 102; its rise and de- velopment, 103; its nature and importance, ibid.; exemplified in Richard Coeur de Lion, 106, 107; the heroes of the middle age con- trasted with those of antiquity, 107; its war of little political im- portance, ibid.; its depth of inward feeling, ibid.; its poetry a faithful mirror of the age, 111; spirit of, assumed various forms, 119; in Spain, its tendency religious, ibid.; in Western Europe adven- turous, ibid.; in Germany patrio- tic, ibid.; Rodolph of Hapsburg and his immediate successors, 120; Frederick the Fair, 123. CHRISTIANITY, how influenced by national character, 82; asceticism of the Egyptians, ibid.; logical acuteness of the Greeks, ibid.; the ritual and ecclesiastical, ibid. ; legislature of the Romans, ibid. ; Christian organization of the do- mestic and public life of the Ger-
mans, ibid.; its imperfect realiza- tion by man, 114; compared with Mahometanism, ibid.
CHURCH, union of, with the state in the old German institutions, 81, 82; contest between the popes and the emperors, 99; feudal and eccle- siastical duties of the bishops in- compatible, 99, 100; bishops pro- hibited from carrying arms, 100; sale of bishoprics by the emperors, ibid.; ecclesiastical rights of the emperors, 102.
CIVILIZATION, three chief causes
of, 17; may be termed the age of iron, 18; European, founded on the primitive Germanic constitu- tion, 29; slow development of, in Western Europe, 63; language a test of, 74, 75; in what it con- sists, 117; comparison of the middle ages with antiquity, 117, 118; growth of, 298; necessity of large artificial states, 299; re- lations of the state with the church and with commerce, 300. CLEMENT VII., his nepotism and secular policy, 196, 199. CLERGY under Charlemagne be- came a separate estate, 81, 83; were the depositaries of civiliza- tion, 83; relations of, with the nobility, 84; chief objects of their calling, ibid.; the benefits result- ing from their wealth in the middle age, 85.
CONRAD, the emperor, election of, 89; magnanimity of, 90. CONSTANCE, Council of, its condemn-
ation of the Hussites, 141; con- tributed to revive the connection between the several estates, ibid. ; put an end to the schism, ibid. CONSTITUTION of parliamentary es- tates, excellence of, 131. CRUSADERS, neglect of colonization,
104, 105; want of unity of plan, 105; their vast influence on civi-
lization, ibid.; their enthusiasm and devotion, 106; love of adven- ture, ibid.; motives of interest, ibid.
CRUSADES, causes of their failure, 108, 109; energies of the Span- iards and Germans otherwise ab- sorbed, 109; enthusiasm of the Normans and French, ibid.; their effects on the spirit of chivalry, 110; the three great military or- ders, ibid. ; influence of the East on European ideas, ibid.; their in- fluence upon commerce and the arts, 111, 112; furthered the cause of freedom, 116; were the means of accelerating anarchy, ibid.; their influence on national character, 130; effects of their abandonment, 131.
DENMARK, growth of her power in the times of the Hohenstaufen, 136; her influence superseded by that of the Hanseatic League, ibid.; disunion of the Scandinavian king- doms, ibid.
EAST INDIES, trade with, its in- fluence on the development of national character, 130, 136; the source of Portuguese prosperity, 135.
ELIZABETH, Queen, inherited her
father's sentiments, 229; com- pared with William of Orange, ibid.; her heartlessness, ibid. ENGLAND, its religious wars, 207,
208; predominance of the Protest- ant party, 212; fermentation of minds, ibid.; its peculiar relations with America traceable to the Re- formation, 225; hostility between the two Protestant parties, 226; absolutism of the Anglican party, 228; its resistance to Lewis XIV., 280; happy effects of its alliance with Austria, ibid. ; its intellectual culture in the eighteenth century,
290; its steady equipoise in opin- ion, ibid.; resistance to scepticism from patriotic feeling, ibid.; her separation from Austria, 295; pro- bable results of a union with Hol- land, ibid.; defects in her policy, ibid.; her constitution, 302. ENGLISH, their conquests and mili- tary glory in the middle age, 132, 133.
EUROPE, regenerated by the German
migrations, 5; causes of its civi- lization, ibid.; primitive state of, 6; its primitive population, 6, 11, 12; its freedom, 7; contrasted with Asia, 7, 8.
FERDINAND, the Catholic, his love of absolute power, 134. FERDINAND OF AUSTRIA, brother of Charles V., was destined to in- herit the Spanish throne, 174; his fidelity to Charles V., ibid. FERDINAND II. (the emperor), criti- cal state of the empire at his elec- tion, 245; his policy towards his Protestant subjects, 249; his in- fluence on the course of the Thirty Years' War, 250; his heroism,ibid.; his tenderness, ibid.; his eccle- siastical advisers, ibid. ; his energy in overcoming obstacles, 254; in- sists on the restoration of the church lands, ibid.
FEUDALISM, its excessive develop- ment, 131; diminished sanctity of the feudal tie, ibid.
FRANCE, rapid growth of royal au- thority, 128; in the middle age less civilized than Italy and Ger- many, ibid.; the spirit of chivalry less developed than among the Normans and English, ibid. ; career of the Maid of Orleans, ibid.; establishment of despotism, 129; since Philip-le-Bel, its go. vernment despotic, 190; was a source of disquiet to Europe, ibid.; its selfish policy, 191; political
character of the religious wars, 208; its immoral policy in religious matters, ibid.; era of the belles lettres commenced under Riche- lieu, 211; divisions among the Catholics, 226; contests between the Jansenists and the Jesuits, ibid.; comparison between the moderate and the strict Catholic party, 228; rise of a Spanish party, ibid.; influence of Lewis XIV. on French literature-philo- sophy, 268; its literature, taste, and art, 268, 269; parallel of the intellectual culture of France and Italy, 269; the separation of phi- losophy and religion, 270; seeds of the French revolution, ibid.;. its irreligious school of literature, 289; parallel between Voltaire and Rousseau, ibid.; its internal con- dition in the eighteenth century, 293; adoption of the commercial system, ibid.; fails in its rivalry with England, ibid.; causes of the failure of its new policy, 294; im- mediate origin of the revolution, 294, 304.
FRANCIS I., his early career bril- liant, 182; degeneracy of his cha❤ racter in his later life, ibid.; com- pared with Charles V., 183; his policy, ibid.; his ill success against Charles, ibid.; his breach of faith, ibid.; his envious disposition, ibid.; his alliance with the Turks, 187. FRANCONIAN EMPERORS, one of the three great national dynasties, 92; arrived at unlimited power, 93; laid the foundation of the contest with the church, ibid.
FRANKS, mode of their conversion to Christianity, 63; their yoke rude and oppressive, 64; extent of their kingdom, ibid.; their two royal dynasties, the Merovingians and Carlovingians, ibid.; virtues and vices hereditary in families, 64, 65; development of the con- stitution, 65; the old German
constitution unsuitable to later times, ibid.; growth of the royal authority, 65, 131; decay of the order of freemen, 66; evils of the spirit of conquest, ibid. ; extinc- tion of the old nobility, ibid.; rise of feudalism, ibid.; power of the great feudatories, ibid.; their kingdom not strictly hereditary, 67; their hatred of the Saxons, 67, 97; their law of succession, 79.
FREDERICK THE FAIR(the emperor),
his chivalrous spirit, 122, 123. FREDERICK IV., his policy, 143; his singular character, ibid.; his European influence, ibid.; his negotiations and war with Charles the Bold, 144; his love of peace, ibid.; his friendship for Pius II., 148.
GAULS, sanguinary worship of, 26. GENSERIC, barbarous policy of, 55. GERMANY, its fertility, 14; its mountain ranges, ibid.; its vast forests, 15, 16; its climate, ibid. ; its political importance, 22, 24. GERMAN EMPIRE, idea of, derived
from Charlemagne, 70, 81, 85; relations of church and state, 81, 82; the clergy a separate estate, 81, 83; the ecclesiastical order and counterpoise to the nobility, 83; nature of the nobility, 83, 84; relations between the clergy and nobility, 84; rapid rise of, 89; its great emperors in the early middle age, ibid.; advantages of elective monarchy, 90, 98; de- velopment of the hereditary prin- ciple, 90, 92; its relations with the neighbouring states in the tenth century, 90; growth of, in extent and power, 91, 96; parallel between the three great imperial dynasties, 92, 93, 94; its connec- tion with Italy advantageous to
civilization, 94; its internal con- dition under the Saxon emperors, 95, 96; colonization of Sclavonic provinces, 96; rise of the order of burgesses, 97, 98; nature of the imperial power in the middle age, 97; its division into five great national duchies, 97, 98; rela- tions of the dukes to the emperor, 98; development of its constitu- tion, ibid.; growth and prosperity of the cities and towns, ibid. ; con- tests between the popes and the emperors, 99; feudal and eccle- siastical duties of the bishops in- compatible, 99, 100; sale of bi- shoprics by the emperors, 100; ecclesiastical rights of the empe- rors, 102; right of the pope to confirm the election of the empe- rors, ibid.; consequences of the disputes between the popes and emperors, ibid.; European influ- ence of the empire lost, ibid.; a central power in Europe necessary, 191; power of the emperor pro- pitious to general freedom, 192; the papal power limited the impe- rial, ibid.; its intellectual decay after the Reformation, 211; out- break of a religious war long de- layed, ibid.; causes of the duration of peace, ibid. ; abhorrence of the Calvinists, 212; equality in power of the religious parties, 227; the religious peace a state of perma- nent disunion, ibid.; disorganiza- tion of the body politic, ibid.; its great military resources in the eighteenth century, 284; German dynasties and German influence in foreign states, 285; ambition of Prussia and Bavaria, ibid.; the virtual dissolution of the consti- tution, ibid.; the national energies limited to the acquisition of know- ledge, 286; parallel between the intellectual culture of the Germans and French, 287; Leibnitz and Grotius, 288; German philosophy, 290; its intellectual culture free
from any political direction, 291; characteristics of the German mind, ibid.
privileges of the nobles, 29, their princely families, 30; their royalty elective, ibid.; the Swiss mountaineers and Swedish Dale- carlians retained the primitive con- stitution, 30, 31, 95, 96; basis of their nobility, 31; nature of their freedom, 31, 32; right of self- defence, ibid.; duty of revenge, 31; mediatorial functions of the state, 32; modern sentiment of honour, ibid.; stringency of their laws, ibid.; public duties, ibid.; their leagues and confederacies, 32, 33; etymology of the name, 33; their brotherhood in arms, 34; the origin of feudalism, ibid. ; their love of military enterprizes, ibid.; social position of their wo- men, 34, 35; their marriages and wedding gifts, 35, 36; heroism of their women, 36; their migra- tions, 37, 38; their pacific dispo- sitions, 37; their various wars with the Romans, 40, 44; growth of a German party in the Roman empire, 44, 45, 53; the German party particularly strong among the Christians, 50; their close intercourse with the Romans, 56; their contempt for the Roman dress, ibid.; their peculiar recep- tion of Christianity, 82. GERMAN language, version of the Gospel by Ulphilas, its earliest monument, 74; rise of, as a se- parate tongue, 75, 76; encourage- ment of, by Charlemagne, 70, 71; early development of, 72; trans- lations from the Latin frequent in the Carlovingian times, 73, 74; is compounded of two dialects, 75; origin of modern High Ger- man, 76. GERMAN poetry, encouraged by Charlemagne, 70; heroic lays very numerous, ibid.; "Wyne-lieder" interdicted to nuns, ibid.; at- tempts to substitute Christian poems for the old national poetry,
GERMANS, primitive, vast results of their migrations, 4, 5; their Asia- tic origin, 13; motives for settling in the extreme north, ibid.; their deep love for nature, 16; not savages, 17, 18; not to be com- pared with American Indians, ibid.; were acquainted with the use of iron, 18; arms of, defen- sive and offensive, ibid. ; their various tribes not equally advanced in civilization, ibid.; were ac- quainted with the art of writing, 19; their alphabet in the Runic character, ibid.; were acquainted with the value of money, ibid.; their commerce, ibid.; their houses, towns, and forts, 19, 20; modern ideas of their barbarism exagge- rated, 20; their dress and orna- ments, 20, 21; their poetry and songs, 22, 27, 28; their faith and worship, 23, 28; their religious system contrasted with that of the Greeks and Romans, 23, 24; their worship similar to that of the ancient Persians, 23; their repug- nance to temples and images, ibid.; their firm belief in a future life, 24; their conceptions of, sensual and warlike, ibid.; their self- devotedness, ibid.; the joys of the Walhalla, ibid.; their con- ception of God superior to that of other heathen nations, 25; their capital punishments, ibid.; their deity the judge and avenger of wrong, ibid.; origin of ordeals, ibid.; their religious system wholly different from that of the Gauls and Celts, 26, 27; their human sacrifices, 26; non-existence of Druids or bards, 26, 27; the chiefs themselves minstrels, 27; their constitution, 29-32; judg- ment of the Romans, 29, 65; the rights of the freemen, 29; the
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