ADVERTISEMENTS. WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE. COURSE FOR THE DEGREE OF A. B. Belles Lettres, Logic, Ethics and History.-Thomas Political Law and Government.--Beverley Tucker, Pro fessor. Text Book-Vattel's Law of Nations. Mathematics.-Robert Saunders, Professor. Text Books: Legendre's Geometry, Young's Algebra, Davies' Surveying. Chemistry.-John Millington, Professor. Text Book Manual of Chemistry, by John Webster, M. D., 3d edition. SENIOR YEAR. [1839. of the parent or guardian; and it is earnestly recommended that this sum be as small as possible. The Text Books here advertised may be all had here, (according to agreement with the Bookseller,) at a price certainly not exceeding the Richmond prices. matical Class, must be prepared to commence with Simple Any student proposing to join the regular Junior Matheobtain it in a preparatory class, in which are taught merely Equations and the Third Book of Davies' Legendre. Those who have had no preparation in Mathematics, may the Elements of Algebra, including Simple Equations, and the first two books of Davies' Legendre. In addition to the studies above enumerated, there is a department of higher studies, necessary to the attainment of the degree of A. M. A student proposing to attend this department, with a view Political Economy, Government and Metaphysics.-B. in this College, or the same or some equivalent degree to graduation in it, must have taken either the degree of A. Thomas R. Dew, Professor. Text Books-Say's Political in some other College of equal standing, and must also be a Economy, Dew's Lectures on the Restrictive System and proficient in the Latin language. Usury, Brown's Lectures, Dew's Essay on Slavery. Natural Philosophy.-John Millington, Professor. Text Book--Olmsted's Natural Philosophy, Essay on Galvanism and Electro Magnetism, by the Professor. Mathematics.-Robert Saunders, Professor. Text Books: Young's Algebra, Davies' Analytical Geometry, Davies' Calculus, and Olmsted's Astronomy. lows, and supervised by the Professors in their several deThe courses, which will occupy two years, will be as folpartments: ric, Whateley's Logic, Chalmers on the Moral and IntellecMoral and Political Department.-Campbell's Rhetotual Nature of Man. Whateley's and Senior's Political Economy, Smith's Wealth of Nations, and Ricardo on Political Economy, Brown on the Emotions, Chalmers' EvidenHistorical.-Gillie's Greece, Ferguson's Rome, SisReso-mondi's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Russell's Modern Europe, Hallam's Middle Ages, and Constitutional History of England, History of the United States. Mathematical.-Young's Algebra; Young's Analytical Geometry, and Differential and Integral Calculus, Olmsted's Astronomy. INDEPENDENT CLASSES. CLASSICAL DEPARTMENT. A change in this department has recently been made by the Visitors, by which it has been placed on as high a footing as the classical department in any institution. This has been done by abolishing the school for boys heretofore existing, and establishing two classes, described below, to be attended only by the matriculated students of the College. In each of these, certificates of proficiency will be granted; and the student who successfully goes through both, will receive the general certificate of classical literature, provided he shall have studied the subjects of the Junior Moral Course. Latin Literature and Greek Literature.-Dabney Browne, Professor. The Text Books cannot now be arranged, as the course is not yet matured. They can, however, be had here by the student wishing to attend either class. To enter the Latin Class, the student must be able to read Sallust and Virgil; and for admission into the Greek Class, it is necessary that he shall be qualified to read Xenophon. EXPENSES OF A REGULAR STUDENT. JUNIOR YEAR. Half fee, Junior Political (Vattel) Class, Fees to three Professors, $20 each, Matriculation Fee, Board, including washing and lights, Fuel, to be paid for, (as used) say $60 00 10 00 5 00 115 00 15 00 $205 00 60 00 5'00 130 00 $195 00 Of the Independent Classes.-Law, $20; Engineering, $20; Latin, $20; Greek, $20. The price of board, here estimated at $130, is that paid to the College steward, who, in consideration of certain privileges, binds himself to the Faculty to take all Students who apply for board, at the price here stated. The students boarding with him lodge in the College Building. The price of board, including washing, lights and fuel, at other Boarding Houses in town cannot exceed $150.This has been established by a general understanding with the College authorities. The public are assured, that the entire amount of the necessary expenses at this Institution is exhibited above. Whatever money, therefore, beyond this amount shall be furnished to the student, will be altogether at the discretion Physical.-Turner's Chemistry (6th edition,) Young's Mechanics, Brewster's Optics, Bakewell's Geology, Olmsted's Astronomy. Law Department.-Constitutional Law. take the Law degree (L. B.) then the Mathematical and R & A. CAMPBELL, Invite the attention of the public to their present stock of Goods, comprising an assortment of every article in their line, all of which have either been MANUFACTURED or SELECTED expressly for them. As they import their goods DIRECT from the ENGLISH and FRENCH MANUFACTORIES, they are enabled to sell them at as LOW (if not lower) prices as they can be purchased elsewhere in this country. plete, and comprises every requisite for Military purTheir assortment of MILITARY Goods is very composes. Military companies equipped. keep good time. N. B. All watches sold by them are warranted to Sept. 1. GAYNOR, PICOT & CO. Commission Merchants, Cary Street, Richmond, Va. G. B. Hoffman & Brother, and John & James Power, REFERENCES-Dunlop, Moncure & Co., Lancaster, Denby & Co., and Davenport, Allen & Co., Richmond; Kemble, and Buloid & Caswell, New York; J. Bradlee Baltimore; F. Gurney Smith, Philadelphia; William & Co., and Jas. Leeds, Jr. & Co., Boston; C. Adams, Jr., New Orleans. THE CASE PLAINLY STATED TO OUR SUBSCRIBERS. We call upon our friends once more for help, in these times of pecuniary pressure. If we really render five dollars worth of instruction and amusement, in the course of the year, we ought to receive our dues, and that speedily. If we do not discharge our part of the contract to the satisfaction of our subscribers, we desire them most unequivocally to say so. It is a truism of Divine authority, that the laborer is worthy of his hire-and as we know that we have to labor hard for our hire, we have a right to expect and require it to be paid punctually. To those who have given us good and substantial proof of their friendship, by a regular settlement of our bills, we render our grateful acknowledgments. We say, again, that we do not wish to suspend in these times of suspension. We desire to support Southern Literature, which can only be done by our friends giving a liberal support to ourselves. As some further proof that we ourselves are not insensible to the favors of our friends, and that we spare no pains or effort to improve the character and appearance of the MESSENGER, we announce, that we shall issue the January No., being the first of the sixth volume, on a new and elegant type. As we shall, therefore, have no occasion for the type now used, we offer to dispose of it on reasonable terms, and invite applications from all those who may need a valuable addition to their stock. AGENTS FOR THE SOUTHERN LITERARY MESSENGER. VIRGINIA. Hill & Dabney, General Agents for Va. J. D. Murrell, P. M. Lynchburg. NORTH CAROLINA. Dr. Wm. H. Williams, General Agent. Wm. H. Owen, Chapel Hill George W. Granbery, Sunsbury C. W. Everest, Fayetteville. SOUTH CAROLINA. Hoff & Tucker, Booksellers, Charleston. William B. Johnston, Camden. James D. Tradewell, Columbia. MARYLAND. Wesley Stevenson, Baltimore. N. Hickman, Baltimore. No name will hereafter be inserted in the List of Payments on the covers of the Messenger unless the money is actual v received. Promises of “remittances hereafter," will not answer our purpose, let them come from what quarter they may. Par ticular attention is requested to this matter. Agents who have on hand $5 or more, will please remit the same at once to the Proprietor of the Messenger, by mail. 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The "MESSENGER" hereafter will be mailed on or before the first number of a volume has been published, about the first day of every month in the year. Twelve fit will be taken as a continuance for another year. numbers make a volume,-and the price of subscrip- 5. Any one enclosing a $20 current bill, at one time, tion is $5 per volume, payable in advance ;-nor will the with the names of FIVE NEW subscribers, shall receive work hereafter be sent to any one, unless the order for FIVE copies of the MESSENGER for one year. it is accompanied with the CASH. The year commences 6. The mutual obligations of the publisher and subwith the January number. No subscription received scriber, for the year, are fully incurred as soon as the for less than the year. A single number of the Mes-first nuraber of the volume is issued and after that time, senger will not be sold to any person for less than the no discontinuance of a subscription will be permitted. price of a year's subscription. Nor will any subscription be discontinued while any3. The risk of transmitting subscriptions by mail will thing remains due thereon, unless at the option of the be assumed by the proprietor. But every subscriber editor. RICHMOND, Va. PUBLISHED MONTHLY AT FIVE DOLLARS PER ANNUM-THOMAS W. WHITE, EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR. VOL. V. RICHMOND, NOVEMBER, 1839. THE BELEAGUERED CITY. BY PROF. H W. LONGFELLOW. I have read in some old, wondrous tale, White as a sea-fog, landward bound, The river flow'd between. No other voice nor sound was there, But when the old cathedral bell Proclaim'd the morning prayer, Down the broad valley, fast and far, I have read in the wondrous heart of man, Encamp'd beside life's rushing stream, In fancy's misty light, The spectral camp is seen, But when the solemn and deep church bell Down the broad vale of tears afar, The spectral camp has fled; Faith shineth as a morning starOur ghastly fears are dead. November, 1939. VOL. V.-90 ISLAND OF CANDIA.* No. XI. The Island of Candia, the ancient Crete, is one of the most interesting regions, from its historical associations, which modern travellers can visit; and it is not less worthy of examination from its geographical position, its natural features, and from the influence, which, under happier auspices, it might exert upon the various countries that surround it. It is the largest of the islands of the Mediterranean, and yields to none of them in the fertility of its soil and the beauty of its climate. It is, indeed, pressed down by an iron government-that of Mehemet Ali; but it is to be hoped that this will either cease ere long, and allow the union of the island to the dominions of King Otho, or that such changes will be gradually introduced, as will be more conformable to the spirit of the age and the condition of the people. Accident led us to this island a short time since, but our personal observation was so limited, that we have little to tell, and no hair-breadth escapes to narrate to the reader. We were, however, successful enough to collect some valuable statistical information, concerning its condition and productions, from authentic sources, and we propose to communicate the result of our remarks, regretting, however, that circumstances will necessarily render these meager and imperfect. A slight inspection of the map of the Mediterranean, will show the advantageous position of this valuable island. It stretches from Greece to Egypt, actually barring the approach to the Archipelago and the Levant, and to the immense and fertile regions, which seek their outlets through them. When it is recollected that these embrace almost all the Turkish possessions, the provinces subjugated by the Pasha of Egypt, the greater part of the new kingdom of Greece, and no inconsiderable portion of the Russian dominions, we shall be ready to agree, that Aristotle had just grounds for the opinion he advanced, that few situations were more favorable for the foundation of a great empire. It touches the Adriatic Sea on one side, and the Nile on the other-thus forming the door, which can open or shut the maritime intercourse between important portions of Europe, Asia and Africa, and the rest of the world. France particularly has not been indifferent to In the October number of the Messenger, we promised to present our readers with an original article from the vigorous and classical pen of Mr. Cass, the present American Minister at Paris, and we take sincere pleasure in now redeeming that promise. An historical, geographical, and statistical account of so important an Island as Candia, or the ancient Crete, derived principally from the personal observation and research of a gentleman so well known in the republic of letters, as well as in political life, cannot fail to be deeply interesting to our readers. To express all the pleasure with which this able contribution to the Messenger has inspired ourselves, might, perhaps, somewhat invade the prerogative of others. We are, therefore, content earnestly to recommend its careful perusal, and to tender to Governor Cass our best thanks for the favor by which we have been distinguished.-[Editor Southern Literary Messenger. to the systems of education and of legislation, and to many of the arts which minister to human comfort, it is not less remarkable for its political phases. It has been at times independent and subjugated, a monarchy, a republic, and a province. As a monarchy, it was governed by Minos, who is called by Hesiod the greatest of mortal kings. As a republic, it furnishes two lessons for the contemplation of all who are interested in the study of human nature. It never undertook an external offensive war-and its duration, which extended to one thousand years, exceeds that of any other republican government upon record. Happy the military and commercial advantages of this posi- The vicissitudes of human power have never been tion, and to the aid she might draw from it in her more striking than in the moral, social, and political efforts to acquire an ascendancy upon the Mediterra-revolutions, which the progress of the history of this nean, as was sufficiently evinced by the military mis-island exhibits to the observer. One of the cradles of sion, entrusted to General Dumas, under the reign of civilization, remarkable in the earliest periods of the Louis XVI. In the autobiography of that respectable world for its contributions to the heathen mythology, man, interesting particularly to an American, from his personal participation, under Rochambeau, in the war of our revolution, is a curious narrative of his voyage to Crete, and a full account of the views of the French government in relation to the possession of the island. General Dumas examined the whole country minutely, and presented, on his return, an able report exhibiting all the facts necessary for the action of the ministry. But the elements of a great political change were then in operation in France, and a storm was gathering, which soon burst upon that country and upon Europe with a frightful violence, little favorable in its commencement to the realization of projects of distant ag-will our country be, if in following this example, we grandizement. But the advantages of the island are too obvious to escape the statesmen of the present day; and Mr. Lamartine has very recently proposed at the French tribune-in a speech, not less remarkable for its apparent contempt of national faith and established rights, than from the consideration that it proceeded from an eminent author, whose writings abound with declamatory passages upon religion and morality-to take possession of Crete and to hold it as a permanent military station. He has been much less happy in demonstrating the justice of his project, than in exhibiting the value of the possession which he covets for his country. And in one of the latest works upon the East, which has issued from the English press, containing an account of Candia, the travels of captain Scott of the staff corps of the British army, there is a labored memoir, pointing out its value to Great Britain, and endeavoring to show that it is useless to the Pasha of Egypt, and that he would willingly cede it as the price of the recognition of the hereditary right of his family to his other territories. When the reader recalls to his memory that Crete was the native country of the Titans, and of Saturn, of Jupiter, of Vesta, of Ceres, of Juno, of Neptune, of Pluto-all the latter occupying the most distinguished places in heathen mythology-of Minos, of Rhadamanthus, of Deucalion, and of Idomeneus; that in it were Mount Ida and the Labyrinth; that it was governed by the institutions of Minos, established originally by that lawgiver for its benefit; that it was celebrated for its hundred cities before the war of Troy; and that it sent to the memorable siege of that place eighty vessels, under its king Idomeneus, as we are told by the father of the Epopea "Crete's hundred cities pour forth all her sons. These marched, Idomeneus, beneath thy care And Merion dreadful as the god of war:" When all this is brought before us, it is easy to comprehend that a very early state of civilization, and perhaps the occurrence of some extraordinary event, must have given great interest to this classic land in the fabulous and traditional periods of the world,-an interest, which the subsequent course of its history kept alive, and which has descended to our times as a tribute, that the present always owes to the glory and decadence of the past. shall be able to equal the Cretan republic in moderation, and to exceed it in longevity. From an independent nation, it has passed successively under the domination of the Romans, the Arabs, the Greeks, the Latins, the Venitians, the Turks, and last, of the Egyptians. Once the missionary field of St. Paul and the Bishopric of Titus, it is now divided between the Moslem faith and a degraded branch of the Greek church; and the only sign of vital religion it exhibits, is to be found among a little band of generous and devoted persons, who have brought back from the western continent, to this early seat of apostolic labor, the human means of reestablishing the primitive purity of the church, and who, with a few faithful disciples, have fixed their abode in a corner of the island, amid ignorance, fanaticism and ruin. The slight allusion we have made to the early condition of this island, sufficiently evinces, that it is one of the regions to which a branch of the human family directed the course of its emigration, not long after the separation from the parent stock in the central portions of Asia. The origin, early progress of settlement, and increase of nations, precede the period of authentic history, and are lost in the darkness of that remote epoch. It is to be regretted, indeed, that the infancy of nations has passed under circumstances which have left us no authentic memorials of the most interesting portion of human history. It is difficult to conceive a more curious subject of observation and inquiry, than the first efforts of man to examine the world around him; to accommodate himself to the circumstances of his position; to learn how to provide for his animal wants; to proceed step by step from one result of his experience to another, till he attains a knowledge of his true condition and a sentiment of his real power, and to place himself at the head of that creation which he is destined to embellish and to govern. But it is useless to speculate upon these topics; the necessary facts have forever escaped us. Writers are, indeed, anxious to discover, in the mythological fables and in the gross traditional tales which have come down to us, a shadowing out of the events that actually passed at that remote period; and many a long day has been laboriously and we may add uselessly devoted to these investigations, equally uncertain in their process and profitless in their results. Unfortunately, we are often |