form the body of the science are necessary consequences of the fundamental constitution of the numbers in question, as distinguished in thought or apprehended in actual existence.

The conception of every phase of Number consists, as we have seen, in a reference, more or less explicit, to a succession of units of definite length, wholly independent of the nature of the enumerated objects; and the demonstration of the numerical equation consists in showing, from the essential constitution of the numbers concerned, that the units contained in the combination on one side of the equation may be otherwise arranged in the groups indicated by the numbers on the other side. We show, for instance, that 7 times 8 is 56 by taking the units contained in 7 rows of 8 each, and showing, from the definitions, that they may be arranged in 5 rows of 10 each and one of 6. We find, from a gradual decomposition of the conceptions, that the mental operation, by which we enumerate the aggregate of seven groups of eight each, whether of balls or books or anything else, is identical with that by which we enumerate a group of 56, and thus we know with absolute certainty that things which are given us in the form of seven lots of eight each may be enumerated under the form of fiftysix. HENSLEIGH WEDGWOOD.

IX.-NEW BOOKS.

Darwinism tested by Language. By FREDERIC BATEMAN, M.D., &c. With a Preface by Edward Meyrick Goulbourn, D.D., Dean of Norwich. London, &c. : Rivingtons, 1877. Pp. 224.

The

The author's special argument is imbedded in a number of observations on the doctrine of Evolution generally. He seeks to establish three positions: (1) that articulate speech is a distinctive attribute of man, the ape and lower animals possessing no trace of it; (2) that it is also a universal attribute, all races having either a language or the power of acquiring it; (3) that the faculty of speech is immaterial. This last proposition is opposed by the author to all the different attempts yet made to assign a local seat of speech in the brain the pathological and other evidence, he maintains now, as he has maintained before, is dead against them all, Broca's included. positive import of his proposition is thus disclosed:-"With these facts before me, I am tempted to ask whether speech, like the soul, may not be an attribute-an immaterial nescio quid, the comprehension of which is beyond the limits of our finite minds". He further declares for a spirit "or organ of God-consciousness" in man, which "differentiates him from the brute" possessing only a body and soul. Upon this it occurs to one to ask what Dr. Bateman means by "soul" in the earlier sentence. If he means all that is not body in man, he degrades the "spirit," with the animal life, into a mere "attribute" which looks very like materialism. If, on the other hand, he means the kind of life we share with animals,-how, by comparing language

therewith, does he establish its distinctively human character? And, once more, is it language or is it spirit ("the organ of God-consciousness") that we are to take as the really differential element in man's nature? Dr. Bateman is not a very careful reasoner or writer.

The Dean of Norwich, who stands forward as sponsor for the work, argues about Evolution in Dr. Bateman's general strain, only more pointedly.

General Sketch of the History of Pantheism. 2 vols. Vol. I. From the Earliest Times to the age of Spinoza. London: Deacon & Co., 1878. Pp. 395.

The anonymous author describes his work as "merely an outline or epitome of a history," and as "chiefly a compilation, taken more frequently from translations and abridgements of the originals than from the originals themselves". After compiling in regard to Oriental and Greek Pantheism and sketching, in a fashion of his own, “the paganisation of Christianity and consequent decay of Pantheism far as the Rise of Scholasticism, he passes by a sudden stride to Servetus, Bruno, and Vanini, and will resume with Spinoza. It cannot be said that he compiles with such discrimination as to justify his work.

Proteus and Amadeus: A Correspondence. Edited by AUBREY DE VERE. London: Kegan Paul & Co., 1878. Pp. 184.

A veritable correspondence, under assumed names, carried on in 1876 between two friends-twenty years before pupil and master in a Catholic College-on the Existence of God and the human Soul. Proteus, the pupil, had strayed into "materialism" and Darwinism, accepting them intellectually but unhappy over them. Amadeus seeks to maintain the old orthodox positions against the modern objections, In the end the pupil is more than shaken; Darwin, as he allows, having "been hewed to pieces" for him by the master's "and Mivart's sword," and even Evolution being "emasculated and left harmless henceforth for ever". But still he cannot quite come back to the fold.

On the Nature of Things. A Science Primer. By JOHN G. MACVICAR, A.M., LL.D., D.D. With Illustrations. Edinburgh and London: Blackwood & Sons, 1878. Pp. 112. "This work is grounded on the belief of an Almighty Being possessing unity, omnipresence, and ever-blessedness, and awarding existence to a creation for the sake of manifesting Himself and extending blessedness beyond Himself, and, in a word, to be a mirror of Himself, so far as the finite can bear a likeness to the Infinite. After setting out with this cosmical law of assimilation, by its aid alone bearing on only one kind of created substance or energy (mind-stuff'), the author deduces the creation of the world of Spirits, and as their home the Universal Ether or medium of light. Then, as a beautiful cloudwork in the azure of the Spirit World, he gives the genesis of Matter and the molecular system, culminating in this planet in the construction of the myo-cerebral organism, whose characteristic function is to construct a powerful tissue of organised ether or

the matter of light, which, being unified in its focus of vital action into an element of energy so powerful as to have recovered the primal attribute of energy-namely, mental power-is a spirit. And thus creation, after a lapse into matter, becomes the mother and nurse of spirits again, destined, if the design of the Creator is fulfilled, to find a home in heaven, the realm of light, and there to experience the final fulfilment of the cosmical law of assimilation and be blessed for ever.

"The author, anticipating the criticism that all this is merely the fond imagination of one who disregards the now prevailing views of men of science, and who still clings to his theological education, has devoted more than half the volume to the verification of his theory by a detailed appeal to natural phenomena and experiments in physics and chemistry, which his theory enables him to deduce and account for, but which the most recent speculations in the science of the day leave still in the dark.”

Comparative Psychology; or, The Growth and Grades of Intelligence. By JOHN BASCOM. New York: Putnam's Sons, 1878. Pp. 297.

The author in his preface says:—

"Without tracing the history of intelligence, we are not prepared to decide what is primitive and what is acquired, what is original material and what is the deposit of growth. The empiricist cannot be fully and fairly met without travelling with him these spaces of evolution, and determining at least their general character and laws. This I have undertaken in the present volume. It is my purpose to test the nature and extent of the modifications put upon human psychology by its relations in growth to the life below it, and in doing this to reach a general statement of each stage of development. . . I have derived great benefit from many forms of the Empirical Philosophy: these I cheerfully acknowledge, while I must remain its unflinching adversary. The Intuitional Philosophy can and should appropriate these excellent fruits, and this volume is the result of such an effort."

The Balance of Emotion and Intellect: An Essay introductory to the Study of Philosophy. By CHARLES WALDSTEIN, Ph. D.

London Kegan Paul & Co.

"The title of this forthcoming Essay indicates that it is meant to form an introduction to the study of philosophy. Its object is to contribute to the development of the philosophical attitude of mind. The author first attempts to counteract prevailing fallacies with regard to the false opposition of Emotion and Intellect, Common and Scientific Thought, the Exact Sciences and Philosophy. He then gives a short Sketch of the History of Philosophy."

Moralische Briefe. Von A. HORWICZ.
Pp. 126.

Magdeburg: Faber, 1878.

The author of Psychologische Analysen here appears in the character of a censor, exposing the sores of the German body politic, and only not despairing of his country's future. The Germans, he declares, are suffering from "blue-devils," manifested especially in the socialistic madness. The follies and affectations of fashion have laid hold on men and women alike. Trade and industry are vitiated by deception and sham. And while a gross materialism is the only creed of the masses, true culture in the higher grades is becoming ever more

rare.

The socialistic movement, fraught to the author's imagination with all evil, he considers the natural outcome of the political and religious radicalism and scepticism which the masses have by this time learnt from the reckless outpourings of writers like Heine, Börne, &c. in a former generation. (He does not, apparently, connect it all with the oppressive military system and the unhinging effect of wars.) At the end he gives practical recommendations for the development of the civic virtue that he finds wanting, and in these there is much wisdom. Especially striking, and even powerful, is his statement of the individual's relation to society (§ 7).

Hegel und die logische Frage der Philosophie in der Gegenwart.

CONRAD HERMANN. Leipzig: Schäfer, 1878.

Von

'Hegel's logic was admired in its time as one of the greatest productions of the human mind. Since then there has been a reaction in favour of the common or formal logic of Aristotle. The present book is an attempt to carry out farther the thought of the Hegelian logic on a changed and improved basis. The whole position of Hegel in the history of modern philosophy is, in the author's view, analogous to that of Plato in antiquity. Just as Plato's logical doctrine attained its higher development in Aristotle's, so (the author thinks) does Hegel's point to a higher truth of philosophy and scientific use of the thought principle."

GIACINTO FONTANA: L'Epopaea e la Filosofia della Storia.

Mantova, 1878.

This book is a sequel and supplement to the Idea per una Filosofia della Storia, published by the author two years ago, and noticed in MIND V. History is viewed by him as either the progressive apprehension or the progressive realisation of the Idea or Absolute Being, the development either of a contemplative or of an active principle. The former is to be studied in the history of religion and of science, the latter in the history of art, industry and commerce. The true philosophy of history he believes to be that which flows from the general philosophy of Plato, Vico and Mamiani. His admiration of it is intense, but his delineation of it is vague. He has, however, a wide knowledge of historical phenomena and the power of eloquently describing. On this account the present work is valuable, although it does not directly contribute much, perhaps, to the advancement of the philosophy of history. Its general aim is to show that in the history of epic poetry there are to be traced a humanitarian evolution of the Absolute and a progress both of intelligence and of liberty, both of the contemplative and the active principle; the priestly or hieratic class of epics corresponding to the former and the martial or warrior class to the latter. In the first four chapters the phantasy, the beautiful, the sublime, the ideal in primitive poetry, and the heroic in primitive poetry, are the subjects discussed. The following chapters have more special themes, namely, the Râmâyana, the Mahabharata, the Greek epics, the Latin epics, the cycles of (mediæval) Christian poetry, the epic cycles of paganism as influenced by Christianity, the Shahnameh,

the ideal in art at the epoch of the Renaissance, the romantic poems, and modern Christian epic poetry. The last chapter treats of the relation of epic poetry to the philosophy of history. The work is one which the general reader is sure to find both interesting and instructive. R. F.

CARLO CANTONI: Giuseppe Ferrari. Milano, 1878. This is a memoir read before the Institute of Lombardy. It commemorates the character and services of a man who has secured for himself a permanent place in the history of Italian philosophy. Scepticism has had few more subtle or thorough representatives than the late Signor Ferrari. Although he held many strange philosophical and political opinions and wanted sobriety of judgment, he was a man of most original and vigorous genius, an indefatigable labourer in the cause of science and progress, and the author of many learned, ingenious and brilliant works. Italy may justly cherish his memory with gratitude and pride. In this memoir the history of his outward life is clearly narrated, his character is sympathetically and judiciously delineated, and almost every work he wrote is summarised with great skill and judged with great equity. Signor Cantoni has admirably performed the duty devolved on him. It will interest those who are acquainted with his work on Vico, on the whole the best which has been written on the great Neapolitan, and his Elementary Course of Philosophy, a book which if well translated would be very useful to students and teachers,-to learn that he is at present engaged on a Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Kant, soon to appear in two volumes. R. F.

H

X.-NEWS.

Mr. Grant Allen has nearly completed a volume for Messrs. Trübner on The Colour-Sense, its Origin and Development. He seeks to trace the causes and reactions of the colour-sense in insects, fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals, and criticises adversely (as he has already shortly done in MIND IX.) the "historical development theory" of Magnus. Magnus's tractate has just been translated into French, with an introduction by M. Jules Soury (Germer Baillière).

Miss Hopkins is about to publish with Messrs. Kegan Paul & Co. a collection of the late James Hinton's Essays, uniform with the lately published Life and Letters.

Mr. Herbert Spencer has been made a Foreign Associate of the Accademia dei Lincei.

The statue-model by M. Frédéric Hexamer of Paris has been selected by the Spinoza Committee at the Hague from among those sent in for the second competition (which had become necessary), and the artist is now commissioned to prepare one on a larger scale.

THE JOURNAL OF SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY. Vol. XII., No. 2. J. Watson-'The World as Force'. Von Hartmann-'The true and false