at Sebaste in Armenia. Educated in a monastery attached to the Macedonian heresy, he joined the orthodox communion on attaining manhood, and was ordained a priest in the church of Constantinople. He took part against St. John Chrysostom in the quarrels which issued in the removal of that prelate from his see; and, on the death of Arsacius, who had been appointed Chrysostom's successor, Atticus was irregularly made patriarch of Constantinople in his stead. His election took place in March, A.D. 406. Pope Innocent I. refused to recognise the appointment: the legates whom he despatched to reinstate Chrysostom were maltreated; and the quarrel was further embittered when, on Chrysostom's death, Atticus refused to insert his name in the "Diptycha," or rolls of the Constantinopolitan patriarchs, which it was the custom to read publicly at the altar, as containing the names of persons who had died in the true faith. The bishops of the Western Church solemnly separated Atticus from communion with them; but he was afterwards restored, and acknowledged by Innocent, on making submissions, and consenting to replace Chrysostom's name in the rolls. Atticus died in the year 425.

He

man empire; but the fortunes of the family were restored in the course of the next two generations. Atticus, the father of Herodes, discovered in one of his houses an immense treasure, which the emperor Nerva left entirely at his disposal, returning to his prudent expression of scruples on account of its magnitude the well-known epigrammatic answer:-"If you cannot use this wealth in a manner befitting your station, use it as if your station were higher." Herodes himself increased his wealth by his marriage. The huge fortune which he thus possessed was administered with a discerning and tasteful liberality, which doubtless contributed somewhat to the great literary reputation enjoyed by him in his lifetime; although, in his unwearied devotion to letters, there was reason enough why even a poorer man should have received literary honours.

Herodes was born in the Attic demus of Marathon, after the commencement of Trajan's reign, and probably in A.D. 104. His education, both in childhood and after he had become his own master, was extensive and careful. Eloquence was his favourite study; and in it he received instruction from all the most famous masters of the day, such as ScoThe testimonies as to the extent of his pelianus, Favorinus, Secundus, and Polemon. learning are somewhat contradictory; but he He studied the Platonic philosophy likewise is unanimously commended for his charity to under Taurus Tyrius. The acquisition of the poor, for his activity and skill in busi- fame as an orator and teacher of oratory was ness, and for the prudence of his dealings the favourite object of his life: and he was with the Nestorians, Pelagians, and those acutely sensitive to failure in this pursuit. other heretical opponents with whom, like Having, while yet young, delivered before the rest of the orthodox churchmen of his the emperor in Pannonia an oration which time, he was incessantly engaged. was ill received, he was with difficulty prepreached frequently, but was not a popular vented from drowning himself in the Daorator. He is named as the author of a lost nube. With the Antonines, especially Martreatise in two books, "De Fide et Virgini- cus Aurelius, he stood in high favour: he tate," composed for the daughters of the em- was made successively præfect of the free peror Arcadius. Cave enumerates the fol- Asiatic towns, archon of Athens, and Roman lowing as the only extant remains of his consul. But the result of the imperial patronwritings:-1. A long letter to Cyril of Alex-age which was most pleasing to him, was the andria, as to the admission of Chrysostom's name on the patriarchal rolls, which, with Cyril's angry answer, is preserved by Nicephorus, lib. xiv. cap. 26. 2. A short letter to Calliopius, a presbyter of Nice, in Socrates, lib. vii. cap. 25. 3. A fragment cited three times by the Council of Ephesus. 4. A fragment from a letter to Eupsychius, in Theodoret, Dialog. ii. (Cave, Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Historia Literaria, Seculo 5; Moreri, Dictionnaire Historique; Nicephorus, Historia Ecclesiastica, lib. xiv.; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica, lib. vi. vii.; Sozomen, Historia Ecclesiastica, lib. viii.; Suidas, Αττικός.) W. S. ATTICUS HERODES ('ATTIKOS 'Hpoons). The full name of this person was Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes. He was descended of a noble Athenian family, which professed to trace its pedigree to the acidæ. The estates of his grandfather Hipparchus were confiscated for treason against the Ro

influence it gave him over the school of Athens, planned by Antoninus Pius, and organized by Marcus Aurelius. To Herodes was committed the duty of selecting the persons who were to teach philosophy in the institution; and, though he himself never accepted a place in it, his relations to the school became closer when, disgusted with public life and endangered by political suspicions, he withdrew to his Cephisian villa near Athens, and there devoted himself to the study, practice, and teaching of eloquence. The celebrity attained by his own oratory, both prepared and extemporaneous, was very great: as to its real merit, in the absence of all remains certainly genuine, we are left in doubt; although his biographer, Philostratus, commends him both for graceful ease in expression and for originality in thought. Severe purity in taste, or high vigour and originality in argument or persuasion, could not have been expected at a time when Grecian

ATTICUS.

hexameter verses.

and more curious. The marbles on which they are cut now stand in a small temple built for the purpose in the gardens of the Roman villa Borghese. No. III., a consecration of the Triopium to Pallas and Nemesis, discovered in 1607, consists of thirty-nine No. IV., a dedication of the statue of Regilla, discovered in 1627, contains fifty-nine hexameters. These four inscriptions, but especially the latter two, have been repeatedly discussed incidentally, and also in the following treatises devoted expressly to them :-by Salmasius, in his "Explicatio Duarum Inscriptionum Veterum Herodis Attici Rhetoris," Paris, 1619, 4to., reprinted in Poleni's "Supplementa utriusque Thesauri," ii. 609-684, Venice, 1737, fol.; and by Ennio Quirino Visconti, "Inscrizioni | Greche Triopee ora Borghesiane, con versioni ed osservazioni," Rome, 1794, fol. Besides other editions, in collections of Greek inscriptions, and elsewhere, the two versified inscriptions will be found in the Greek Anthology (Brunck, ii. 300; Jacobs, iii. 14). The authorship of all the four is uncertain; but Visconti, whose opinion is acquiesced in by Fiorillo, attributes the verses, not to Herodes, but to Marcellus Sidetes, who was his contemporary, and is known as the author of some didactic fragments.

Particulars of the life of Herodes are chiefly derived from the long memoir by Philostratus, "Vita Sophistarum," lib. ii. cap. 1. Among the modern works treating of his history, the most elaborate are those of Salmasius and Visconti, cited above; Burigny's "Mémoire sur la Vie d'Hérode Atticus," in the "Mémoires des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres," xxx. 1-28, 4to. ed.; Eichstädt, in Fabricius, "Bibliotheca Græca," vi. "Ge4-11, ed. Harles; Westermann, schichte der Beredtsamkeit," i. 199, 202-206; and (the best and most useful of all) Fiorillo's "Herodis Attici quæ supersunt, cum W. S. Annotationibus," Leipzig, 1801, 8vo. ATTICUS, TITUS POMPONIUS, is a personage equally interesting on account of his own character, and on account of his relations to the leading men of the disturbed times in which he lived.

Atticus was born at Rome, in the year B.C. 109. His family was of the equestrian order, and was evidently wealthy: it is asserted by Cornelius Nepos to have been also very ancient; but his pedigree is involved in considerable obscurity.

His surname of Atticus was derived, in one way or another, from his connection with the city of Athens. Educated liberally and carefully, he was the school fellow of the younger Marius, and of Marcus Cicero, who was three years his junior. His father, Titus Pomponius, died while he was a mere youth; and the first use he made of the independence thus acquired was characteristic at once of the extreme caution and of the attachment to literary pursuits, which were the most

prominent features in his subsequent history.
One of his female cousins was married to a
brother of the tribune Publius Sulpicius Ru-
fus, who was slain about the beginning of the
civil wars; and the young Pomponius, whom
this affinity and his school-friendship with
the son of Marius might naturally have en-
listed among the enemies of Sulla, prudently
withdrew to Athens, transferring thither at
the same time the larger part of his fortune.
In that city a great part of his life was spent ;
and the events of it which we learn from
Nepos, and from the correspondence of Cicero,
show him to have always behaved with the
same prudence which he had exhibited at so
early an age.

The

His good temper displayed itself in his relations to his family. His maternal uncle Quintus Cæcilius, a rich eques, whose humours were insupportable to every one else, was treated by him with a respectful deference, which made the old man adopt him, and bequeath to him three-fourths of his large fortune. On this occasion Atticus, in conformity to the Roman practice, assumed the name of Q. Cæcilius Pomponianus Atticus. (Cicero, Ad Atticum, iii. 20.) The mother of Atticus having died when he himself was sixty-seven years old, he declared, on the day of her funeral, that neither with her nor with his sister (who was still alive) had he ever had the slightest disagreement. sister, Pomponia, became the wife of Cicero's brother Quintus; and the quarrels of this pair, which gave incessant trouble to their friends, make it probable that Atticus had no inconsiderable merit in always maintaining a good understanding with this member of his family. Of his good agreement with his wife he did not, as Bayle remarks, make any boast on that occasion; but, as the critical historian allows, there is no reason for supposing that he lived otherwise than happily with her. A passage in the last book of Cicero's letters to him, which has been foolishly interpreted as intimating that his wife wished for a divorce, really means that she was sickly and laboured under an attack of paralysis. Another letter of Cicero describes her as manifesting much affection for her husband. Atticus, however, cautious in all points, did not marry till he was fifty-three years old. Of his wife we know only that her name was Pilia; and, since his eulogist Nepos says nothing of her, it may be fairly inferred that the alliance was not brilliant. The only offspring of the marriage was a daughter, who was married to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, the friend of Octavianus Cæsar, and afterwards his minister in the empire. The marriage, as Nepos with a show of reluctance admits, was planned by Marcus Antonius; but we cannot doubt that the bride's father was well pleased with an alliance which was so consonant to his whole plan of conduct. Vipsania, or, as she is

sometimes called, Agrippina, the daughter of this marriage, was contracted by Augustus, in infancy, to Tiberius, who afterwards became emperor, and by whom she was the mother of Drusus. [ASINIA GENS.]

claims for him the credit of having abstained from all those methods of making money which were systematically practised by the Romans belonging to his order. In short, according to this friendly testimony, the liberality which Atticus displayed, not only towards private persons, but towards communities with which (as with the Athenians) he had become connected, was practised by one who, while thus always ready to give away, took no pains to acquire anything beyond the wealth which had fallen to him by inheritance. It appears, indeed, to be quite true that he was not openly engaged in any of the speculations for farming the public revenues; for the old reading of a passage in one of Cicero's epistles to him (ii. 15), which was once cited to prove that he was himself a farmer of the revenues, has been long since corrected, on sufficient grounds. But there is evidence of his having been indirectly interested in associations of that sort, as well as of his having profitably used his rich inheritance in investments of other kinds. His large establishment of slaves was made to contribute to his gains. Among other occupations he made them copy books, which, as we may collect from passages in Cicero's letters to Atticus, were sold. His personal expenses, likewise, were extremely moderate; and, as his panegyrist remarks, his increase of wealth caused no change in his habits. Instead of laying out gardens and building sumptuous villas, he contented himself with his house in Rome, having indeed in Italy no other landed property, except two or three small estates at a considerable distance from the city. The entertainments which he gave were rendered attractive, not by pomp, but by the select society which frequented them, and by the literary and philosophical turn which was given to everything that occurred under his roof. Some of his highly educated slaves read aloud at intervals during the repast. Literature, indeed, was the favourite recreation of his whole life. He had studied philosophy both at Athens and Rome, and attached himself, characteristically enough, to the Epicurean sect. But his favourite studies lay in Roman history and antiquities, and in these departments he was really more than a mere amateur. He wrote fluently both in Latin and in Greek; and we hear of his having composed not only a large number of letters, but historical works of an elaborate kind. Two of these are particularly named: a " History of Cicero's Consulship," written in Greek; and a Latin book of "Roman Annals." Plainness in style and minute accuracy in particulars are represented to have been the distinctive qualities of those works. The "Annals' were especially praised for their exact chronological arrangement of laws, treaties, and other important facts; and As Atticus steadfastly declined all public also for the fulness of their researches into honours and offices, so his Latin biographer | the genealogies of the Roman families. So

The rule of Atticus's public conduct was that of enrolling himself in no faction, but of maintaining friendly relations with the chiefs of all. When Sulla, having contracted an intimacy with him at Athens, pressed him to join in his expedition against the Marian party in Italy, Atticus jocularly expressed his surprise that Sulla should expect him to act with him against a party, in whose ranks (had he not left Italy to avoid such a step) he must have fought against Sulla. They parted on the most cordial terms. Afterwards, while Cicero was one of his most cherished and confidential friends, he was intimate with Hortensius, the orator's professional rival, and familiarly acquainted with Clodius, his implacable enemy. The overtures and caresses of Julius Cæsar and of Pompey were received by Atticus with equal cordiality, and were alike unsuccessful in tempting him to act for either party. After having enjoyed the favour of the dictator Julius, he continued, as long as his safety allowed him, to extend to the dictator's assassins, Marcus Brutus and Cassius, the same sort of patronizing friendship which he, an old man, had been accustomed to extend to them his juniors. Towards Marcus Antonius and Octavianus Cæsar his position was maintained with not less caution. But, while thus cautious, Atticus was not unfriendly. He was particularly willing to furnish the chiefs of defeated factions with assistance in escaping from their enemies; and his character stood so high, and his tactics were so skilful, that he contrived to pass with safety through all these delicate adventures. He made a large loan to the younger Marius in his exile without offending Sulla, and to the fugitive Brutus without incurring the vengeance of the triumvirate. Whenever there occurred an emergency in which a declaration of opinions became unavoidable, Atticus, if in Italy, retired to Athens, or to an estate which he had purchased in Epirus. This kindly but timeserving policy, however, could not always be practised, in times so convulsed, without offence or misconstruction. Accordingly we learn from Cicero's letters, that the vainglorious Pompey, hurt by the coolness of Atticus, had determined to chastise him if he should be successful in his war with Julius Cæsar; and that Cicero himself, especially during the exile into which Clodius had driven him, believed himself to have reason to complain of his old friend and schoolfellow for a lukewarmness unworthy of the relations which subsisted between them.