tenance to the extraordinary doctrine enunciated by Brown-Séquard, that the paths of the muscular sense lie in the anterior roots and motor tracts of the spinal cord. This doctrine implies, and explicitly states, that the muscular sense is lost with the power of motion on the side of lesion. If by the muscular sense, we mean merely the power of directing movements, then, of course, this is lost on the paralysed side; but the loss is of motor power only, and not of the sense of movement. Naturally a patient cannot be made to estimate weights by volitional movements of a paralysed limb, but that he retains the muscular sense, so far as regards his knowledge of passive movements communicated to the limb, has been demonstrated beyond all doubt. Few of those who have reported cases of unilateral disease of the spinal cord seem to have applied any proper tests on this point. But Köbner, in a case he has recorded, found that in the paralysed limb, the perception of every movement communicated to it was perfectly retained, and the electro-muscular sensibility was in every respect normal. In Mackenzie's case also, where the limb was not entirely paralysed, the patient could appreciate weights quite correctly, so far as his feeble powers permitted; though he made mistakes when he attempted heavy weights, owing to the excessive sense of effort thus secondarily induced. Brown Séquard's dictum, therefore, that the muscular sense is lost on the side of lesion, is absolutely contradicted by facts such as these. That the paths of muscular sense have any relation whatever to the anterior roots and motor tracts is opposed to every well-established fact of anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the spinal cord. Schüppel's case proves to demonstration that the paths of muscular sense, and sensibility in general, can be entirely interrupted, while those of voluntary motion remain intact. The motor tracts and anterior roots in this case were perfectly normal. divided on one side. And it will doubtless be found, if the matter is investigated, that under such circumstances the patient will be able to discriminate differences in weight, by arrangements for exciting the muscles to action by electrical stimulation. But, indeed, so far as the knowledge of passive movements is concerned, the muscles, quâ their contractile elements, may be entirely eliminated without detriment. I have frequently demonstrated, in cases of long standing anterior poliomyelitis, in which all the muscular tissue of a limb had disappeared so that no contraction could be elicited by the strongest galvanic currents, that the patient so affected is able blindfolded to state with accuracy whether his limb is flexed, extended or otherwise moved. Under such conditions, as is well known, not only the muscular tissue, but the anterior roots and motor nerves are completely degenerated. It seems unnecessary to multiply arguments further. Enough has, I think, been said to show the fallacy of Brown-Séquard's doctrines in reference to the paths of the muscular sense, and the way this is affected by hemisection of the cord. Hemisection of the cord paralyses muscular sense, as well as all other forms of sensibility, on the side opposite the lesion, and leaves it unimpaired on the same side.-Brain, April. MICRO-ORGANISMS AND DISEASE. BY E. KLEIN, M.D., F.R.S. CLATHROCYSTIS roseo-persicina (Cohn), peach-coloured bacterium, Bact. rubescens (Lankester), is an organism of about o'0025 mm. in diameter, spherical or oval and of a bright red colour. The cells differ from micrococcus prodigiosus, not only in their greater size and their intrinsic colour, but also in this that having formed zooglœa-masses there are gradually developed cavities or cysts therein, which are filled with water, while the coloured cells occupy their periphery. The cysts ultimately break up. Together with this That the muscular sense can be exercised, organism occur other pink-coloured organisms even to exact discrimination of differences in described by Cohn as monades. Monas vinosa, weight altogether independently of motor in- spherical cells about o'002—0'003 mm. in nervation, I have elsewhere shown. In cer- diameter. Monas Okenii; cylindrical cells, tain experiments made by Dr. Lauder Brun-0'008-0005 mm. long, 0'005 mm. broad, ton and myself, it was found that the discrim- flagellate. Rhabdomonas rosea, spindleination of weights when the muscles were made to contract artificially by the galvanic stimulus, was about as good as when the limb was moved volitionally. As regards the mere knowledge of the position which a paralysed limb is made to assume by passive movements communicated to it, this, as Köbner's case shows, may be perfectly retained when the motor tracts of the cord are shaped, o'004 mm. broad, 0'02-0'03 mm. long, flagellate. Monas Warmingii, spindleshaped, o'008 mm, broad, o'015-0'020 mm. long, flagellate. Ascococcus. Billroth first described certain peculiar spherical, oval, or knobbed masses of minute micrococci, which he found in putrid meat infusion. Each of the masses is enveloped in a resistent firm hyaline capsule of O'010 to 0015 mm. thickness. The masses are of various sizes, from o'02 to 0'07 mm. in diameter, and are composed of small spherical micrococci. Cohn found them also in his (Cohn's) nourishing fluid, where they produce the peculiar smell of cheese. They are capable of changing acid nourishing material into alkaline. Cohn called the organism ascococcus. Sarcina ventriculi. Goodsir was the first to describe in the vomit of some patients, peculiar groups of four cubical cells, with rounded edges, and closely placed against one another. These sarcina ventriculi are of a greenish or reddish colour. The diameter of the individual cells is about 0'004 mm. They are found in the contents of the stomach of man and brutes in health and disease, where the groups of four cells form smaller and larger aggregations. Occasionally small sarcinæ occur on boiled potatoes, egg albumen, and gelatine exposed to the air. These sarcina are considerably FIG. 1.-Ascococcus, after Cohn. smaller than the sarcina ventriculi, and when in large quantities have a yellowish tinge. Like the sarcina ventriculi they are in groups of four, and these again occur in larger or smaller aggregations and zoogloa. I have cultivated them successfully through many generations in pork broth, beef broth, mixture of gelatine and broth, at ordinary temps. and in the incubator; more easily however at ordinary temps. (d) Pathogenic micrococci. Many of these are connected with disease. In the pus of open wounds, and in that of closed abscesses, occur micrococci, singly, in dumb-bells, and in colonies or short chains, but there are certain acute inflammations, e.g. that produced by subcutaneous injection of turpentine, the pus of which does not contain micrococci or any other organisms. The secretion of open ulcers, such as occur in ordinary acute inflammations of the skin and mucous membranes, in ulcerations of the FIG. 2.-FROM THE BASE OF AN ULCER OF THE 1. Nuclei and fibres of the tissue. The which Klebs described as microsporon septicum, found in and around wounds. spread of purulent inflammation in connective tissues and in parenchymatous organs is often, if micrococci are present in the original focus, associated with a corresponding spreading of the micrococci; these easily grow into all the spaces and crevices of the tissues, but whether this spreading of the micrococci is merely of secondary importance, i.e. concomitant with or subsequent to the spreading of the inflammation, or whether it is the primary cause as some assume, is not clear, and requires definite experimental proof. In infantile diarrhoea the secretions of the bowels swarm with micrococci. In typhoid as occur after embolisın, and in the case of micrococci present in this saliva, thought to various infectious maladies, micrococci may have discovered that a micrococcus (microbe be found in colonies, i.e. as zoogloea, in the spéciale) is the cause of hydrophobia. That blood-vessels and in the parts around. The saliva of the healthy dog and of man inoculated same holds good for the disseminated abscesses subcutaneously into rabbits sometimes proand necroses occurring in connexion with sur- duces death in these animals (Senator) had engical pyæmia. In this malady masses of tirely escaped his notice, and Sternberg has micrococci have been found in many of the proved this in an extensive series of experiaffected organs. Wassilieff has shown that ments. His own saliva proved sometimes these micrococci only occur after the death of fatal to rabbits. They die of what is called the tissue or tissues, that in these they may septicemia, and Sternberg thinks it due to the multiply so as to form extensive colonies, and micrococci; but this is not to be considered as that therefore the presence of these micrococci proved. All these micrococci stand therefore is only a secondary phenomenon. in no definite casual relation to the respective maladies, but are probably only of secondary importance. The following micrococci are considered to stand in an intimate relation to specific diseases: In pneumonia accompanying certain infectious maladies, e.g. typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and even in severe catarrhal pneumonia, large masses of micrococci may occur in the aircells. In those cases where lobules and whole lobes become transformed into solid structures -grey hepatisation-masses of micrococci are found in the air-cells, and even growing into the blood-vessels in which stasis has set in. Such is the case in pleuro-pneumonia of cattle and in the pneumonia of swine fever. Pasteur FIG. 4. FROM A PREPARATION OF THE BLOOD OF A 2. Dumb-bells of micrococci. has cultivated the micrococci in swine fever, and thought that he had reproduced the malady by inoculation. But this is not the case. The micrococci, although very abundantly present in the bowels and in the body, have nothing to do with the malady. Pasteur's inoculations with the cultivated micrococci are quite fallacious; his positive results are no doubt accounted for by accidental air-infection, for this malady is highly infectious, and unless the most rigorous precautions are taken to obviate infection through the air, positive results may be obtained which in reality are due to accidental air-infection. Micrococci occur always normally in large quantities in the fluids (saliva and mucus, &c.) of the nasal and oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, and trachea; they are derived no doubt from the atmosphere. On the papillæ filiformes of the tongue they form in some cases large masses. Pasteur has inoculated rabbits with the saliva of a child that suffered from hydrophobia, and having cultivated artificially the vaccinia and in variola the active principle is a particulate non-diffusible substance. Burdon Sanderson confirmed and extended this. Cohn proved that the lymph of vaccinia and variola contains numerous micrococci. Weigert showed for human small-pox, Klein for sheep-pox, that the lymphatics of the skin in the region of the pock are filled with micrococci, and PohlPincus traced their passage through the epidermis at the point of vaccination in the calf. The micrococci are very minute, according to Cohn's estimate 0'0005 mm. and less in diameter, single or in dumb-bells, or in shorter kidney, and in the muscles. The micrococci are about 0'00035-0001 mm. in diameter, are slightly oval, occur singly or in dumb-bells, or in short chains; they form also continuous masses of zooglœa in the shape of spherical or cylindrical clumps, and as such they penetrate and destroy the surrounding connective and muscular tissues. In severe cases they are found blocking up the capillaries of the glomeruli and the uriniferous tubules of the kidney. Besides micrococci there occur in the diphtheritic membranes also other (rod-shaped) bacteria but these are evidently only accessory. Cultivations and inoculations with pure cultivations of this micrococcus are still wanting. principle, i.e. the causa morbi, it would be the throat and in their neighbourhood as well necessary to artificially cultivate them through as in the surrounding lymphatics, but also in several generations, and then, by re-inoculating the blood of the general circulation, in the them, to reproduce the disease. This essential link in the evidence is, however, still wanting. 2. Micrococcus erysipelatosus. The micrococcus is very minute, smaller than that of vaccinia. Lukomsky showed that, at the margin of an erysipelatous zone, that is the part where the disease is progressing and marked by the characteristic redness and swelling, the lymphatics of the skin are filled with zooglœa of micrococci, and the injection of these vessels keeps pace with the progress of the erysipelatous process. Orth cultivated these micrococci artificially, and with such cultures produced by inoculation erysipelas in rabbits. Fehleisen placed this beyond any doubt, inasmuch as he produced successive cultures of these micrococci (derived from the lymphatics of erysipelatous human skin), and then by re-inoculation produced the disease not only in rabbits but also in man. Fehleisen found the micrococci only in the lymphatics of the affected parts, and these he cultivated artificially for 14 generations-which it took two months to do-on peptonised meat-extract 66 4. Micrococcus pneumonia. In acute croupous pneumonia there occur in the affected lungs large masses of micrococci; Klebs, Eberth, Koch, Leyden, and others have seen them, but Friedländer first pointed out their constant occurrence. According to this observer they are oval, of a peculiar-nail-like shape, about o‘001 mm. long, and occur in the sputum singly, but especially as dumb-bells or diplococci, as chains, and as zooglœa. Ziehl found them in very large crowds in the sputum, giving to this in the early stages the peculiar characteristic brownish prune-juice" tint. According to this observer they are very numerous only in FIG. 7.-PORTION OF A DIPHTHERITIC MEMBRANE. the beginning of the illness; after the critical Numerous micrococci present. stage they decrease in numbers. Grffini and gelatine, and solid serum. The micrococci Cambria saw the micrococci also in the blood. form a whitish film on the the top of the nour- Salviali found that their number increases after ishing material, and when inoculated into the the third day; on the ninth or tenth day they skin (ear) of rabbits, a characteristic erysipe- quite disappear. G. Giles found them in many latous rash makes its appearance after from 36 cases of pneumonia (in India), both in the to 48 hours, and spreads to the root of the ear, sputum and in the blood. Cultivations in boiled and further on to the head and neck. The potato yielded good crops. These cultivated animals do not, however, die from it. In the micrococci injected into the subcutaneous tissue human subject he produced typical erysipelas of rabbits produced pneumonia. Salviali and after inoculation with the pure cultivated micro- Zäslein cultivated the micrococci (derived from coccus in 15 to 60 hours. These inoculations the blood) in meat broth, meat-extract solution, were justifiable because they were undertaken ' &c., at 37°—39° C., and obtained good crops with a view to cure certain tumours. Thus of them, with which they produced by inoculaone case of lupus, one case of cancer, one case tion in seven rabbits and six white rats typical of sarcoma, were considerably affected, and to pneumonia yielding the characteristic microthe good of the patient. Fehleisen also in cocci. These micrococci stain best in a mixture several instances carried out successfully a of Bismarck brown and methyl violet. second inoculation within a few months. The same observer also found that a 3% solution of carbolic acid and a 1% solution of corrosive sublimate destroys the vitality of this mi crococcus. Quite recently Friedländer and Frobenius cvltivated the micrococci in gelatine mixtures, and obtained good crops. The micrococci were of the peculiar nail-like shape, and were characterised by a mucinous capsule. Inocu 3. Micrococcus diphtheriticus. Buhl, Hüter,lation with the cultivated micrococci into the and Oertel had shown that in diphtheria the membranes include micrococci. Oertel found this micrococcus in large numbers, not only in the diphtheritic membranes of the organs of lungs of dogs was followed occasionally by positive results; in rabbits no result was obtained, and in mice lobar croupous pneumonia and pleurisy invariably followed the inocula tion 24 to 48 hours afterwards. pigs the results were not so decisive. About half of the animals escaped, the others died with dyspnoea, the blood, lungs, and pleural exudations containing the same micrococci. In guinea- Aufrecht reports the case of an infant 12 days old who died with suppuration of the umbilical vein and liver. The liver cells and the interlobular tissue were crowded with micrococci (shown in sections by means of a 2% watery solution of Bismarck brown). These micrococci corresponded in size to the micrococcus gonorrhoea, and he thinks it probable that they were derived from the vagina of the mother; during birth they might have got into the umbilical vein, there caused inflammation, and thence passed into the liver. If the fluids containing these micrococci were heated to about 70° C. they became inefficacious; mice inoculated with them remained healthy. Such inefficient micrococci (i.e. first heated to about 70° C.) did not grow any more on gelatine. Friedländer and Frobenius found also that when mice, shut up in a chest, were compelled to breathe an atmosphere saturated 6. Micrococcus endocarditicus. Micrococci in by means of a spray with the micrococcus the form of zoogloa have been seen in endopneumoniæ, a number of them died from pneu-carditis ulcerosa. They sometimes form plugs monia and pleurisy, but not till the fourth or in the blood-vessels of the muscular tissue of fifth day. More recently T. Poels and Dr. W. Nolen, in Rotterdam, assert that they have ascertained that in pleuro-pneumonia of cattle the pulmonary exudations contain micrococci, which in their morphology and mode of growth in artificial cultures are identical with the micrococci of human pneumonia. And they further FIG. 8.-TWO LARGE SCALY EPITHELIAL CELLS OF The epithelial cells are covered with micrococci, chiefly cattle. 5. Micrococcus gonorrhea. Micrococci have been found in the pus of gonorrhoea. Neisser, and later Bokai and Finkelstein, described them as spherical organisms of about o'008 mm. diameter, generally forming dumb-bells, or sarcina-like colonies of four. Several such groups form a zoogloa. They adhere to the pus-corpuscles and epithelial cells. They stain easily and well in methyl violet and gentian violet. Bockhart has succeeded in artificially cultivating these micrococci, and in producing the disease ty inoculation with the cultivated organisms. the heart (Heiberg, Maier, Eberth, Köster, Klebs). Heiberg saw the micrococci forming chains in the muscle of the heart, in the detritus of the ulcerations of the endocardium, in the plugs in the vessels of the spleen and kidney. 7. Micrococcus scarlatina. In scarlatina Coze and Feltz described micrococci as occurring in the blood; as I have mentioned above, I have seen them in the ulcerations of the throat, and quite recently Pohl-Pincus described very minute micrococci adhering to the scales of the desquamating epidermis in scarlatina. They form small colonies, and stain violet with a saturated solution of methyl violet. Their diameter is only about o'0005 mm. The same micrococci were noticed by Pohl-Pincus in the throat discharge. 8. In the so-called cattle plague (or rinderpest) micrococci have been found in the lymphatic glands by Klebs (1872) and by Semmer in the blood and lymphatic glands (1874 and 1881). In conjunction with Archangelski, Semmer cultivated the micrococci, obtained from the lymphatic glands of a sheep dead of inoculated rinderpest, in beef broth, in meatextract solution, and in mixture of broth, peptone, and gelatine at 37°-39° C. The micrococci grew very copiously as zoogloa and in chains. With these micrococci (of a first transfer or cultivation) a calf was inoculated, and died after seven days from rinderpest. The cultures when transferred lose gradually their virulence from one generation to the next, but animals (sheep) inoculated with these are protected against further virulent disease. Further, cultures exposed for an hour to 46°— 47° C. become greatly attenuated in their action, and sheep inoculated with virus thus attenuated are protected against virulent material. Temps. of-10°-20° annihilate the activity of rinderpest organisms. The specific nature of these micrococci of rinderpest cannot, however, be considered as well established. 9. In puerperal fever micrococci have been found in the form of zooglea by Heiberg, in |