an attributive word, in the plural number, the noun assumes the plural form. Ex. Attorney general, Attorneys general; Lord lieutenant, Lords lieutenant. But where the compound word expresses an inseparable notion the plural ending is added to the attributive, if that is the second element in the word. Ex. Two spoonfuls.

48. Nouns and pronouns in the possessive case are exceedingly common as attributives. But it must be noted that there is no distinction between the possessive cases of personal pronouns, and certain adjective pronouns called possessive; examples of which are given in the preceding paragraph. Sometimes the subject to these attributives is omitted; and frequently the preposition of is inserted before the possessive case. Ex. I am not yet of Percy's mind," "the roaring of the lion's whelp," "a herald's coat without sleeves," "hearts no bigger than pins' heads," "I did pluck allegiance from men's hearts," "a fair queen in a summer's bower," "I must to the barber's, monsieur," "the knight came to the tailor's," "I saw thee late at the Count Orsino's,' ""which is the way to Master Jew's?" "let ours also learn to maintain good works," "I seek not yours but you," "the king is now in progress towards St. Alban's," "a friend of mine on his journey," "if e'er those eyes of yours behold another day," "a seal ring of my grandfather's," "this dotage of our general's o'erflows the measure."

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49. The objective case of nouns and pronouns, with various prepositions, but especially with the preposition of (which combination is equivalent to the possessive case), is used attributively. Ex. "I speak in behalf of my daughter, in the minority of them both," ""the wicked ministry of arms,' ""the instrument of Providence," "the customs of the Irish,” "thou art a soul in bliss," a wholesome law time out of mind," compassion on the king commands me stoop," "travels by sea and land," "the messenger from our sister," "our duty to God," "sons to Cymbeline," "four rogues in buckram." Imperfect participles are also employed with the preposition of as attributives. Ex. "A famine of hearing the word of the Lord," "he hath a bad habit of frowning," "the greatest care of fulfilling the Divine will.” Another attributive use of this preposition (with one or two others) with nouns and pronouns is called partitive, from its evident force and signification. Ex. The most diminutive of birds," "I have peppered

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50. Subjects are further defined and described by means of the words expressing subjects, in the same number, and immediately preceding or following them, and said to be in apposition with them. Ex. "Fulvia thy wife came first into the field, against my brother Lucius," "the false house-wife Fortune," "thou, my brother, my competitor, my mate in empire, friend and companion in the part of war," "King Cophetua wooed the beggar maid," "Hamlet, Prince of Denmark," His royal highness, Prince Albert; Lord John Russell, Mr. Smith. When several persons of the same name are spoken of, or addressed by letter, the honorary title is put in the plural, whilst the name is in the singular number. Ex. Messieurs Smith, Cheeryble Brothers, the Mesdames Robinson.

In some cases the noun in apposition is connected by means of the preposition of. Ex. The empire of Russia, the city of St. Petersburg, the university of Cambridge, the county of Kent, the port of London, the month of July, the province of Judea.

When two nouns in apposition are attributives to another, the latter only is put into the possessive case. Ex. "Our neighbor Shepherd's son," "King Henry's head," "Dr. Johnson's Dictionary," "Duke Humhead," phrey's deeds," "The Lord Protector's wife," "my Lord Cardinal's man,' ""Saint Alban's shrine."

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Accessory sentences are employed as attributives. Ex. "Whose hand is that the forest bear doth lick? Not his that spoils her young before her face," a day will come, when York shall claim his own," "in that chair, where kings and queens are crowned." 51. Many of the illustrations given above show how common it is for a single subject to be described and defined by means of many attributives. The following examples will show some of the ways in which the repetition of the same word as subject to several attributives, or as attributive to several subjects, is prevented. Ex. "I thought the king had more af fected the Duke of Albany than Cornwall," "the" princes, France and Burgnndy," "here I disclaim all propinquity and property of blood, and as a we still restranger to my heart and me, hold thee,' tain the name and all the additions to a king," "thy dowerless daughter is queen of us, of ours, and our fair France," "he wrote this but as an essay or taste

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lion's foe lies prostrate on the plain;""I am with thee, by and before, about and in thee, too."

52. Predicate and Object.-The signification of predicates is modified or completed by means of words, phrases, and accessory sentences, which are called objects. And not only are all parts of verbs followed by these adjuncts, but adjectives also frequently require them.

Objects which complete or supplement the meaning of their predicates are of three kinds :-(1.) The immediate or direct object of the predicate; (2.) the remoter, or mediate and indirect object; (3.) the remotest object, or that which indicates the effect or result of what is asserted in the predicate. Ex.

Those which modify or attemper the signification of their predicates are six in number:-(1.) Those which indicate the cause or origin of whatever is asserted in the predicate; (2.) those which tell its design or purpose; (3.) those which declare the means by which it is brought about; (4) those which show the manner of its existence or action; (5.) and (6.) hose indicating the time and place of its occurrence. It must, however, be observed, that it is not easy in all instances to determine to which class an object belongs-those expressing cause, purpose, or means frequently being distinguishable by exceedingly evanescent characteristics. But this is not, practically, either inconvenient or productive of ambiguity; as may be seen in the examples of these and other kinds of objects. Ex. (1.) "My soul grows sad with troubles;" "by that sin fell the angels." (2.) "She went to glean Palæmon's fields;" one man pursues power in order to wealth, and another wealth in order to power." (3.) "Judge the event by what has passed;" "the strong through pleasure falls soonest." (4.) "They act wisely;" "beware and govern well thy appetite." (5.) "We lacked your counsel and your help to-night;""it hath been sung at

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53. Nouns, pronouns, and other words used as nouns, such as the infinitive mood of verbs, and participles, most commonly without, but also with prepositions before them, serve as immediate objects of predicates; and also of the infinitive mood of verbs, and participles, and of adjectives, when they are not the predicates of sentences. And the personal pronouns, whether with or without prepositions, are in the objective case. Ex. "Do you not hear him?" "you mar our labor; ""keep your cabins ;" "you do assist the storm;""'t is time I should inform thee further; ""wipe thou thine eyes; have comfort;" "you have often begun to tell me what I am, but stopped, and left me to a bootless inquisition;" "he whom, next thyself, of all the world I loved, and to him put the manage of my state; " "the government I cast upon my brother; "" the ivy which had hid my princely trunk, and sucked the verdure out on't;" "triumphing over death, and chance, and time;" on mine arm shall they trust" "victorious over temptation."

The common exclamations, "ah me!” and “woe is me!" are contractions; the latter was originally, "woe becomes or befits me," and the former is equivalent to it in meaning, and may have been derived from it.

54. The more remote object is also expressed by nouns, and most commonly preceded by the preposition to; but this is often omitted; and there are other prepositions which serve to connect this object with its predicate. Whenever the remoter object is expressed, but the immediate object left out, the sense is imperfect. The personal pronouns, as in the last, are always in the objective case. Ex. "Three great ones of the city oft capp'd to him;" "whip me such honest knaves;" "throwing but shows of service on their lords, do themselves homage; "I am beholden to you;" "forgive us our trespasses; "he makes a supper, and a great one, to many lords and ladies;" "I need not add more fuel to your fire; ""comparing spiritual things with spiritual;" "I have charged thee not to haunt about my doors; fetch me an iron crow;" "O continue thy loving-kindness unto me;" "the services, which I have done the signiory;"" the goodness of the night upon you, friends; "I'll refer me to all things

of sense; ""good-night to every one!" "it cannot be that Desdemona should long continue her love to the Moor, nor he his to her;" "I have told thee often, and I re-tell thee again and again, I hate the Moor." 55. For the remotest object, which expresses the result or effect of the predicate, nouns (with or without prepositions, or preceded by the conjunction as), pronouns, adjectives, participles, the infinitive mood of verbs, and to be with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, are employed. Ex. "He, in good time, must his lieutenant be, and I, his Moorship's ancient;" 'the king, your father, was reputed for a prince most prudent;" "whom I hold my most malicious foe, and think not at all a friend to truth; bade me enjoy it;" man became a living soul; ""why should damage grow to the hurt of the king?" "they looked upon themselves as the happiest people of the universe; things were just ripe for a war;" "those pearls of dew she wears prove to be presaging tears;" "his servants ye are to whom ye obey, whether of sin unto death, or of obedience unto righteousness;" "we take a falling meteor for a star;" "it were not for your quiet, nor your good, nor for my manhood, honesty, ana wisdom, to let you know my thoughts; "I believe him to be a very honest man ;" whom do you suppose it to be?"

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56. Of the objects which modify the meaning of the predicate, those which do so by indicating its origin or cause are expressed by nouns (and all words and combinations of words that can be used instead of them), preceded by certain prepositions, and by some adverbs. Oaths are included under this head, as indicating the ground of the assertion, though not of what is asserted. Ex. "I would not follow him then;' therefore to our best mercy give yourselves; "whom from the flow of gall X name not, but from sincere motions;" "you lost your office on the complaint of the tenants; men are pleased with variety;" " astonished at the voice, he stood;""they were jealous of her beauty;' "guilty of high treason;" "I can tell you why;" thou hast forced me out of thy honest truth to play the woman;" "they boast themselves e idols:" Sempronius gives no thanks on this account;` 'you are good, but from a nobler cause, from your own knowledge, not from nature's laws;" "by the faith of a man, I know my prince;" "by heaven, I rither would have been hangman; "on my honor, it is so."

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57. Those objects which point out the design and purpose of the predicate are expressed by the infinitive mood of verbs, most commonly, and also by nouns, &c., with prepositions. Ex. "I follow him. to serve my turn upon him;" wears out his time for nought but provender;" "in following him, I follow but myself, not I for love and duty, but seeming so, for my peculiar end;" "I come to bury Cœsar, not to praise him;" "he traveled the world, on purpose to converse with the most learned men;" with this design I have visited all the most celebrated schools in Europe;" "he writes not for money nor for praise; " "there is a time to weep, and a time to laugh;" "be swift to hear, slow to speak;" one man pursues power in order to wealth, and another wealth in order to power;" "thou art not able to go against this Philistine to fight with him."

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58. Objects by which the means employed in producing any result are declared are generally expressed by nouns, &c., with prepositions. Ex. “I must be be-lee'd and calm'd by debtor and creditor, this countercaster;" "preferment goes by letter and affection, not by the old gradation;" "plague him with flies;" "we may outrun by violent swiftness that which we run at, and lose by overrunning;" my soul grows sad with troubles;""the strong through pleasure soonest falls, the weak through smart;" 'you must think we hope to gain by you;" "thus, by the music we may know when noble wits a-hunting go; you absolved him with an axe;" some he killed with his gun, others by poison."

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59. Manner is expressed by adjectives, participles, adverbs, and nouns, &c., with prepositions or the conjunction as. Ex. "He, as loving his own pride and purposes, evades them, with a bombast circumstance; wears out his time, much like his master's ass;""wide was spread their fame in ages past; " "in madness, being full of supper and distempering draughts, dost thou come to start my quiet; "he, with his father, is going home; ""a Puritan amongst them sings psalms to hornpipes;" "we are not to stay all together, but to come by him, where he stands, by ones, by twos, and by threes;" "seize her by force, and bear her hence unheard;" "so frown'd the mighty combatants; " "thus he spake ;" "quit yourselves like men; ye shall be as gods;" come quickly;" "he answered well;" "they that sow in tears shall reap in joy;" "he that goeth

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forth weeping, bearing precious seed, shall doubtless come again with rejoicing, bringing his sheaves with him;""they act wisely."

60. All the various ways in which objects indicate the time of an action, &c., are expressed by nouns, &c., with or without prepositions, adjectives, participles, and adverbs. Ex. "He in good time must his lieutenant be;" 66 we rose both at an instant, and fought a long hour by Shrewsbury clock;" "then have sat the livelong day;"" he came by night;" "doomed for a certain time to walk the night, and for the day confined to fast in fires; he did them meditate all his life long; "till then, who knew the force of those dire arms "I have not wept this forty years;" "morning by morning shall it pass over;"" yet in her sanguine gown by night and day;" depart immediately;" "I was never pleased;" "thy servants' trade hath been about cattle from our youth even until now ;""sometimes walking; now is the

time."

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61. Place where, and direction whence and whither, are expressed by nouns, &c., with or without prepositions, and by adverbs. Ex. "I will wear my heart upon my sleeve; his eyes had seen the proof at Rhodes, at Cyprus, and on other grounds;" "proclaim him in the streets;' I, upon my frontiers here, keep residence;" "I saw hereabout nothing remarkable;" "let them hence away; ""a puissant and mighty power is marching hitherward in proud array;" "if they come to sojourn at my house, I'll not be there;" "darkness there might well seem twilight here;""ah! where was Eloise?" "the good man is gone a long journey; come a little nearer this way; ""the eyes of the Lord are in every place; we must measure twenty miles to-day; "he looked this way and that way; come hither, child, to me."

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62. Accessory sentences are sentences complete in themselves as to syntax but occupying subordinate places in other sentences, which stand to them in the relation of principals. They are of three kinds, named (after the offices they discharge in their principal sentences) subjective, attributive, and objective sentences. Their relation to their principals is shown by their position, and by the use of relative pronouns and certain conjunctions, and in many cases by the employment of the subjunctive mood.

63. Subjective accessory sentences are found

in every relation in which a noun could stand; and may be either subjects, predicates (both of which have been illustrated above), or completing objects to predicates (with or without prepositions); but being equivalent to nouns, they are named after that part of the sentence which is especially taken by the noun. Ex. "See that thou do it;" "I take it much unkindly, that thou, Iago, shouldst know of this;" "thou toldst me, thou didst hold him in thy hate;""be judge yourself, whether I in any just term am affined to love the Moor;" "right glad I am, he was not in this fray;" "I have forgot why I did call thee back; ·" "what you would work me to I have some aim; mark me with what violence she loved the Moor; "I could well wish courtesy would invent some other custom of entertainment ; you must not think, then, that I am drunk; what you can make her do, I am content to look on; what to speak, am content to hear; ""mark what it is his mind aims at in the question, and not what words he expresses;" "she said, Say on ;”“ as when we say, Plato was no fool."

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64. Attributive accessory sentences occur wherever adjectives might be used as attributives. The relation between these sentences and their sub

jects is shown by their position, by their predicates assuming the same personal forms as those of their subjects, and by the employment of the relative pronouns who, which, and that, in them. Where no confusion is possible, these pronouns may be omitted. Ex. "Thou, Iago, who hast had my purse;" "a fellow that never set a squadron in the field, nor the division of a battle knows, more than a spinster; "I hold him to be unworthy of his place that does those things; I fear the trust Othello puts him in will shake this island; "honest Iago, that lookst dead with grieving; every one hears that, which can distinguish sound;" "that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste brought death into the world; the son of Duncan, from whom this tyrant holds the due of birth;" "fruits that blossom first, will first be ripe;" "he that is of God, heareth God's words;" unto me, who am less than the least of all saints; "thinkest thou this, O man, that judgest them which do such things, and doest the same, that thou shalt escape the judgment of God?" "I, that speak unto thee, am he."

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placed at the very commencement of it, because it has so few inflexions, that otherwise its connection with the subject (or antecedent) it refers to might. be obscure.

These sentences frequently stand as attributives to other sentences, which are related to them as subjects. Ex. "They shall obey, unless they seek for hatred at my hands, which if they do, they shall feel the vengeance of my wrath ; ""he was unsatisfied in getting, which was a sin;" as he spoke, a braying ass did sing most loud and clear, whereat his horse did start."

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65. Objective accessory sentences are those which serve instead of objects of cause, purpose, means, manner (including degree or intensity), time, and place; and those expressing a condition or concession, which are distinguished by the employment of the probable or improbable forms of the subjunctive mood, according to the amount of contingency affecting the condition or concession, and generally after certain conjunctions. The indicative mood is, however, now very commonly used instead; always, indeed, where no contingency or uncertainty is to be expressed. Ex. "Because we come to do you service, you think we are ruffians; since neither love, nor sense of pain, nor force of reason can persuade, then let example be obeyed;" "be ye steadfast, immovable, forasmuch as ye know that your labor is not in vain in the Lord;" "he makes it his care both to write and to speak plainly, so that he may be understood;" treat it kindly, that it may wish, at least, with us to stay;" "judge not, that ye be not judged;" "as will appear by what follows;" "from what has been said, you may perceive the hopelessness of your undertaking;" "be taught by what I am suffering;" "who, he knew, would be willing;" "thou hast used my purse, as if the strings were thine;" "it is as sure as you are Roderigo; "throw such changes of vexation on't, as it may lose some color;' "the longer I am acquainted with him, the more I like him;" so great was the cold, that the deepest rivers were frozen;" "he is as merry as the day is long;" "I'll see, before I doubt;" "kings may take their advantage, when and how they list;""use physic, or ever thou be sick;' "while I was protector, pity was all the fault that was in me; he is the most improved mind, since you saw him, that ever was;" "where your treasure is, there will your heart be also:" "I will follow thee whithersoever thou goest ;”

"I have shown whence the understanding may get all the ideas it has;" "the noise pursues me, wheresoeer I go;" "despise me, if I do not;" "were I the Moor, I would not be Iago; "you will not serve God, if the devil bid you!” think we, or think we not, time hurries on;" "thou dost conspire against thy friend, if thou but thinkst him wronged, and makest his ear a stranger to thy thoughts;" "though thou detain me, I will not eat; ""wert thou an oracle to tell me so, I'd not believe it; "had fate so pleased, I had been eldest born; "I had been happy, so I had nothing known;" "unless I look on Sylvia in thɛ day, there is no day for me to look upon;" "though he was rich, yet for our sakes he became poor;" "many things are believed, although they be intricate, obscure, and dark."

66. Contracted and compound sentences.Two or more sentences having the same subjects, or the same predicates or objects, and two or more subjects having the same attributives, or viceversa, are frequently contracted into one compound sentence, or phrase, by the use of conjunctions. Examples of several kinds may be found in the former parts of this Compendium; others are such as these: Ex. "With fairest flowers, whilst summer lasts, and I live here, Fidele, I'll sweeten thy sad grave;""his honesty got him small gains, but shameless flattery, and filthy beverage, and unseemly thrift, and borrow base, and some good lady's gift;" "it shall ever be my study to make discoveries of this nature in human life, and to settle the proper distinctions between the virtues and perfections of mankind, and those false colors and reseinblances of them, that shine alike in the eyes of the vulgar."

In contracted sentences, where a comparison is expressed, care should be taken to avoid ambiguity. Ex. "He would make a better soldier than scholar," expresses the greater aptitude of the person spoken of for the arts of war, than for the pursuit of learning. "He would make a better soldier than a scholar," expresses that the person spoken of displays greater aptitude for war than a student would. "He likes them better than I," signifies that his liking for the persons spoken of is greater than my liking for them; whilst "he likes them better than me" signifies that his liking for them is greater than his liking for me.

Similarly, wherever two or more subjects are distinguished by the attributive adjectives only, unless