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papers, correspondence, sermons, diaries, controversial works, and foreign comment. References in the footnotes to secondary works have been reduced to the minimum for the sake of the appearance of the printed page, but the writer has tried to express his sense of obligation to the work of others in the Bibliographical Appendix. It is hoped that the Appendix will serve the further purpose of assisting the American student, about to enter upon a study of Elizabethan ecclesiastical and religious history, to find his way in the somewhat confusing mass of the literature of the period.

There remains the pleasant duty of expressing my. gratitude to the officials of the Public Record Office and of the British Museum for their courteous and painstaking assistance. To the Reverend Mr. Claude Jenkins, of the Lambeth Palace Library, who took the time to teach an American stranger how to read and handle the documents of the period, I owe one of my most pleasant memories of England and of Englishmen. To Miss Cornelia T. Hudson, reference assistant in the Library of Union Theological Seminary, I wish to express my thanks for friendly help in excess of the official courtesy with which I have met in all the libraries I have consulted. The mere acknowledgment of my debt of gratitude to Professor James T. Shotwell, of Columbia University, and to Professor William Walker Rockwell, of Union Theological Seminary, must necessarily express inadequately the value of the encouragement, the suggestions, and the hours of labor which they have so freely given. The kindness of Professor Edward P. Cheyney, of the University of Pennsylvania, in reading and criticizing the completed manuscript, and the help in reading the proof given by Professor F. J. Foakes Jackson, of Union Theological Seminary, have assisted materially in making the essay more readable.

ARTHUR J. KLEIN.

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Vague conceptions of tolerance - Social nature of intolerance
- Intolerance manifested in all kinds of social activity — Intoler-
ance of the larger groups of society-Religion intolerant because
its truths are revealed and positive — Historic causes of religious
intolerance - Extent of religious intolerance - Non-religious in-
tolerance - Tolerance is not negative — This study deals with
Elizabethan England - It was a period of the formation of
parties - Importance of Protestant dissent for Elizabethan intol-

erance.

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II. POLITICS AND RELIGION

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The death of Mary Tudor - England at the accession of
Elizabeth - Elizabeth's alleged illegitimacy · Catholics and
Protestants - Paul IV and England — The position of Mary
Stuart - The attitude of Philip II - The attitude of Scotland —
Importance of securing the Queen's political position – Caution
of the government - Religious tastes of Elizabeth Religious
indifference of the nation - Tendencies of the Marian exiles
toward compromise - Compromise and the Catholics Identi-
fication of the Sovereign and the State Catholic opposition
Complication of the domestic with the foreign situation — Plans
of the government The first Parliament - Freedom of dis-
cussion Disputation at Westminster - Employment of mod-
erate Protestants - Character of the Parliament Acts of -
Supremacy and Uniformity Other acts of the Parliament
Removal of the Catholic Bishops - The Royal Visitation
High Commission - The choice of the higher clergy - The
character of the new clergy - The choice of the lesser clergy—
Elements of hope for Catholics - The foreign political situation
- Weaknesses of the ecclesiastical system — Act for the Assur-
ance of the Queen's Supremacy - Act for execution of Writ de
Excommunicato Capiendo - Offenses that incurred excommunica-
tion Acts against prophesyings and conjurers - Similarity
of the new establishment to the old.

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III. THE GOVERNMENT AND THE CATHO-

LICS.

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The lenient policy of the government The Rebellion of the
North The old and new nobility - Significance of the revolt
-The Bull of Excommunication - Its effect on the religious
situation Elizabeth's reply to the Bull Need for further

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Spanish

- Parliament of

legislation - Act making further offenses treason Restraints
upon the press Act against the introduction of papal bulls
and instruments - Fugitives beyond the sea — The Jesuit mis-
sionaries - Foreign dangers Statutes to retain the Queen's
subjects in obedience - Seditious words and rumors
resentment and plot - Parliament of 1584-85
1586-87- Mary Stuart in England - English policy and Mary
Stuart - England, Mary, and Scotland - England, Mary, and
Spain - The defeat of the Armada - Continued fear of the
Spaniard - Enthusiasm for the Crown - Legislation of 1593 -
The government and the Jesuits - Government policy in dealing
with the Catholics The imposition of the death penalty-
Exile Desire to keep Catholics in England - Exception in
cases of the Jesuits and the poor- Inability of the government
to imprison all Catholics - Fines and confiscations Resistance

of the Catholics - Failure of the fines and confiscations to pro-
duce an income - Later imposition of the pecuniary penalties —
Lenient administration of the laws against Catholics — Govern-
mental influence to prevent execution of letter of the law - Fac-
tions in the Council - Moderating proposals of Cecil - Educa-
tional value of the government's tolerant attitude.

IV. CHURCH AND STATE

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Formative period of Anglicanism - The Establishment an
experiment - Elements of patriotism and of moderation in the
Church - Political dominance determined these characteristics-
Relations of Church and State before Elizabeth - Causes for po-
litical dominance in Elizabeth's reign-The supremacy of the
Queen - Erastianism― Legal extent of Crown's Supremacy
Exercise of supremacy by commission — Preservation of regu-
lar ecclesiastical jurisdiction - High Court of Delegates and the
Royal Supremacy - Commissions of Review and the favor of the
Crown The Council and the High Commission - Change in
the nature of High Commission activity — Council and Star
Chamber Court influence and the lower ecclesiastical courts —
Justices of peace and the religious acts — Control of the Council
over the justices of peace-The logic of secular administration
of the Religious Acts- Use of the prerogative writs by King's
Bench and Common Pleas Special privileges - The Peculiars
-The Peculiars added confusion to the system-The Palatinates
- Lesser franchises - System subject to the interference of the
Court at all points — Irregularity, causes and results - The
Queen's prerogative and coercive power — Dispensing power of
the Crown Legality of the judicial acts of the Queen and Coun-
cil - Extent of the activity of the Council - Need for coördinat-
ing power - Inadequacy of the inherited machinery to deal with
new conditions - The success of the relationship existing between
State and Church - State intolerance imposed upon the Church
Religious and ecclesiastical intolerance restrained by the
State Influence of the union of the Church and State upon the
development of dissent - Political dominance and promotion of
tolerance - Personal influence of the Queen in this development.

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Lack of unity in the early Anglican Church Causes of union
and elements of disunion - Ambiguous nature of the standards
set up - Religious character of the Church-Caution needed in
formulating doctrinal and ecclesiastical standards - The Parlia-
mentary doctrinal standards-The Thirty-nine Articles-
Further restraint on doctrinal formulation - Religious opposi-
tion to the abuses of Roman Catholicism - Controversial char-
acter of the period — The character of the clergy - Queen's
opposition to religious enthusiasm - Protestantism lightens the
responsibility of the ecclesiastical organization for the individual
Non-religious interest of the period - Demands of ecclesiasti-
cal controversy - Religious zeal developed by dissent - Need
for ecclesiastical apologetic Basis of apologetic historical —
Papacy rejected upon historical grounds Church not limited by
primitive church history · Recognition of the principle of his-
torical development - Advantage to Anglicanism of this liberal
position Importance of ecclesiastical theory in the develop-
ment of intolerance - Restraints upon Anglican development
Causes for development - English sources of the idea of apos-
tolic succession of the bishops Whitgift and the apostolic suc-
cession - Anglican denials of the doctrine Alarm of the
radical Protestants Hooker and the apostolic succession
Development of Anglican ecclesiastical consciousness - Changed
relationship between Anglicans and Continental Protestantism —
Anglican desire for autonomy - Jewel and Hooker - Jewel's
emphasis upon the unity of Protestantism — Hooker's defense of
Anglicanism as an independent entity-Hooker's distrust of
bare scripture - Jewel's confidence in the power of the Word -
Hooker's belief in the authority of reason and need for experts
Hooker's exaltation of the episcopal organization - Position

of the Queen in Hooker's theory-Jewel's idea of the sovereign's

power

Hooker's lack of confidence in the secular dominance

over the Church - Changed attitude of Anglicanism toward dis-

senting opinions Early uncertainty and liberality - Develop-

ment of ecclesiastical consciousness paralleled by hardening of the

Anglican spirit - Other causes for hardening - Early Anglican-

ism intolerant of papal Catholicism - Changed basis of Anglican

strength Moral condemnation of the Jesuits - Common

ideals of Early Anglicanism and other forms of Protestantism

Practical character of the early Church - Development of an-

tagonism within the Church.

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Parker's Advertisements - Legality of the Advertisements
Parker's argument on the habits - The anti-vestiarian argument
The determination of the Queen that the habits be worn
Reasons for her insistence - Results of the vestiarian contro-
versy Bacon on the development of the quarrel between Angli-
canism and Dissent - First Admonition to Parliament - Its
place in the development of dissent Disregard of the Queen's
position - Circumstances preceding appearance of the First
Admonition — Literary controversy over the Admonition — Ob-
jects of the Admonition's attack - Protestations of loyalty —
Danger in the attack - Intolerance shown by the Admonishers
- Absolute authority of the New Testament in ecclesiastical or-
ganization - The Second Admonition - The purpose of the
publication - Spirit of the Second Admonition - Split in the
ranks of dissent - Controversy between Cartwright and Whit-
gift- The work of Travers.

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VII. PROTESTANT DISSENT (continued)

Presbyterian polity

tion

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Scriptural basis of the system — Basis
for condemnation of Catholicism · Ecclesiastical intolerance of
the Presbyterians - Presbyterian doctrinal intolerance toward
Lutheranism Presbyterian attack upon the Anglican organiza-
Results upon Anglicanism of the Presbyterian attack —
Presbyterian attack upon Anglican doctrinal standards and its
results Presbyterians and the fight for Parliamentary freedom
Aristocratic character of Presbyterianism - Presbyterianism
to be established by the government Presbyterian theory of
the relationship between Church and State - Legal basis of
governmental repression of Presbyterianism - Opposition to
repression on the part of officials — Basis of charges of disloyalty
- The attitude of Cecil and Elizabeth - Danger to the govern-
ment's policy of leniency toward Catholics - Danger to cordial
relations with all forms of Continental Protestantism - Dissent-
ing movements other than the Presbyterian - Rejection of
necessity of the union of Church and State - Idea of the Church
as a body of the spiritually fit Narrow dogmatic standards -
Loose and ineffective form of organization Religious earnest.
ness of the group — Religious basis for condemnation of others
- Attempt to transfer basis of disagreement from unessential to
essential - Doctrinal and religious intolerance - Causes for
Elizabethan condemnation of the Congregationalistic groups.

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VIII. CONCLUSION

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Importance of the separation from the Roman Catholic
Church - The governmental policy of toleration - Modifica-
tion of the governmental policy by reason of Catholic activity —
Modification of the governmental policy by reason of Presbyte-
rian activity - Modification of the governmental policy by
reason of Anglican development - The idea that ecclesiastical
unity was essential to political unity - Development of Anglican

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