the foam of its narrows and its rapids,-sees the cliffs on either side, here mantled in green and there looking over into the current with dark and sullen frown, and you are confirmed in the belief of the beauty of the scenery of Occoquon. though it is a very probable story, that there was a time in the early history of the state, when this little town did more business than Baltimore. The tradition proves, at least, the antiquity of the place, if nothing else. But, while the rival has proved herself a genuine child of America, by her healthy and rapid and still continued growth, this her reputed elder sister enjoyed but the health of infancy; her subsequent life has been marked by the feebleness and dwarfish The main artificial attraction and probably the nucleus of the place is a fine mill, which, from its size and the hum and whiz of its interior arrangements, induced me to believe that very abundant advantage was taken within it of the divisibility of matter. The mil-ness and emaciation of premature old age. ler has the finest house, and is doubtless the most con- The tavern at which we lodged, afforded abundant spicuous man, the leader of the ton in the place. Per- evidence that the place had seen better days. It is adventure the younger boys, from constant ocular ex-large and arranged on an extensive scale, and exhiperience of the dignity conferred by milling, and from a view of the relative standing of the citizens, look upon a miller as the finisterre of civilization,—the ne plus ultra of gentility, upon mealy clothes as the sine quâ non of a gentleman. bits every mark of having been built to supply a demand for far more accommodation, than is now ever needed at Dumfries. It no doubt has often been the home of wassail and of wine, when the neighboring yeomen could find material for dreams of wealth and prosperity. Its large empty rooms, whose smoky walls and broken windows now tell of meager revenue, no doubt once rang with laugh and song, when the hopes of the honest burghers were young and they knew whence the silver was to come to pay mine host for the liquor that warmed their brains. The number of its patrons in the palmy days of Dumfries is evinced by its high stone steps, which, as I observed, were worn and furrowed by the constant tread of visitors. The causes of all this degeneration and decay, are doubtless the withdrawal of trade to more eligible towns, the unhealthiness of the country and the increasing poverty and worthlessness of the soil for miles around. After passing a noon at the tavern of the village, we mounted our horses and began again to lessen the distance to Fredericksburg. I might stop here to remark upon the sterility of the country through which we passed, upon its worn out soil and the consequent dullness and dreariness of our ride. But, if I were to attempt to chronicle all that we saw of barrenness and desolation, of ruin and decay along our route through Eastern Virginia, much of my narration would be occupied with descriptions of sombre hue and doleful coloring, with legends of laziness and short-sightedness and reckless imposition upon the soil,—with philippics against the driving of shallow ploughs and the culture of tobacco. I will therefore be sagacious enough to avoid souring my whole relation with notices of every As may be supposed, we felt no disposition to while wretched farm and worthless common that we passed, away at Dumfries more time than was positively necesthus spicing all I might say with the acrimony of com- sary for the purposes of supper and lodging; and if I plaint and the discordancy of reproach. For it is a remember correctly, ample means were afforded us of fact that cannot be denied or modified, that the Eastern attending to both these duties very satisfactorily. I Virginians, whatever honor or commendation they may can find no fault with Dumfries tavern as a lodging deserve in other matters, have converted a country place; its whole air and arrangement favor repose. which in olden time was fertile as a garden and capa- There is so much stagnation and want of life in the ble of supporting in comfort and plenty a dense popu- town, that no neighboring noises, indicative of thrift and lation, into a home of dearth and barrenness,-a soil, activity disturb the traveller's rest; and, alas! for the which, worn out and weary with unrequited and rude blue nose and solemn countenance of mine host, no demands on its liberality, now refuses the applications money-producing bustle, within doors, rose from the bar of a lazy and misguided husbandry, and is recalled to or hall to interrupt our slumbers. It was a fine opporits original generosity by no importunity of man and tunity to study the nature and intrinsic essence of siby no genial influences from the cloud or sun. Unwil-lence, its physical effects upon the frame and the conseling at each advance in our ride, to excite in the reader, as were excited in us, feelings of sorrow for the wreck of a once luxuriant country and a disposition to vituperate the improvident system of culture, which originated and still perpetuates the evil, we will perform this part of our journey without calling attention to the tame scenery or the barren fields. At some convenient season I will bring together and utter in one category all that I have to say in regard to the agriculture of the Old Dominion,-in regard to the cause, remedy, shame, sin, and folly of the metamorphosis of rich and fertile plains into desolate and desert wastes. Meanwhile our horses, with their steady trot, have worn away the few miles that separated us from our night's lodging at Dumfries. This little town, though now exhibiting all the marks of extreme poverty and decay, was once, we heard, thriving and prosperous. Indeed we were told, I know not with how much truth, quences of the presence of no reverberation in the ear,— the temporary death and torpor of one of the senses. But, though Dumfries has hardly strength and power of lungs remaining to make much noise in the world, yet still it has many things in common with other towns and villages. For example, the sun rises upon it about in the same way that it does elsewhere. This fact came to our knowledge in the regular course of events, when we had finished our offerings at the shrine of Morpheus; and soon after the discovery we made use of the phenomenon, to mount our horses and seek an appetite for breakfast in cutting off, by a fresh inroad, a slice of the distance to Fredericksburg. After nine miles, we stopped to breakfast at Acquia, a place still more wretchedly ruinous and dilapidated than Dumfries. It bore every mark of extreme and increasing decay. I was surprised at this, for it struck me that so small a village, even if possessed of no manu shelter, I was glad that my memory had selected so proper an occasion to betray its trust, so that the article forgotten had become a trifling comfort to the poor old landlady of Acquia, in the pertinacious integrity of her viands and the imperturbed composure of her beds. However there are times, as the sequel will show, when such a loss makes itself felt,-when a man is driven by mere stress of weather to feel the vital efficacy of umbrellas,-the great convenience of having some extent of silk to interpose between skin and sky. Again in the saddle, we rode on through the same tame, uninteresting country, which, with little interruption, we had seen round us ever since entering the state at Alexandria, and which afforded nothing of scenery or incident worth laying before the reader. However, there is a little story of Virginia hospitality connected with this stage of our journey, which it may not be amiss to chronicle, were it but to confirm the fact, that, if the Eastern Virginians have not the best soil, or the best idea of agriculture in the world, they go far toward making it up by the goodness of their hearts. Our stopping place at noon was to have been a private entertainment, as the Virginians call a small country tavern, not much overrun with business, and, as I concluded, not licensed to sell liquor. This last characteristic is I suppose, the specific distinction in the case; for we met afterward with many public houses thus designated, and found no difference from the ordinary country tavern, as far as regards universal reception of travellers and the provision of the usual accommodation. Be this as it may, we were to stop at noon at a certain private entertainment, to which we had been recommended. When we reached it, however, and were about to dismount at the door, with the expectation of rest and refreshment, the landlady made her appearance, and told us, to our no small chagrin, that her husband had gone from home and had inadvertently taken the barn key with him in his pocket. I suppose the poor fellow had so few demands on his services, that he had almost lost sight of the necessity of making provision for a chance visitor in his absence. However, here we were; we could have ad libitum all that was necessary for ourselves, but as what our horses were interested in was all within the logs of the barn, and, fur facturing advantage, or facilities for trade, could still support itself in better condition than it exhibited merely as a residence for laborers, or on so public and important a road, by means of its store and tavern, each of which it contained in an impoverished condition A keg of epsom salts on the counter of the store might, however, have served to suggest a solution of the mystery. Struck with the portentous size of the keg and with the amount of material for this interesting beverage, I was led to ask the shop-boy how they came to provide such a quantity and whether it would not be apt to lay long on hand. He assured me that it was by no means an ill-advised purchase, and that, judging of the future by the past, it would all be sold within a few-I forget the precise number of months. I found upon inquiry that the cause of the decay of the place is its extreme sickliness,--that at one season of the year it is visited by very prevalent and most fatal fever, that in the month of August the town is almost depopulated. It seems that a removal to the distance of half a mile, in some directions from the village, is enough to place an inhabitant out of the reach of the morbid miasmata. Hence the white people of the place leave it at the sickly season, and the blacks, some of them, remain alone. I was astonished at finding that the negroes were by no means so much exposed to danger from the fever,-that they stayed there during the most pestilential state of the air, very generally with impunity. My feelings of surprise now underwent a complete revolution. Before, I had wondered at the ruin of the town; now, my wonder was still more excited that it was not a heap of ruins. What on earth, I thought, could induce a man possessed at all of the power of locomotion, to remain in such a wretched little kennel, without any visible attraction or facility of living, and with the yearly returning necessity of a troublesome change of quarters, or of running a gauntlet with a most virulent form of bilious fever. The éclaircissement of this new shade of the mystery was not so easy as of its first phase. However, the villagers told me in self defence that there they had houses ready built,-built I suppose either before the spot became so unhealthy, or, at least, before the danger was known,-whereas a removal would involve the necessity of sacrificing these dwellings and providing them-thermore, as they had seen nothing in the way of hay or selves with others. But really a man must be very far gone in poverty and very far gone too in doubt of his ability to maintain himself, to live in such a hole, with the usual walking facilities, and the wide world before him. Poor Acquia had at the time we passed through it, a new evil to contend with in addition to the prospect of the sickly season. Corn was selling at one dollar and a half a bushel, which by no means quadrated with the peculiar situation of its exchequer. We learnt that one important means of supply was by an exchange for grain of fish caught in the Potomac, within a few miles of the village. Corn had been so scarce that but about twenty bushels had been brought down the river to be given in this exchange. This had worked wrong for the poor Acquiars. In the hands of the kind landlady who gave us our breakfast I left my umbrella through an unfortunate though happily time forgetfulness, and, when afterwards, in clear weather, I congratulated myself on relief from its weight, and in the rain, regretted its absent grain since we left Dumfries, it was evident we must go elsewhere. But then unfortunately there was no tavern beyond short of the Rappahannock, and that was too far both for ourselves and horses. Here was ample material for a quandary. The landlady proposed this method of extrication. She told us that about a mile ahead, near the road, a family lived named C—, who, if we stated our case to them, she had no doubt would gladly afford us the requisite entertainment. Well this was rather disagreeable, but still, as it seemed our only resource, we determined to put their hospi tality to the proof. We accordingly turned our horses again into the road and fell to work to despatch the intervening mile. We soon were in sight of the house, rode up, presented our petition, were most kindly received, our horses were fed and we ourselves invited to dine with the family. Our hosts were plain farmers, simply clad, of the sturdy yeomanry of the Old Dominion. With three young men, the sons of the kind old lady, who receiv of the Unfinished Monument. And now, as our first week of travel is nearly spent,as we are sheltered from Saturday's western sun by a comfortable hotel, in a pleasant city, here will be a point of repose grateful to ourselves and peradventure more grateful to the reader. ed us, I was exceedingly pleased. If they may serve were all we could return, and upon tendering these with as a model of their class in that section of the state, I a good degree of earnestness and with no manner of must commend the good breeding, intelligence, manli- let or reservation, we found ourselves again in the sadness, and kind feeling of the young farmers of Eastern dle and on the road. After an hour or thereabout of Virginia; I must do honor to their freedom from boor- steady trotting, now made very supportable by the ish sheepishness, as well as from the contrary still more requisite personal and animal reflection, we crossed the disagreeable trait so common in our New England | Rappahannock and were in Fredericksburg,—the city states, impudent inquisitiveness and a hungry eager ness to reap from questions and scrutiny a stranger's circumstances and purposes. On conversing with them, I found them much interested and quite at home in the subject of Virginia politics. I discovered that they were strongly prejudiced in favor of the present administration, and that they had been much interested, though displeased, with the recent course of Mr. Rives. They spoke of him as a man of great ability, and as once possessed of so much influence with his former party, that, had he remained within their ranks, he would in their opinion, have been some day a candidate for the Presidency. Now, they held him to be entirely ruined as a statesman, and one of them, who had seen him recently, insisted that a dejected and haggard air, betrayed his consciousness of his own political undoing. These sentiments, which, by the by, we will not infringe upon the necessary and proper neutral character of a literary journal, by either endorsing or condemning, were expressed with much intelligence, frankness and manifest interest. Notwithstanding all the mischiefs resulting from the strifes and agitation of party, notwithstanding all the temptations to corruption and political chicanery, which they necessarily involve, I am by no means convinced that well defined and wide distinctions of party are not all important to the strength and well being of a country. They agitate and preserve from impurity and stagnation the popular sea, they foster public intelligence and keep alive a spirit of eager inquiry and of free discussion, they tend to feed the patriotism of all not personally interested in political questions, they create and foster among the people an interest in the government and a consequent disposition to regulate and hold in restraint, by a wholesome censorship, the actions of their public servants. But, alackaday! for our supplementary principle of ethics! Where were we, when we fell into this dull disquisition? Let us get hold of the thread of our story. With all the benevolent feeling that rest and refreshment and hospitable treatment naturally occasion, we prepared to pursue our journey. It is perhaps unnecessary to say, that the family, though apparently by no means overburdened with wealth, would receive no manner of compensation. Thanks and kind wishes *NOTE BY THE EDITOR. Having shown the proof sheet of the foregoing passage to a friend at our elbow--he remarked somewhat jocosely, that the young farmers referred to, might possess very "good breeding, intelligence and manli. ness,"--and yet entertain very crude notions of either the duties or probable fortunes of a statesman--and that, so far from the honorable ex-senator referred to, having a haggard and dejected air"--he, our friend, had lately the pleasure of seeing and conversing with him, and that no one could have exhibited a countenance of more undisturbed tranquillity. ITALY. I saw a maiden stand one summer eve, at night; Amid thy groves and fragrant bowers forever more to roam. As back are wafted to our thoughts the scenes of buried years. above, about to request something, had to lock the door, or he had to LECTURES ON PHRENOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION. hide himself. The organ is extremely developed in this, the BY GEO. COMBE, ESQ. Reported for the New Yorker. LECTURE VII. SUPERIOR SENTIMENTS. I now come to what are called the Superior Sentiments, or such as constitute the peculiarly human character. Of these, however, Benevolence and Initation are found also in the inferior animals. The best rule for ascertaining the size of the coronal region, the seat of these sentiments, is the following: The cen tre of Causality corresponds to the point of ossification in the frontal bone, and the centre of Cautiousness to the point of ossification in the parietal bone, and all that part of the head which lies above these points belongs to the Moral Sentiments, allow. ing a little for Causality and a little for Cautiousness. Pass a string, therefore, round the head over these points, and if that part of the head which lies above a plane, of which this string is the boundary, be low and flat, you may rest assured that the Moral Sentiments are small; if it be high and broad, you may be certain that they are large. I shall now treat of the individual organs, and first of BENEVOLENCE. This organ is situated at the fore part of the top of the head, on each side of the middle line, and anterior to the fontanel. This is a representation of the brain and skull of Gottfried, the murderer, and this of Eustache, a most benevolent Negro; you perceive the great difference of development in this region. A friend of Gall, knowing that he sought external manifestations of mental qualities, requested him to examine the head of a ser. vant remarkable for his amiable disposition and goodness of heart, as it is called. "It is impossible," said he, “to find a greater degree of goodness than that young man possesses." Gall complied with the request, and perceived a prominence of the frontal bone. He recollected a school-mate who had the like amiable temper: and he was requested by a lady to examine the head of her son, also very amiable. He found all their heads most developed in this region, though different every where else; and by examination of others, he was convinced that the disposition to do good was innate, and that here was its organ. St. Paul beautifully describes this sentiment under the name of Charity: "Charity," says he, "suffereth long and is kind; Charity envieth not; Charity vaunteth not itself-is not puffed up." This organ prompts to acts like that of the Good Samaritan. It is distinct from Love of Approbation; for those who have it large do good without regard to fame, and do not complain of ingratitude; they manifest a warmth and simplicity of manners, and a directness of purpose which touch the heart at once; while those who do good from love of approbation seek witnesses, boast of their goodness, and evince a coldness and restraint which betray their true feelings. See how large it is in Henry IV. of France, and beautifully did he manifest it in his character. When urged to injure an officer who had taken part against him, he replied, "I will do him so much good that he will be forced to love me." When urged to destroy a town which he had conquered, he replied, "The pleasure which results from gratified revenge lasts but for a moment; that which flows from mercy is eternal." Fenelon exhibited a most beautiful manifestation of it when he said, "I am a true Frenchman, and love my country; but I love mankind better than my country." Hobbes denies there is such a sentiment, and resolves its manifestation into selfishness. Pleasure indeed is, by a beauti. ful arrangement of the Creator, made a concomitant of benevolent acts, but it is not for the pleasure that the acts are performed. The man who sees another fall into the water and leaps in to save him, must feel great delight in preserving his fellow from drowning; but not for this delight did he risk his own life. The organ is very distinctly developed in the head of Jacob Jarvis, of Cork, who could never resist any solicitation. This was soon discovered by his acquaintances, and they obtained from him any thing for which they chose to ask; till at length his wife, when she saw any one coming whom she supposed head of the negro Eustache, whose merits were publicly acknowledged by the Institute of France, when in 1932, he received the Prize of Virtue. During the insurrection of the Blacks at St. Domingo, the disinterested exertions of Eustache in behalf of his master, Mr. Belin, were unbounded. By his address, courage, and devotion, this gentleman, with upwards of four hundred other Whites, were saved from the general massacre, and the fortune of Mr. Belin several times preserved. At Paris he was always doing good: the profits of his industry and the rewards which he obtained were all employed in relieving the miserable. At Port au Prince, Eustache often heard his master, who was an old man, deplore the gradual weakening of his eyes. Eustache could not read, but inspired with the hope of pleasing his master he applied himself secretly to study, took lessons at four o'clock in the morning, that he might not encroach on the time required for his regular duties, and speedily acquired the wished for knowledge. Approaching the old man with a book in his hand, he proved to him that if nothing seems easy to ignorance, nothing is impossible to devotion. I again show you the cast, as it is one of the most beautiful demonstrations of this organ which we possess. That this faculty can only manifest itself by giving alms or money, is a vulgar error. It may be exerted in a thousand other ways. It is benevolence toward those with whom we live, to order our arrangements with a due regard to their comfort, and not to deny them proper gratifications; it is benevolent to suppress our own humors and impulses, when these would occasion unnecessary pain to others; it is benevolent, in giving orders, to restrain Self-Esteem, and, in censuring, to be mild and merciful; it is benevolent to be courteous and considerate to those in humble station. Benevolence, too, is an essential element in true politeness. I knew a gentleman in whom this organ was large, but combined with large Acquisitiveness and Self-Esteem. He had much leisure time, and he would devote whole days to the promotion of benevolent purposes, but very seldom gave pecuniary aid. Deficient Benevolence does not produce cruelty or any posi tive sentiment, but it leads to regardlessness of the welfare of others. When it is small, a powerful restraint is removed from the propensities. The organ ought to be large in those who attend on sickness. Let Benevolence be absent, and there is no ever-gushing well spring of goodness. One who has large Conscientiousness may attend the sick faithfully as a matter of duty, but will not manifest that uniform kindness and gentleness, that softness and sympathy, which is so gratifying, soothing and important. I have never known it small in a regular stewardess, which may be accounted for from the fact that one in whom the organ was small would soon become disgusted with the duties and find other employment, or be discharged for neglect. Benevolent men are often very irascible and passionate; this arises from the combination of large Benevolence and Destructiveness. Burns possessed this combination. Compare the height of the forehead above Causality in him and in Bellingham, the murderer, or take the distance above the eyebrows even; in the latter you almost immediately reach the top of the head; in the former you have to travel a considerable distance. This is the head of Wm. Hare, in which you perceive it to be very deficient. This cast was taken during life. Now suppose the thickness of the skull and integuments removed, and how small would be the development of the brain. Compare it with the head of Rammohum Ray. We have more than a hundred skulls of murderers, and in almost all we find Benevolence very small. Persons in whom the organ is small, and Acquisitiveness and Self-Esteem large, cannot conceive the feeling of pure Benevolence: they attribute every thing to selfishness; and if Destructiveness, be large, they cannot realize that even the Deity himself can take pleasure in doing good. If urged to some act of kindness and charity toward others, they say they have enough to do with themselves, and that nobody manifests benevolence toward them. The deficiency of this organ exposes the mind to the influence of the lower feelings, and the temper is then apt to become cold, harsh, sour and unhappy. There is little sympathy with enjoy. ment; the face of creation appears not to smile; and moral and physical objects are viewed on their darkest sides. And if Destructiveness be large, the mind steels itself with malignity. Destructiveness and Benevolence do not neutralize, but mutu- | radiance may be shed. So man has the instinctive tendency to ally aid each other. In operative surgeons this con/bination is generally found. An army going to battle is emblematic of the activity of these two faculties. The enemy marches forward equipped for the work of destruction, yet surgeons attend on it for the purpose of succoring those on whom the calamities of war may fall. Without Combativeness and Destructiveness there would be no war; and without Benevolence, neither mercy nor compassion. Burns was an instance of this combination, and Dr. Currie says of him: "By nature kind, brave, sincere, and in a singular degree compassionate, he was on the other hand proud, irascible and vindictive." adore, and we may reasonably infer that a God exists as its object. This argument has, of course, only the force of an apology. You perceive this region very much developed in King Robert Bruce, who manifested the faculty strongly. Benevolence was rather small in him, and he stained his name by many acts of cruelty and unnecessary executions. But he was always devout. He made a vow that he would visit Jerusalem, but being unable to do so, he made one of his bravest Knights swear to cut out his heart after death and carry it thither. The heart was cut out, but the Knight was killed on the journey. The body of Bruce was, in part, recognized by the ribs having been sawn away on the left side. Compare the head of Bruce with this of Thurtell, in which it is very small. Recollect that you measure the elevation of an organ above a plane passing through the frontal and parietal protuberances; because, if Firmness and Benevolence be very large, it may seem depressed, when it is in fact considerable. This organ is found developed in the lower animals, and its development may be judged of by the external form of the forehead. In the horse the organ is placed in the middle of the forehead just above the eyes. When this region is hollow and narrow, a horse is invariably vicious, and disposed to bite and kick. In mild and good-natured horses, the contrary form is always present. In dogs the same rule holds good; and in the cat the This organ is represented large in the portraits of eminently development of this organ may be estimated. That great differ-religious persons. In this portrait of St. John, by Leonardo da ences exist in these animals all know. Some cats will allow Vinci, it is represented as very large; and also in this head of themselves to be played with and handled by children without Christ, by Raphael. In these the parts behind the ear, or the ever striking them, except with their sheathed claws; some organs common to man and the lower animals, are small; scratch at all who incommode them in the slightest degree. whereas the organs situated in the forehead and coronal region Some dogs will precipitate themselves into water to save persons are very large, indicating great intellect and exalted Benevo. who have fallen in. lence and Veneration. Dr. Gall puts this question: Has this divine form been invented, or may we presume that it is a faithful copy of the original? It is possible, he continues, that art Benevolence may, however, be abused. Conscientiousness is required to stay the hand till justice be satisfied, and firmness to resist impulses in general till reason has decided upon the pro-ists may have imitated the heads of the most virtuous, just and priety and mode of going. By indiscriminate alms-giving, profligacy and idleness may be encouraged, and reckless dissipation fostered. In disease this organ may be preternaturally active. It is of ten active, too, in idiots. "I once knew a man," says Dr. Rush," who discovered no one mark of reason, who possessed the moral sense or faculty in so high a degree that he spent his whole life in acts of Benevolence. He was not only inoffensive, (which is not always the case with idiots,) but he was kind and affectionate to every body." This organ generally gives great sweetness to the voice and kindness and tenderness to the manner. VENERATION. benevolent men, and thence drawn the head of Christ. But it is more probable that the general figure of the head of Christ has been transmitted to us. St. Luke was a painter, and how should he fail to preserve the features of his Master? It is certain that this form of the head of Christ is of very high antiquity: we find it in mosaics, and in the most ancient paintings. The curi osities of the second century possessed images of Jesus and of St. Paul. He concludes, therefore, that neither Raphael nor any other artist invented this admirable configuration. Metaphysicians in general do not admit an original tendency to worship. We perceive order, beauty, harmony, power, wis. dom and goodness, say they, in the works of creation, and infer the existence of a Supreme Creator and Director, whom we thus feel constrained to admire and adore. We admit that the understanding of man sees through Nature up to Nature's God. But there it stops. It perceives facts and draws inferences, but This organ is situated exactly in the centre of the coronal redoes not feel emotions. Phrenology therefore goes further and gion at the fontanel, behind Benevolence. Dr. Gall's father had proves the existence of a sentiment the tendency of which is to ten children, one of whom was devout from childhood and wish- adore. And that our view is correct, the universal prevalence ed to become a priest, but was made a merchant by his father. of this tendency fully proves. Where the understanding is fullUnhappy in this business, he abandoned it at the age of twenty-est the emotion is often the strongest. Men cut down branches three, took orders, and became a very pious, useful man. Dr. Gall was intended for the church, but having no partiality for it, left it for the study of medicine. He also observed a variety of dispositions among children at the schools, for which nobody could account, some being pious, others quite the reverse. This led him to believe religious sentiment to be innate. He then ex. amined the heads of religious people, and finally found a promi nence in this region. This was remarkable in his brother, in the portraits of eminent saints, and in antique statues of high priests. He entered the Catholic churches, always open in Europe, and saw the same marks in the greatest devotees--and finally established the organ. This organ produces the sentiment of Veneration in general, and the tendency to worship. It is a mere impulse, however, liable to go astray; and if the understanding be limited, and 1.0 revelation have reached the individual, the unfortunate being may worship the genius of the storm, the source of light and heat, or even brutes, stocks and stones. from the trees and worship them; they hew out a rude figure and adore it; they prostrate themselves before reptiles and monsters--facts utterly incompatible with the notion that man wor ships as the result of a process of reasoning. This organ gives respect for age and deference toward supe. riors in rank. In children it is a chief ingredient in filial piety, and produces that soft and almost holy reverence with which a child looks up to its parent. If this organ be small, but Benevolence and Adhesiveness large, children may live with their parents as friends and be to them very kind and attentive; but there will be little of that deferential regard-that submitting of their will to that of their parents-which we witness as the result of the former combination. Veneration is conspicuous in the heads of those who have great reverence for whatever is ancient and venerable, and who continually talk about "the wisdom of their ancestors." You in this country seem to have little respect for the wisdom of your ancestors; perhaps there is no country in which this direction It has been said that with this organ man should have no need of the feeling is less prevalent. Servants in whom this organ is of a revelation. But this organ, on the contrary, was absolute-large are the most obedient and deferential. ly necessary to fit man for the reception of revelation; and if This faculty inspires the beholder with profound awe when Veneration be of itself blind, nothing is more reasonable than gazing on ancient temples, cathedrals or sepulchres. A person that it should receive guidance. From this organ Dr. Gall draws in whom it is small would experience little emotion even while an argument for the existence of God. Destructiveness is im-gazing on Westminster Abbey, with all its monuments of deplanted in the mind, and animals exist around us to be killed for parted genius. Veneration is one ingredient in the tendency to our sustenance. Adhesiveness and Philoprogenitiveness are antiquarianism. given, and friends and children are provided as objects on which they may be exercised. Benevolence exists, and the unhappy and unfortunate are everywhere around us, on whom its benign You have often heard that Phrenology is hostile to Religion. This has often amused me when I think that it is the first system of mental philosophy which has recognized an innate facul |