obligatory, except that in West Virginia approved employers may carry their own liabilities.

The law of Idaho affords some difficulty as to classification of the insurance system. Payments under the act are to be secured by insuring in the State fund, or by a deposit of satisfactory security. "Such security may consist of a surety bond or guaranty contract with any company authorized to do surety or guaranty business in Idaho." This has been construed by the attorney general of the State to permit both surety bonds and insurance contracts to be received as security.

The compensation laws of three States 13 provide for a State mutual association, though, except in Kentucky, the management is entirely in the hands of directors chosen by insuring subscribers. In Kentucky the governor appoints 3 of the 15 directors. Massachusetts was the first State to provide for this type of insurance. The original purpose was to create an insurance monopoly conducted by an employers' mutual company and supervised by the State. Before the law was finally enacted, however, private companies were given practically the same privileges as the so-called State company, which at present is a regular competing private company. The other two States practically copied the provisions of the Massachusetts law. Massachusetts and Texas do not permit self-insurance, while Kentucky does.

The accompanying map shows the extent of existing legislation and the nature of the laws (i. e., elective or compulsory), and whether or not insurance is required; also the States having a State insurance fund and its type. An analysis of the law of each State, in comparable form, is presented on the following pages.

13 Kentucky, Massachusetts, and Texas.

ANALYSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF THE LAWS.

ALABAMA.

Date of enactment.-August 23, 1919. Effective January 1, 1920.

Injuries compensated.-Injuries caused by accident arising out of and in the course of the employment, causing disability for more than two weeks, or death, not caused by employee's willful misconduct, intoxication, or willful failure to observe rules or statutory duties.

Industries covered.-All except those employing less than 16 persons, common carriers while engaged in interstate commerce and domestic and agricultural service. Municipalities and employers of less than 16 employees (except farm laborers), may elect to come under the act.

Persons compensated.-Private employment: All persons in the industries covered, including minors, but excepting casual employees. Public employment: Not covered unless employer elects.

Burden of payment.-Entire cost rests upon the employer.

Compensation for death:

(a) Burial expenses not to exceed $100.

(b) Total dependents: To widow, 30 per cent of wages; to dependent husband, 25 per cent; to widow or widower and one child, 40 per cent; to widow or widower and two or three children, 50 per cent; to widow or widower and four or more children, 60 per cent; to dependent orphan, 30 per cent; for each additional orphan, 10 per cent, maximum 60 per cent; to one parent, 25 per cent, both 35 per cent; to grandparent, brother, sister, mother-in-law, father-in-law, if one, 20 per cent, if more than one 25 per cent. Compensation payable in the order named and ceases on death or remarriage, and upon arrival of children at age of 18.

(c) To partial dependents: A proportion of the above corresponding to the relation the contribution of the deceased to their support bore to his wages.

Maximum weekly payment, $12; minimum, $5. Total period, 300 weeks; total maximum $5,000.

Compensation for disability:

(a) Reasonable medical, etc., treatment for the first 60 days, not exceeding $100. (b) For temporary total disability, 50 per cent of wages for not over 300 weeks. (c) For partial disability, 50 per cent of wage loss for not over 300 weeks.

For certain specific injuries (mutilations, etc.), 50 per cent of wages for fixed periods (10 to 400 weeks).

(d) For permanent total disability, 50 per cent of wages for 550 weeks, not over $5 weekly after 400 weeks.

Maximum weekly payments, $12; with one wholly dependent child, $13; with two children, $14; with three or more children, $15; minimum, $5.

No compensation payable for first two weeks. Compensation may be commuted to lump-sum payments by agreement or by the court.

Revision of benefits.-Awards payable for more than six months may be revised by agreement or by court.

Insurance.-Employers may insure whole or part of compensation. Insurance not

required.

Security for payments.-Compensation is not assignable, nor subject to garnishment, and is entitled to the same preferences as unpaid wages.

Settlement of disputes.-Settlements not made by agreement are determined by the courts.

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ALASKA.

Date of enactment.-April 29, 1915; in effect July 28, 1915; amended, chapter 44, acts of 1917.

Injuries compensated.-Personal injury causing disability for more than two weeks, or death, arising out of and in course of employment, not due to the employee's willful intention to injure himself or another, or to his intoxication.

Industries covered.-Mining operations in which five or more persons are employed, unless election to the contrary is made (includes development and construction work, stamp and roller mills, reduction work and processes, coke ovens, etc.).

Persons compensated.-Private employment: All employees in industries covered, contractors and subcontractors excluded. Public employment not included. Burden of payment.-All on employer.

Compensation for death:

(a) If married, $3,000 to widow, $600 additional for each child under 16 years of age, or child wholly dependent by reason of mental or physical incompetency, or unborn or posthumous child, and to dependent parent or parents if any; if no widow, $3,000 to any minor orphan, and $600 additional for each child under 16; no total to exceed $6,000.

(b) If unmarried, and dependent parent or parents, $1.200 to each.

(c) If no dependents, funeral expenses not to exceed $150, and other expenses, if any, to same amount.

Compensation for disability:

(a) Permanent total: $3,600 to workman alone; $1,200 additional if wife is living; $600 additional for each child under 16, posthumous child, or child over 16, dependent by reason of physical or mental incompetency; total not to exceed $6,000. If no wife or children, $600 to each dependent parent. (b) Temporary total disability: 50 per cent of weekly wages for not over six months.

(c) Permanent partial disability: Fixed sums for specified injuries in lieu of other payments, varying with conjugal condition and number of children. Revision of benefits.--Readjustment must be made if within two years an injury develops or proves to be such as to warrant a different award from any previously made.

Insurance.-No provision.

Security of payments.-Attachment may be had pending result of action, or employer may deposit cash or bond with court. Payments are exempt from execution. Settlement of disputes.-By courts, either with or without jury trial.

ARIZONA.

Date of enactment.-June 8, 1912; in effect September 1, 1912; amended, chapter 7, acts of 1913.

Injuries compensated.—All accidental injuries causing disability of at least two weeks, or death, arising out of and in the course of the employment, caused in whole or in part, or contributed to, by a necessary risk or danger of, or inherent in the nature of the employment, or by failure of the employer or his agents to exercise due care or to comply with any law affecting the employment.

Industries covered.-All especially dangerous employments (enumerated list), including the construction, operation, and maintenance of steam and street railroads; work with or near explosives; building work using iron or steel frames or hoists, derricks, or ladders or scaffolds 20 or more feet above ground; telegraph, telephone, or other electrical work; work in mines, quarries, tunnels, subways, etc.; work in mills, shops, and factories using power machinery. Elective as to other industries.

Persons compensated.-Private employment: All employees in industries covered. Public employment: No provision.

Burden of payment.-Entire cost rests upon the employer.

Compensation for death:

(a) To persons wholly dependent, a lump sum equal to 2,400 times one-half the daily wages or earnings of the deceased employee, but not to exceed $4,000. Payments to children cease on reaching the age of 18 years.

(b) If no dependents, the reasonable expenses of medical attendance and burial of deceased employee.

Compensation for disability:

(a) For total disability, 50 per cent of the employee's semimonthly earnings during the time he is unable to work at any gainful occupation.

(b) For partial disability, a semimonthly payment equal to one-half the wage decrease.

(c) The total amount of payments for total or partial disability caused by a single injury not to exceed $4,000.

Revision of benefits.-Examinations as to the nature of injury and degree of incapacity, etc., may be required by either party at intervals of not less than three months. Insurance. The employer may insure provided the liability for compensation is not less than the compensation fixed by law.

Security of payments.-A judgment for compensation issued by a court is collectible without relief from valuation or appraisement laws and has the same preferential claim as is allowed by law for unpaid wages or personal services.

Settlement of disputes.-Disputes may be settled by (a) written agreement between the parties, (b) arbitration, or (c) reference to the attorney general of the State. In case of failure or refusal to agree by any of the modes above provided, then by a civil action at law.