belief that financial employments were placed | at the disposal of the queen. Turin he was the colleague of Giovanni Costea da Lodi, and continued there till 1593, when, on the death of Bernardin Pateino, he was appointed professor of theoretical medicine in the university of Padua. The emoluments of this chair were much more considerable than those of the others which he had occupied. He received at first as his stated income 900 florins annually; but so highly were his services valued by the senate of Venice, that in 1699 they increased his salary to 1100 florins. He died at Padua, in 1603. Three months after the acquittal of Augeard, namely, in June, 1791, the king actually attempted to escape from Paris, and was stopped at Varennes. Augeard, fearing that this event might lead to yet more serious consequences to himself, made his escape to Brussels as soon as he was informed of the arrest of the royal family. Here he met the French princes, and drew up the manifesto which they published against the constitution of 1791. He returned to Paris for a short time, and took part in some political intrigues; Augenio published a great number of but prudently retired again in 1792, and thus works on the various departments of mediavoided the dangers of the reign of terror. cine. Many of these have been collected and In 1799, when tranquillity was restored by published in folio at various places, under the the events of the 18th Brumaire, he returned title "Opera omnia." The first edition apto France, and lived peaceably at Paris until peared at Frankfort, in 1597; the second in his death, which occurred on the 30th of 1600; and the same was published again at May, 1805. Augeard was the last of the Venice in 1602, and a second time in 1607. farmers-general. He left behind him me- One of the first works published by Augenio moirs of the various intrigues of the court was a compendium of the practice of medicine, from 1771 to 1775, which have never been and was entitled "Compendium totius Medipublished. He is also said to have left many cinæ," Turin, 1580, 8vo. In 1570 he pubvaluable manuscripts relating to the history lished a work on blood-letting, with the title of finance. He was intimately acquainted "De Sanguinis Missione libri tres," which with all the proceedings of the court, the in- was printed in 12mo. at Venice. He aftertrigues of the Revolution, and the secret wards enlarged this work very considerably, moyements of the coalition against the re- and it was published again at Geneva, in public. (Rabbe, Biographie des Contempo- 1575, with the title " De curandi Ratione per rains; Biographie Moderne; Le Moniteur Sanguinis Missionem libri xvii." He consi(1805), p. 812; Biographie Universelle, edit. dered bleeding an entirely revulsive remedy, 1843; Catalogue of printed Books in the Bri- and recommended the abstraction of blood in tish Museum.) J. W. J. inflammation from parts distant from the AUGENIO, ORAʼZIO, was born at Monte seat of disease. In this work he describes Santo Castello in Romagna, according to a at great length the process of cupping and conjecture of Mazzuchelli, in 1527. His the application of leeches, and combats the father, whose name was Louis Augenio, was views of Botalli and Arcangelo Mercenario. a physician, and practised with great success Other editions of this work were published for upwards of sixty years in the cities of at Turin in 1584, at Venice in 1597, and at Romagna and Tuscany. He obtained the Frankfort in 1598 and 1605. The next work esteem of Pope Clement VII., who attached of Augenio was on renal and calculous dishim to his service. The fame of the father eases, with the title "De medendis Calcuwas of great assistance to the son, and he com- losis et exulceratis Renibus," 4to. Camerino, menced his studies at Fermo with unusual ad- 1575. This, like most of the author's works, vantages. He studied with diligence classical is exceedingly verbose, and is principally and general literature, and attended the courses devoted to the relation of a case cured by on philosophy and theology. He took his de-sulphuric lemonade. In 1577 he wrote upon gree of doctor of medicine at an early age, upon which he was appointed professor of logic in the university of Macerata, a post which he resigned at the end of two years, in order to take part of the chair of the theory of medicine at Rome. Here he continued till 1563, when he removed to Osimo for the purpose of practising his profession. He, however, did not remain long here, and in 1570 practised at Cingoli, and in 1573 he again removed to Tolentino. He continued to practise at Tolentino till 1577, when he was elected professor of practical medicine in the university of Turin. Some of his biographers state that he had, during this interval, held a chair of medicine in Pavia and Paris, but this appears to be erroneous. In the plague, the object of his labours being to point out the means of preventing it. His work was entitled "Del modo preservarsi dalla Peste libri tre," Fermo, 1577, small 8vo. This book is written in Italian, although it is generally quoted with its Latin name. The author gives as his reason for writing it in his mother tongue, that it was intended for the use of the whole community. It was published again at Leipzig in 1598. In 1579 he published, at Turin, the first twelve books of a work consisting of discussions on various medical subjects, entitled "Epistolarum et Consultationum Medicinalium libri xxiv., in duos tomos distributi." The second twelve books were published at Turin, in 1580. They were afterwards re published together in folio at Venice, in 1592, and at Frankfort in 1597 and 1600. In 1600 he published a series of letters, entitled "Epistolarum Medicinalium tomi tertii, libri xii.," Venice, folio. These letters were principally against the views held by Alessandro Massaria, and contained an exposition of the author's views on the principal doctrines of Galen and Hippocrates. In 1695 he published a work on the question of the periods of utero-gestation at which children may be born alive. It was entitled "Quod homini non sit certum nascendi tempus libri duo," 8vo. It was republished afterwards at Frankfort in folio, as well as with some of his other, works. He maintained in this work, against the general opinion of his time, that children lived who were born at the eighth month of utero-gestation. He also relates a case in which the Cæsarean section was performed and the life of the child saved, although the mother died. The last work of Augenio, and probably the best, was published by his son after his death, and was on the subject of fever, and particularly of a form of that disease which he had observed from 1568 to 1572. It was entitled "De Febribus, Febrium Signis, Symptomatibus, et Prognostico, libri septem, ab ipso authore ab anno 1568 usque ad 1572 singuli conscripti: nunc vero post ejus obitum ab Hilario Augenio authoris filio in lucem emissi," Venice, folio, 1605. This work treats first of the cure of the symptoms of epidemic fevers; secondly, of epidemic fevers in general; and thirdly, of the cure of small-pox and measles. He strongly recommends bleeding in all cases of fever, even in infants and delicate persons. It may be here, however, observed, that the practice which is successful in one epidemic may not be in another, and we have had in this country recently instances of fevers prevailing, and requiring at different times almost opposite modes of treatment. There is yet another production of Augenio mentioned by his biographers, entitled "Consilia quædam Medica," which was published at Frankfort, in 1605, in the "Consilia Medicinalia" of Joseph Lautenbach. (Mangetus, Biblioth. Script. Med.; Mazzuchelli, Scrittori d'Italia; Biog. Médicale; Eloy, Dict. Hist. de la Médecine; Augenio, Works.) E. L. AUGENTIUS. [AUGE.] AUGER, ATHAÑASE, ABBE', was born at Paris, on the 12th of December, 1734. He embraced the ecclesiastical profession, but was always devoted to the study of the classics, particularly to that of the Greek and Roman orators. He was for some time professor of rhetoric in the college of Rouen. Afterwards he was made, by the Bishop of Lescars, grand-vicar of that diocese. Enjoying an income which, though small, was sufficient for his very moderate wants, he spent the greater part of his life in Paris, immersed in his classical pursuits, careless of all that passed around him, and perfectly happy in the belief that the illustration of the masterpieces of ancient eloquence was the purpose for which he had been sent into the world. Having been offered a profitable ecclesiastical cure in Normandy, he refused it, saying with surprise, "If I should accept this place, who would translate Demosthenes?" His religious feelings are described as having been warm without bigotry. He attempted preaching, and believed himself to be qualified for success in sacred oratory; but, after a time, he gave it up, alleging as his reason the weakness of his voice. One of his friends, however, says (and the abbe's published writings confirm the opinion), that his sermons showed no real eloquence. The early storms of the French revolution passed over his head without materially disturbing his contemplative repose; although he was so far aroused as to publish opinions of a moderate and rational cast, on some questions of national interest. La Harpe, and other literary men who took a part in the first scenes of the political drama, studied under the Abbé Auger, and regarded him with respect and affection. He died on the 7th of February, 1792. In the Academy of Inscriptions, of which he was a member, Hérault de Séchelles, one of his pupils, pronounced his "eloge," which was printed in the second volume of the abbe's posthumous works. There was promised, for the same collection, a long life of Auger, by his friends Pâris and Selis, which, however, never appeared. The works of the Abbé Auger were of two classes,-original compositions, and translations from the Greek. His works of the first class (all of which, like those of the second, were published at Paris) were the following: 1. "Discours sur l'E'ducation," 1775, 12mo. 2. "Projet d'E'ducation Publique, précédé de quelques Réflexions sur l'Assemblée Nation ale," 1789, 8vo. 3." Catéchisme du Citoyen François," 1791, 8vo. 4. "Des Gouvernements en général, et en particulier de celui qui nous convient," 1791, 8vo. 5. "Combien il nous importe d'avoir la Paix," 1792, 8vo. 6. "De la Constitution des Romains, sous les Rois et au temps de la République." This treatise, the most elaborate which proceeded from the author's pen, is reported to have occupied him at intervals during more than thirty years. The part of it which is strictly systematic is followed by a second part, which is properly a life of Cicero, treated in its relations to the history and political state of Rome in the orator's time. The work exhibits both talent and learning. The French bibliographical books describe it as having been printed in 1792, in 3 vols. 8vo. It fills likewise the first volume and the greater part of the second in the "Euvres Posthumes d'Athanase Auger," Paris, 1792-93, 10 vols. 8vo. The remainder of the collection contains Auger's translations from Cicero. 7.“De la Tragédie Grecque," 1792, 8vo., designed as an introduction to a translation of the extant Greek tragedies, but not published till four days after the author's death. 8. Two Memoirs in the collection of the "Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres," 1793, vol. xvi., "sur Lycurgue," and "sur des Restitutions faites au texte de Lysias et d'Isée." Auger's translations are the following:1. "Harangues d'Eschine et de Démosthène sur la Couronne," 1768, 8vo. 2. "Euvres complètes de Démosthène et d'Eschine, traduites en François, avec des Remarques sur les Harangues et Plaidoyers de ces deux Orateurs, et des Notes critiques et grammaticales en Latin sur le texte Grec," 1777, 4 vols. 8vo.; 1788, 6 vols. 8vo.; 1804, 6 vols. 8vo.; and, edited by J. Planche, with the Greek text, 1819-21, 10 vols. 8vo. 3. "Euvres complètes d'Isocrate," 1783, 3 vols. 8vo. 4. "Discours de Lycurgue, d'Andocide, d'Isée, de Dinarque, avec un Fragment sous le nom de Démade," 1783, 8vo.; and again, 1792, 8vo., under the title "Les Orateurs Athéniens," &c. 5. "Euvres complètes de Lysias," 1783, 8vo. In the same year Auger edited the original of Lysias: Lysia Opera omnia, Græcè et Latinè, cum versione novâ, &c., edidit Athanasius Auger," 1783, 2 vols. 8vo. and 4to. 6. "Homélies, Discours, et Lettres Choisies, de S. Jean Chrysostome," 1785, 4 vols. 8vo. 7. "Discours Choisis de Cicéron," 1787, 3 vols. 12mo. 8. "Harangues tirées d'Hérodote, de Thucydide, et des Euvres de Xénophon," 1788, 2 vols. 8vo. 9. "Homélies et Lettres Choisies de S. Basile le Grand," 1788, 8vo. Upon the Abbé Auger's merits as a translator and annotator of the Greek orators, opinions are now unanimous. He was a man of good taste, good sense, and great industry; but he possessed neither acuteness nor comprehensiveness enough to distinguish him highly as a classical critic, nor force or eloquence enough to qualify him for doing justice to the master-pieces of Attic oratory. His few Latin annotations on Demosthenes and Æschines are of little value. His historical explications are more elaborate and valuable. Of his translations, those from Isocrates are by far the best; and, indeed, the flowing style of this orator fitted him well for exercising the pen of Auger, whose feeble circumlocutions and polished elaboration of language convey a most inadequate image of the pregnant vigour of Demosthenes. Perhaps the first edition of the translations may have been better than those which followed; for he himself, dissatisfied with the work as it first appeared, voluntarily undertook the toil of re-casting it almost entirely, confessing in his preface of 1788 that he had previously adhered too slavishly to the letter of his original, and had failed in attaining that ease and lightness which he regarded as essential to the merit of such compositions. The general correctness of Auger's Demosthenes, both in point of style and in rendering the substance of his author's meaning, with its unquestionable superiority to the partial translations previously executed by Tourreil and D'Olivet, has gained for it in France a popularity which cannot be said to be undeserved. But the French critics acknowledge freely the inability of his translations to communicate an idea of the original; and his editor, Planche, in announcing his edition of the translations as revised and corrected, avows that he has endeavoured to bring them, in many places, closer to the specific conciseness of the Greek text. (Biographie Universelle; Quérard, La France Littéraire, vol. i. 1827; Hérault de Séchelles, E'loge d'Athanase Auger; De Castres, Les Trois Siècles de la Littérature Françoise, i. 56; La Harpe, Lycée, xiv. 328-340; Becker, Demosthenes als Staatsbürger, &c. p. 152-158, 1830; Planche, Préface.) W. S. In AUGER, EDMOND, an active and able Jesuit of the sixteenth century, was born of poor parents, in the French diocese of Troyes, in the year 1515. Begging his way to Rome with a letter of introduction to the wellknown Jesuit father Le Févre, but finding on his arrival that Le Févre was dead, he considered himself fortunate in obtaining permission to serve in the kitchen of the Jesuit establishment. The attention of Saint Ignatius was soon attracted by the promising talents of the young Frenchman, who, being admitted to the noviciate, and passing through it with great distinction, was afterwards employed to teach the principles of poetry and eloquence at Perugia, at Padua, and in the Collegio Romano. The French bishops, alarmed by the success of the Hugonot doctrines, requested assistance from father Laynez, the general of the Jesuits; and Auger, who was selected as one of the missionaries, returned to his native country in 1559. his preaching and other professional labours in the south of France he was exposed to many perils. At Valence in Dauphiné he was sentenced by the Baron des Adrets to be hanged; and it was only when he stood on the ladder that he was saved by the intercession of a Hugonot minister. Escaping from Valence, he continued his exertions with redoubled zeal, till, in 1575, he was chosen to fill the office of confessor to the weak and bigoted King Henry III., of whose superstitious follies Auger, deservedly or not, bore in public estimation the principal blame. After a time, indeed, he became tired of his equivocal position. Although he refused a bishopric, he retired from the court, and soon afterwards obeyed a summons of the general of his order to return to Italy. He died at Como, in 1591. His Jesuit biographer gives him credit for having converted more than forty thousand heretics; and it is at any rate certain that he advised measures of extreme severity for their suppression. His eloquence as a preacher was highly admired by his Catholic contemporaries, one of whom calls him "the Chrysostom of France." He published several controversial treatises, of which a list, probably incomplete, is given in the "Bibliotheca" cited below. Among his other works were these:-an esteemed Catechism; a "Metanoologie sur le sujet de la Congregation des Pénitens," Paris, 1584, 4to.; and a work entitled "Le Pédagogue d'Armes à un Prince Chrétien, pour entreprendre et achever heureusement une bonne guerre victorieuse de tous les ennemis de son état et de l'église," 1568, 8vo. (Alegambe, &c., Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Jesu, 1676, p. 182; Moréri, Dictionnaire Historique; Feller, Dictionnaire Historique.) W. S. AUGER, LOUIS SIMON, a French man of letters, whose industry and temporary reputation were somewhat greater than his talents, was born at Paris on the 29th of December, 1772. His earliest literary attempts were vaudevilles and other petty dramas; but being soon taught that his strength did not lie in original invention, he applied himself to the more congenial task of criticism, biography, and political writing. In early manhood he was employed in a subordinate character in the administrative departments of the government; but, having attained some literary reputation, he withdrew, in 1812, from the place he held in the bureau of the minister of the interior, and received an appointment in the imperial commission which was charged with the examination and composition of classical works. Thenceforth he was a literary man by profession, and one of the best rewarded literary men of his times. On the restoration of the Bourbons, he was named censorroyal; but, having advocated the cause of the royal family during the hundred days, was displaced, and suffered a short imprisonment. He was re-appointed to the censorship on the second restoration of Louis XVIII., and in 1816 received a pension. On the remodelling of the Institute of France in the same year, and the expulsion of the obnoxious members, Auger was named to one of the two places which had become vacant in the academy. He was next appointed, with a large salary, to be a member of the commission for the French Dictionary; in 1820 he became one of the censors, under the law which suspended the liberty of the press; and in 1827, on the resignation of M. Raynouard, he was named perpetual secretary of the French Academy. In the midst of this uninterrupted train of worldly successes, Auger's life came suddenly to a premature close. On the evening of the 2nd of January, 1829, after having spent some hours in his own house with M. Barante, he went out and never returned. Three weeks afterwards his body was found in the Seine, near Meulan. Difficult though it was to understand what could have made such a VOL. IV. | man weary of his life, there could yet be no doubt, from the appearance of the corpse, and from his known opinions, that he had committed suicide. Auger's literary labours were voluminous and diversified; but there is not among them any original work which can preserve him from being forgotten. He was successively editor, or principal contributor, in several newspapers and other periodicals; amongst which were the "Décade Philosophique" (afterwards called the "Revue"), the “Journal de l'Empire," the " Journal Général de France," a ministerial paper, which, after having written down its circulation to a fraction, he quitted in 1817 to perform the same service for the "Mercure de France," another organ of the government. In these publications he maintained a bitter warfare against some of the most distinguished men of the day, such as Jouy, Constant, and his worst enemies the expelled academicians, who revenged themselves for their expulsion by continually ridiculing their subservient successor. One of the most whimsical of his controversies was that with Madame Genlis, whom he had offended by a criticism on her work "De l'Influence des Femmes dans la Littérature." For the charge of pompousness and egotism, constantly brought against him by his assailants, there was abundant reason, both in his writings and in his personal demeanour. His compositions are justly described likewise as being usually dry and unanimated. But he was a person of good sense, industry, and activity, and maintained with no inconsiderable ability the cause of literary classicism against the followers of the fashionable romantic school. His original works, published elsewhere than in periodicals, were the following:-1 and 2. Two unsuccessful vaudevilles. 3. 66 Eloge de Boileau-Despréaux," Paris, 1805, 8vo.; an essay which was crowned by the Institute, and received with general applause. 4. “Eloge de Corneille," Paris, 1808, 8vo., which received from the Institute an accessit or supplementary prize. 5. “Abrégé de Géographie Physique et Politique," Paris, 1808, 1809, 12mo. 6. "Ma Brochure en réponse à celles de Madame de Genlis," Paris, 1812, 8vo. 7. "Essai sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de Cervantes," Paris, 1825, 8vo. 8. " Observations sur la Nature de la Propriété Littéraire," Paris, 1826, 4to. (a memoir of 8 pages privately printed for the Literary Commission). 9. The "Discours Préliminaire" of the Biographie Universelle," and a large number of the biographical articles contained in that work. At the time of his death he was engaged in completing an elaborate "Commentaire de Molière," on which he had laboured very long. 66 Those publications of Auger, however, which were most useful, as well as most numerous, were the editions of French authors I He returned to Paris in September, 1792, at the moment when a foreign enemy had penetrated into Champagne, and volunteers were enrolling themselves for the defence of the country. He joined one of the Parisian battalions that was marched into La Vendée. Among these raw levies of men the trifling military experience of Augereau was of use. He distinguished himself in the war of La Vendée by his courage and activity, and rose rapidly in rank; and early in 1793 was transferred to the army of the Pyrenees with the rank of adjutant-general. The most distinguished portion of Augereau's military career, and probably the happiest part of his life, was that which elapsed between the period of his appointment to the army of the Pyrenees and his first political mission to Paris, 1797. He continued with the army of the Pyrenees till September, 1795. At first he was under the command of Dugommier. He distinguished himself in the battle of the 24th of July, and at the re-capture of Bellegarde on the 18th of September, 1793. Early in the following year he was promoted to the rank of general of brigade, and in that capacity earned new laurels in the blockade of Figueras, May, 1794. Scherer succeeded not long after to the command of the army of the Pyrenees, and under that commander Augereau contributed mainly to the victory gained over the Spaniards on the Fluvia, in June, 1795. which appeared under his superintendence, | like all his countrymen, to quit the kingdom, with occasional notes, and elaborate prefatory in consequence of the violence offered by notices, biographical and critical. Quérard the Parisians to Louis XVI. on the 10th of enumerates thirty-two editions thus published August, 1792. by Auger, among which the most voluminous are the works of Duclos, Boileau, Montesquieu, Count Hamilton, Voltaire, and Molière, the" Lycée" of La Harpe, and select works of Beaumarchais, Sedaine, and others. (Biographie Universelle, Supplement; Biographie des Hommes Vivants; Biographie des Contemporains; Quérard, La France Littéraire.) W. S. AUGEREAU, ANTOINE, better known by the Latinized form of his name Augurellus, a printer and bookseller of Paris. The greater part, if not all, the productions of Augereau's press bear date from the year 1531 to 1544, in which latter year he probably died, as no work is known to have been printed by him after that period. He is said to have printed also in conjunction with Jean Petit and Simon de Colines. His books are distinguished for the beauty of their execution, and the excellence of the type both Greek and Roman. La Caille ranks him among the improvers of the Roman character. He also says that he was one of the first who cut punches for Roman letters, the character hitherto employed being for the most part Gothic. This statement must be qualified, being true only as to France, for the Roman character had been used in Italy and in Germany nearly seventy years before Augereau printed. Panzer enumerates several of the productions of his press. (Panzer, Annales Typographici, viii. 153, &c.; La Caille, Histoire de l'Imprimerie et de la Librairie, 104; Greswell, A view of the early Parisian Greek press, i. 126; Lottin, Catalogue des Libraires et des Libraires-Imprimeurs, 24, and part ii. p. 3; Hoffmann, Lexicon Bibliographicum, art." Plutarchus," p. 344.) J. W. J. AUGEREAU, PIERRE FRANÇOIS CHARLES, DUC DE CASTIGLIONE, was born in the faubourg St. Marceau, on the 11th of November, 1757. His father was a mason, his mother was a vender of fruit: they could give the boy no education, and, abandoned to his own impulses, he contracted a hardy reckless character, which was continually involving him in scrapes. Like many other wild youths, he sought refuge in the army. Little is known of his early career, and that little has been highly coloured by the malice of the Bonapartists. He served as a private soldier, first in the (cavalry) regiment of Bourgogne; then in the Marquis de Poyanne's regiment of carbineers, and ultimately entered the Neapolitan service, in which he rose to the rank of sergeant. About the year 1787 he was encouraged and assisted by the Baron de Talleyrand, at that time French ambassador to the Neapolitan court, to establish himself as a fencing-master at Naples. He continued to exercise this profession till he was obliged, The French government was about this time alarmed at the aspect of affairs in Italy. Bonaparte having resigned the command of the army of Italy, in May, 1795, Kellerman, personally brave, but unfit to command in chief, was appointed his successor. The peace with Spain in 1796 left the general and army of the Pyrenees at the disposal of the government, and Scherer, with 12,000 of his best troops, among whom was Augereau with the rank of general of division, was transferred to Italy. The Austrian army had also been reinforced. The Austrians were interposed between Genoa and the French army; the season was far advanced, and Scherer became anxious to re-establish his communiIcations with Genoa, in order to be able to retire with security into winter-quarters. He resolved therefore to risk a battle. The French army, consisting of 35,000 or 36,000 men, occupied the line of the Borghetto; the left division, under Serrurier, was stationed at Ormea; two divisions, under Massena and Laharpe, were at Sucharello and CastelVecchio; and two, under Augereau and Soret, opposite Borghetto. The Austrians, amounting to 45,000, had their head-quarters at Finale; the right wing at Gavessio, the |