and that the sun appeared not unto us, and mocked us; but we were resolute in our former affirmation, that we had seen the sun, but not in the full roundness. That evening the sick man that was amongst us was very weak, and felt himself to be extremely sick, for he had lain long time, and we comforted him as well as we might, and gave him the best admonition that we could, but he died not long after midnight.

The twenty-seven, it was fair clear weather, with a south-west wind; then in the morning we digged a hole in the snow hard by the house, but it was still so extreme cold that we could not stay long at work, and so we digged by turns, every man a little while, and then went to the fire, and another went and supplied his place, till at last we digged seven foot depth where we went to bury the dead man; after that when we had read certain chapters, and sung some psalms, we all went out and buried the man; which done we went in and brake our fasts; and while we were at meat, and discoursed amongst ourselves touching the great quantity of snow that continually fell in that place, we said that if it fell out that our house should be closed up again with snow we would find the means to climb out at the chimney; whereupon our master went to try if he could climb up through the chimney and so get out; and while he was climbing, one of our men went forth of the door, to see if the master were out or not, who, standing upon the snow, saw the sun, and called us all out, wherewith we all went forth, and saw the sun in his full roundness, a little above the horizon; and then it was without all doubt that we had seen the sun upon the four-andtwentieth of January, which made us all glad, and we gave God hearty thanks for his grace shewed unto us, that that glorious light appeared unto us again.

The fifth [of February], it was still foul weather, the wind being east, with great store of snow, whereby we were shut up again into the house, and had no other way to get out but by the chimney, and those that could not climb out were fain

to help themselves within as well as they could. The sixth, it was still foul stormy weather, with store of snow, and we still went out at the chimney (and troubled not ourselves with the door), for some of us made it an easy matter to climb out at the chimney. The seventh, it was still foul weather, with much snow, and a south-west wind, and we thereby forced to keep the house, which grieved us more than when the sun shined not, for that having seen it and felt the heat thereof, yet we were forced not to enjoy it.

The first of May, it was fair weather with a west wind; then we sod our last flesh, which for a long time we had spared, and it was still very good, and the last morsel tasted as well as the first, and we found no fault therein, but only that it would last no longer. The second, it was foul weather, with a storm out of the south-west, whereby the sea was almost clear of ice, and then we began to speak about getting from thence, for we had kept house long enough there. The third, it was still foul weather, with a southwest wind, whereby the ice began wholly to drive away; but it lay fast about the ship, and when our best meat, as flesh, and other things began to fail us, which was our greatest sustenance, and that it behooved us to be somewhat strong, to sustain the labor that we were to undergo when we went from thence, the master shared the rest of the bacon amongst us, which was a small barrel with salt bacon in pickle, whereof every one of us had two ounces a day, which continued for the space of three weeks and then it was eaten up.

The nine-and-twentieth [of May] in the morning, it was reasonable fair weather, with a west wind; then ten of us went unto the scute to bring it to the house to dress it and make it ready to sail, but we found it deep hidden under the snow, and were fain with great pain and labor to dig it out; but when we had gotten it out of the snow, and thought to draw it to the house, we could not do it, because we were too weak, wherewith we became wholly out

of heart, doubting that we should not be able to go forward with our labor; but the master encouraging us bade us strive to do more than we were able; saying that both our lives and our welfare consisted therein; and that if we could not get the scute from thence and make it ready, then he said we must dwell there as burghers of Nova Zembla, and make our graves in that place; but there wanted no goodwill in us, but only strength, which made us for that time to leave off work and let the scute lie still, which was no small grief unto us, and trouble to think what were best for us to do; but after noon, being thus comfortless come home, we took hearts again, and determined to turn the boat that lay by the house with her keel upwards, and to amend it, that it might be the fitter to carry us over the sea, for we made full account that we had a long, troublesome voyage in hand, wherein we might have many crosses, and wherein we should not be sufficiently provided for all things necessary, although we took never so much care; and while we were busy about our work, there came a great bear unto us, wherewith we went into our house, and stood to watch her in our three doors, with harquebusses, and one stood in the chimney with a musket; this bear came boldlier unto us than ever any had done before, for she came to the nether step that went to one of our doors, and the man that stood in the door saw her not, because he looked towards the other door; but they that stood within saw her, and in great fear called to him, wherewith he turned about, and although he was in a maze he shot at her, and the bullet passed clean through her body, whereupon she ran away. Yet it was a fearful thing to see, for the bear was almost upon him before he saw her, so that if the piece had failed to give fire (as oftentimes they do) it had cost him his life, and it may be that the bear would have gotten into the house. The bear being gone somewhat from the house lay down, wherewith we went all armed and killed her outright, and when we had ripped open her belly we found a piece of a buck therein, with hair, skin, and all, which not long before she had torn and devoured.

The one-and-thirtieth of May, it was fair weather, but somewhat colder than before, the wind being south-west, whereby the ice drave away; and we wrought hard about our boat, but when we were in the chiefest part of work there came another bear, as if they had smelt that we would be gone and that therefore they desired to taste a piece of some of us, for that was the third day, one after the other, that they set so fiercely upon us, so that we were forced to leave our work, and go into the house, and she followed us; but we stood with our pieces to watch her, and shot three pieces at her, two from our doors, and one out of the chimney, which all three hit her; but her death did us more hurt than her life, for after we ripped her belly, we dressed her liver and ate it, which in the taste liked us well, but it made us all sick, specially three that were exceeding sick, and we verily thought that we should have lost them, for all their skins came off, from the foot to the head; but yet they recovered again.

The fourth [of June], it was fair weather, and indifferent warm, and about the south-east sun eleven of us went to our scute where it then lay, and drew it to the ship, at which time the labor seemed lighter unto us than it did before, when we took it in hand and were forced to leave it off again.

The thirteenth [of June], it was fair weather; then the master and the carpenters went to the ship, and there made the scute and the boat ready, so that there rested nothing as then, but only to bring it down to the water side; the master and those that were with him, seeing that it was open water and a good west wind, came back to the house again, and there he spake unto William Barents (that had been long sick) and showed him that he thought it good (seeing it was a fit time) to go from thence, and so willed the company to drive the boat and the scute down to the water side, and in the name of God to begin our voyage,

to sail from Nova Zembla; then William Barents wrote a letter, which he put in a musket's charge, and hanged it up in the chimney, showing how he came out of Holland, to sail to the kingdom of China, and what had happened unto us being there on land, with all our crosses, that if any man chanced to come thither they might know what had happened unto us, and how we had been forced in our extremity to make that house, and had dwelt ten months therein; and for that we were put to sea in two small open boats, and to undertake a dangerous and adventurous voyage in hand, the master wrote two letters, which most of us subscribed unto, signifying how we had stayed there upon the land in great trouble and misery, in hope that our ship would be freed from the ice, and that we should sail away with it again, and how it fell out to the contrary, and that the ship lay fast in the ice, so that in the end the time passing away and our victuals beginning to fail us, we were forced for the saving of our own lives to leave the ship, and to sail away in our open boats, and so to commit ourselves into the hands of God. Which done, he put into each of our scutes a letter, that if we chanced to lose one another, or that by storms or any other misadventure we happened to be cast away, that then by the scute that escaped men might know how we left each other; and so having finished all things as we determined, we drew the boat to the water side, and left a man in it, and went and fetched the scute, and after that eleven sleds with goods, as victuals, with some wine that yet remained, and the merchants' goods, which we preserved as well as we could, viz., six packs with fine woolen cloth, a chest of linen, two packets with velvet, two small chests with money, two dry-fats with men's clothes and other things, thirteen barrels of bread, a barrel of cheese, a flitch of bacon, two runlets of oil, six small runlets of wine, two runlets of vinegar, with other packs belonging to the sailors, so that when they lay all together upon a heap, a man would have judged that they would not have gone into the scutes; which being all put into them, we went to the house,

and first drew William Barents upon a sled to the place where our scutes lay, and after that we fetched Claes Adrianson, both of them having been long sick, and so we entered into the scutes, and divided ourselves into each of them alike, and put into either of them a sick man; then the master caused both the scutes to lie close one by the other, and there we subscribed to the letters which he had written, and so committing ourselves to the will and mercy of God, with a west northwest wind, and an indifferent open water, we set sail and put to sea.

The eight-and-twentieth [of July], it was fair weather with a north-east wind, then we sailed along by the land, and with the south-west sun got before St. Laurence Bay, or Sconce Point, and sailed south south-east six miles, and being there, we found two Russian lodgies, or ships, beyond the point, wherewith we were not a little comforted, to think that we were come to the place where we found men; but were in some doubt of them, because they were so many, for at that time we saw at least thirty men; and knew not what they were; there with much pain and labor we got to land, which they perceiving left off their work and came towards us, but without any arms, and we also went on shore, as many as were well, for divers of us were very ill at ease and weak by reason of a great scouring in their bodies, and when we met together, we saluted each other in friendly wise, they after theirs, and we after our manner. And while we stayed there, we were very familiar with them, and went to the place where they lay, and sod some of our mischuyt with water by their fire, that we might eat some warm thing down into our bodies, and we were much comforted to see the Russians, for that in thirteen months' time, that we departed from John Cornelison, we had not seen any man, but only monstrous and cruel wild bears.

...

The first of September, in the morning with the east sun, we got to the west-side of the river of Coola, and entered into it, where we rowed till the flood was past, and then we cast the stones that served us for anchors upon the ground, at a point of land, till the flood came in again; and when the sun was south, we set sail again with the flood, and so sailed and rowed till midnight, and then we cast anchor again till morning. The second, in the morning, we rowed up the river, and as we passed along we saw some trees on the riverside, which comforted us, and made us glad as if we had then come into a new world, for in all the time that we had been out we had not seen any trees; and when we were by the Salt Kettles, which is about three miles from Coola, we stayed there a while and made merry, and then went forward again, and with the west north-west sun got to John Cornelison's ship, wherein we entered and drunk; there we began to make merry again, with the sailors that were therein, and that had been in the voyage with John Cornelison the year before, and bade each other welcome; then we rowed forward, and late in the evening got to Coola, where some of us went on land, and some stayed in the scutes to look to the goods; to whom we sent milk and other things to comfort and refresh them, and we were all exceeding glad that God of his mercy had delivered us out of so many dangers and troubles, and had brought us thither in safety.

The third, we unladed all our goods, and there refreshed ourselves after our toilsome and weary journey, and the great hunger we had endured, thereby to recover our healths and strengths again.

The eleventh, by leave and consent of the Bayart, Governor of the great prince of Moscovia, we brought our scute and our boat into the merchants' house, and there let them stand for a remembrance of our long, far, and never before sailed, way, and that we had sailed in those open scutes almost four hundred Dutch miles, through, and along by the sea coasts, to the town of Coola.

The seventeenth of September, John Cornelison and our master being come aboard, the next day about the east sun we set sail out of the river Coola, and with God's grace

put to sea, to sail homewards, and being out of the river, we sailed along by the land north-west and by north, the wind being south.

Upon the nine-and-twentieth of October, we arrived in the Mase, with an east northeast wind, and the next morning got to Maseland Sluice, and there going on land, from thence rowed to Delfe, and then to the Hague, and from thence to Harlem. And upon the first of November about noon, got to Amsterdam, in the same clothes that we wore in Nova Zembla, with our caps furred with white foxes' skins. The news thereof being spread abroad in the town, it was also carried to the prince's court in the Hague, at which time the Lord Chancellor of Denmark, ambassador for the said king, was then at dinner with Prince Maurice; for the which cause we were presently fetched thither by the scout, and two of the burghers of the town, and there in the presence of those ambassadors, and the burghermasters, we made rehearsal of our journey both forwards and backwards.

FROM SIR FRANCIS DRAKE REVIVED; CALLING UPON THIS DULL OR EFFEMINATE AGE, TO FOLLOW HIS NOBLE STEPS FOR GOLD AND SILVER:

Faithfully taken out of the report of Master Christopher Ceely, Ellis Hixom, and others, who were in the same voyage with him; by Philip Nichols, Preacher. Reviewed also by Sir Francis Drake himself, before his death; and much holpen and enlarged by divers notes with his own hand, here and there inserted. Set forth by Sir Francis Drake, Baronet, (his nephew) now living.

[Concerning expeditions against the Spaniards, for treasure, on the isthmus of Panama.] WE were in all forty-eight, of which eighteen only were English; the rest were Cimaroons, which, beside their arms, bare every one of them a great quantity of victuals and provision, supplying our want of carriage in so long a march, so that we were not troubled with anything but our furniture. And because they could not carry enough to suffice us altogether, therefore, as they promised before, so by the way

with their arrows they provided for us competent store from time to time.

They have every one of them two sorts of arrows: the one to defend himself and offend the enemy, the other to kill his victuals. These for fight are somewhat like the Scottish arrow; only somewhat longer, and headed with iron, wood, or fish bones. But the arrows for provision are of three sorts. The first serveth to kill any great beast near hand, as ox, stag, or wild boar; this hath a head of iron of a pound and a half weight, shaped in form like the head of a javelin or boar-spear, as sharp as any knife, making so large and deep a wound as can hardly be believed of him that hath not seen it. The second serveth for lesser beasts, and hath a head of three quarters of a pound; this he most usually shooteth. The third serveth for all manner of birds; it hath a head of an ounce weight. And these heads though they be of iron only, yet are they so cunningly tempered that they will continue a very good edge a long time; and though they be turned sometimes, yet they will never or seldom break. The necessity in which they stand hereof continually causeth them to have iron in far greater account than gold; and no man among them is of greater estimation than he that can most perfectly give this temper unto it.

Every day we were marching by sunrising. We continued till ten in the forenoon; then resting (ever near some river) till past twelve, we marched till four, and then by some river's side we reposed ourselves in such houses as either we found prepared heretofore by them, when they traveled through these woods, or they daily built very readily for us in this manner.

As soon as we came to the place where we intended to lodge, the Cimaroons, presently laying down their burdens, fell to cutting of forks or posts, and poles or rafters, and palmito boughs or plaintain leaves; and with great speed set up to the number of six houses. For every of which they first fastened deep into the ground three or four great posts with forks; upon them they laid one transom, which was commonly about twenty feet, and made the sides in the manner of the roofs of our country houses, thatching it close with those aforesaid leaves, which keep out water a long time; observing

always that in the lower ground, where greater heat was, they left some three or four feet open unthatched below, and made the houses, or rather roofs, so many feet the higher; but in the hills, where the air was more piercing and the nights cold, they made our rooms always lower, and thatched them close to the ground, leaving only one door to enter in, and a lower hole for a vent, in the midst of the roof. In every of these they made four several lodgings, and three fires, one in the midst and one at each end of every house; so that the room was most temperately warm, and nothing annoyed with smoke, partly by reason of the nature of the wood which they use to burn, yielding very little smoke, partly by reason of their artificial making of it; as firing the wood cut in length like our billets at the ends, and joining them together so close that though no flame or fire did appear, yet the heat continued without intermission.

Near many of the rivers where we stayed or lodged we found sundry sorts of fruits which we might use with great pleasure and safety temperately, mammeas, guayvas, palmitos, pinos, oranges, lemons; and divers other, from eating of which they dissuaded us in any case, unless we ate very few of them, and those first dry-roasted, as plantains, potatoes, and such like.

In journeying, as oft as by chance they found any wild swine, of which those hills and valleys have store, they would ordinarily, six at a time, deliver their burdens to the rest of their fellows, pursue, kill, and bring away after us as much as they could carry and time permitted. One day, as we traveled, the Cimaroons found an otter, and prepared it to be dressed; our captain marveling at it, Pedro, our chief Cimaroon, asked him, "Are you a man of war, and in want; and yet doubt whether this be meat, that hath blood?"

Herewithal our captain rebuked himself secretly, that he had so slightly considered of it before.

The third day of our journey (sixth February) they brought us to a town of their own, seated near a fair river, on the side of a hill, environed with a dyke of eight feet broad and a thick mud wall of ten feet high, sufficient to stop a sudden surpriser. It had one long and broad street,