A Dictionary of English Philosophical Terms. By FRANCIS GARDEN, M.A., Sub-dean of Her Majesty's Chapels Royal, &c. London, &c. Rivingtons, 1878. Pp. 161. The present little volume will hardly disprove Professor Adamson's assertion in a former number, when reviewing a new edition of the late Dr. Fleming's more pretentious work, that Vocabularies of Philosophy are generally of little value. Nevertheless philosophical readers may find here and there in its pages some new information worth remembering, and they will come across observations that do credit to the author's judgment. His reading cannot be called wide at any stage, and in particular there is little trace of familiarity with recent philosophical literature (after Coleridge and Hamilton), but he gives interesting references to some of the earlier and less-known English writers in philosophy or theology, and as far as he goes he is careful and accurate. It would be easy to point to omissions, as, for example, when speaking of Optimism and declaring that he is "not aware that the question is now frequently raised," he has nothing at all suggested to him about Pessimism; or to quite ineffective statements like this about Monad-" A unit-the term is a technical one in ancient Greek theology and in a different application in the philosophy of Leibnitz." Under Subject, he notes a passage in the Lectures on Metaphysics, Vol. I., p. 162, where (without check from his editors) Hamilton seems to betray ignorance of the transposition that has taken place since the Scholastic period in the use of the words 'subject' and 'object'; and the point is sufficiently remarkable. But it might have been added that in the later-written Note B. at the end of Reid's Works (p. 806), the exact history of the words is very fully given by the learned thinker. Phases of Modern Doctrine, in relation to the Intellectual and Active "In the foregoing pages of this little work, we have humbly endeavoured to show that although intellect is an independent growth; civilisation the erratic outcome of issues; religion, like speech, a human invention slowly but perpetually on the change; and that science has itself become almost a visible deity-there are still a great number of mysteries connected with the intellect of Nature which science with all its tests and experiments, and philosophy with all its explorations, know nothing at all about. Neither can science nor philosophy throw the least gleam of light upon that deeplyrecessed spirit-life, the soul, considered as human reason, or the true and only motive power of the intellect in man." Das Leben der Seele, in Monographien über seine Erscheinungen und Gesetze. Von Prof. Dr. M. LAZARUS. Zweite, erweiterte und vermehrte Auflage. Bd. II. Berlin: Dümmler, 1878. Pp. 406. The first volume of this new and greatly changed edition of the author's well-known work (originally published rather more than twenty years ago) appeared in 1876, as noted at the time in MIND. This second volume was meant to include, besides the three monographs- Mind and Speech,' 'Tact,' 'Blending and Co-operation of the Arts'-originally composing it, a fourth 'On the Origin of Morality' (presumably, the same as that published separately by the author in 1860 and again in 1867). As it now appears, however, the volume is wholly taken up with the first of the four subjects. The Science of Language has in recent years become so greatly developed, that the author could not within shorter compass attain his object of giving a commensurate expansion to the psychological treatment In the present monograph, as throughout his whole series, he seeks "not only to elucidate the particular subject in hand but to draw out from it the general laws of mental life," and many doctrines, including that of Heredity, merely foreshadowed twenty years ago, have now to be fully considered. Besides an Introduction and Conclusion, the, treatise has five parts (1) Relation between Mind and Body; (2) Origin of Speech; (3) Acquisition and Development of Speech; (4) Influence of Speech on Thought (Geist); (5) Congruence of Speech and Thought and the question of Mutual Understanding (Verständniss). What strikes the author most at the end of his inquiry is the fact that many points of doctrine formerly supposed to be best established, have been reduced, in the progress of investigation, to the state of inchoate opinion. It will be remembered that Steinthal, co-editor with Lazarus of the Vierteljahrsschrift für Völkerpsychologie u. Sprachwissenschaft, lately published his maturest views on Language in a new edition of his Ursprung der Sprache (MIND VI., p. 276). Die Philosophie in ihrer Geschichte. I., Psychologie. Von Dr. FRIEDRICH HARMS, ord. Prof. an der Univ. zu Berlin. Berlin: Grieben, 1878. Pp. 398. In opposition to the all-engrossing Empirism of the present day, the author contends for the independence of Philosophy as a distinct form of science with a method of its own conformed to the peculiarity of its subject-matter. He lays particular stress on the necessity of supplementing the natural by the historical sciences for the true appreciation of facts, and holds that there can be no true Philosophy if the notion of experience is limited to our knowledge of nature. In the development of Philosophy itself, historical consideration must go hand in hand with systematic construction; and accordingly the author proceeds in his present volume to consider specially the historical development of Psychology, which, being with him a discipline subordinate to Philosophy, reflects in its changing doctrines the change of philosophical views. How completely the theory of the nature of the soul is determined by the general philosophical conception (physical and metaphysical) appears, according to the author, in the Greeks who had no Psychology but as a department of Physics. Later on, three periods in the history of Philosophy are to be distinguished, headed by Augustine, Descartes, and Kant. With Augustine begins the Descartes destroyed psychological and subjective way of cognition. the notion of a mere difference of degree between mind and body, and first (?) established their difference in kind. Kant rejected the "psychologism" as well of Leibnitz as of Locke and Hume, which made Psychology either the foundation of Philosophy or a Metaphysic of the Sciences, and worked out Criticism instead as a Transcendental Philosophy. "Within German Philosophy since Kant three forms of Psychology have appeared. One treats it as the doctrine of the faculties and activities of the soul, whereon its life depends. A second seeks to deduce the necessary stages of development in the history and life of the soul from its action and end. The third is Herbart's mechanics of representation. All three are based on general principles and processes of cognition, and arise in the application of these to psychical experience." Zur Erkenntnisstheorie und Ethik. Drei philosophische Abhandlungen. Von Dr. J. H. WITTE, Docenic der Phil. an der Univ. Bonn. Berlin: H. . Mecklenburg, 1877. Pp. 122. THREE Essays by the author of Salomon Maimon (see Prof. Wundt's article in MIND No. VIII., p. 515), in continuation of the line of thought opened out in his Vorstudien zur Erkenntniss des unerfahrbaren Seins (1876). He then dealt with (1) the Problem of Philosophy and the value of History of Philosophy, (2) Modern Philosophy before Kant and the Critical point of view. Now his subjects are (1) the beginning of the Critical Philosophy and the Introspective Inquiry into the Ariori (2) the doctrine of Reasoning, (3) Moral Freedom ard the Oganic view of things (à propos of Kant and Trendelenburg). In Sachen der Psychophysik. Von G. TH. FECHNER. Leipzig: Breikopf u. Härtel, 1877. Pp. 223. THE venerable author contributes to the Vierteljahrsschrift für wiss. Philosophie, II., 1, the following statement: The author's Elemen'e der Psychophysik, published in 1860, has in some respects been favourably received and in other respects has met wi u opposition. So far as he is aware, his principle of the measure of sensation, based on the functional relation between sensation and stimulus, has never yet been directly opposed; also the psychophysical methods of measurement (partly original and partly wrought out after others) which lead to the measure of sensation, have been generally accepted. But all the more strongly have objections been raised against his statement of the laws determining the dependence of sensation on stimulus, from which he follows out the measure of sensation; and also against his translation of this dependence into a corresponding dependence of sensation upon psychophysical activity, which involves his view of the quantitative ground-relation between body and mind. These objections, urged chiefly by Helmholtz, Aubert, Mach, Bernstein, Plateau, Brentano, Delbœuf, Hering and Langer, have gradually grown to such a head that the whole psychophysical system of the Elemente may seem to be thereby not only shaken but undermined. The opposition of the three last-named inquirers is the most serious, while Bernstein, Delbœuf and Hering have set up altogether new points of view in place of the author's. However, he has not been able to persuade himself of the validity either of the objections, so far as they touch really fundamental points, or of the new views his opponents would substitute; and this is what he sets out in the present little work, besides giving a critical exposition of the later experimental researches on Weber's law." Psychologische Analysen auf physiologischer Grundlage. Ein Versuch zur Neubegründung der Seelenlehre. Von ADOLF HORWICZ. Zweiter Theil, zweite Hälfte. Die Analyse der qualitativen Gefühle.' Magdeburg: Faber, 1878. Pp. 524. The first and general part of this important psychological work appeared in 1872, followed by the special analysis of Thought or Intelligence in 1875. The remainder of the work, to include, as then announced, the analysis of the Feelings, Desires and General Moods or Dispositions (Gesammtzustände), was to have appeared shortly afterwards, but the execution of the author's plan has been delayed, and the present volume, notwithstanding its size, includes only the treatment of the Feelings. These, in their qualitative aspect, are divided by the author under four heads: (1) Sense-Feelings, (2) Aesthetic Feelings, (3) Intellectual Feelings, (4) Moral Feelings. The treatment especially of the Moral Feelings (interpreted in the widest sense) is very elaborate. In dealing with the Sense-Feelings the author shows, as in his earlier parts, an intimate acquaintance with the physiological investigations of his countrymen. The whole work is marked by considerable originality, and may at some future time receive the detailed notice which it deserves as a characteristically German attempt to investigate the phenomena of mental life in the spirit of positive science. X.-NEWS. Mr. Leslie Stephen sends the following note: "Mr. Carveth Read, in the last number of MIND, objects to Prof. Bowen's use of the word 'speculatist'; and it must be admitted that the word has now come to be an Americanism. Like other Americanisms, however, it may be defended by good English authority. It is not in the early editions of Johnson's Dictionary, but it is used by the lexicographer himself. Thus in the Rambler, No. 54, he says: Though the speculatist may see the folly of terrestrial hopes, fears and desires, every hour will give proofs that he never felt it.' Johnson uses the same word elsewhere, as also the less familiar 'controvertist'. It is to be found in other writers of the time, as Tucker, Priestley (I think) and Cowper. The last says in the Progress of Error,' "Fresh confidence the speculatist takes From every hairbrained proselyte he makes."" The John Stuart Mill memorial statue, in bronze by Mr. Woolner, has now been erected on the Thames Embankment, near the Temple. The surplus of the memorial fund, amounting to about £500, will be made over to University College, London, for the foundation of a yearly Scholarship of not less than £20 in Philosophy of Mind and Logic. In making this disposition of the money, rather than giving it for Political Economy, the Committee was partly guided by the assurance conveyed to it of the opinion held by Mill himself as to the superior educational value of Logic. The Stuart Mill Scholarship Iwill thus be attached to the academic chair that was endowed by Grote on his decease, and that had its scope defined originally by James Mill fifty years ago (in a paper from which some extracts were made in MIND IV., 533). Ernst Heinrich Weber, author of the famous article Tastsinn,' in Wagner's Handwörterbuch der Physiologie, upon which has followed so much fruitful investigation in psychophysics by himself and others, died at Leipsic (where he had been professor from 1821) on January 26, at the age of 83. A Committee (says Nature) has been formed at Königsberg to erect a fitting monument on Kant's grave. The city authorities have headed the subscription list with a sum of 4000 marks (£200). The first number of Brain: A Journal of Neurology,' edited by Drs. Bucknill, Crichton-Browne, Ferrier and Hughlings-Jackson, and published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co., is announced to appear on April 1st. The Journal will be continued quarterly, and will include in its scope all that relates to the anatomy, physiology, pathology and therapeutics of the Nervous System. "The functions and diseases of the nervous system will be discussed both in their physiological and psychological aspects; but mental phenomena will be treated only in correlation with their anatomical substrata, and mental disease will be investigated as far as possible by the methods applicable to nervous diseases in general." Hume's Treatise of Human Nature (Part I., Of the Understanding') is now for the first time translated into French, by MM. Renouvier and Pillon, in a handy volume, published at the Bureau of their weekly journal La Critique Philosophique. The volume includes also a revised translation (Mérian) of the Inquiry concerning Human Understanding, and a general Introduction from the pen of M. Pillon. This translation is a new evidence of the extraordinary philosophical activity displayed by M. Renouvier and his fellowworker; and they now promise to supplement their weekly discussion of philosophical and political subjects by a quarterly issue, to begin in May, of six or seven sheets bearing specially on the field of religious criticism. JOURNAL OF SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY.-Vol. XI. No. 4. Hegel-'Symbolic Art' (transl.). Kant- Anthropology' (transl.). Schelling-The Method of University Study' (transl.). J. Hutchison Stirling 'I am that I am' (poem). Goeschel-The Immortality of the Soul" (transi.) V. Hartmann-'Darwinism' (transl.). Rosenkranz-Hegel and his Contemporaries' (transl.). Notes and Discussions. Book Notices. REVUE PHILOSOPHIQUE.-3me Année, No. I. Herbert Spencer- - Études de Sociologie' (I.). Dr. Ch. Richet-Sur la méthode de la Psychologie physiologique. J. Delboeuf- La loi psychophysique et le nouveau livre de Fechner' (I.). A. Gérard-Les tendances critiques en Allemagne : Helmholtz et du Bois-Reymond'. Analyses et Comptes-rendus (Grant |